[History of the Ancient World 02] • Age of Conquests · the Greek World From Alexander to Hadrian (336 BC – AD 138) (Profile History/Ancient World) by Chaniotis, Angelos -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Also by Angelos Chaniotis Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents List of Maps Maps List of Figures Preface Introduction 1 How It All Began: From Macedonia to the Oecumene (356–323 BC)

A father’s legacy (c. 356–336 BC) A son’s vision: from Troy to Egypt (336–331 BC) Passage to Persia: Alexander the Avenger (331–327 BC) Pothos: the desire to reach the limit (327–324 BC) Becoming immortal (324–323 BC) Alexander’s legacy

2 The Successors: Adventurers and Architects of Kingdoms (323–275 BC)

The problem of the succession (323 BC) The Successors: a portrait gallery of ambition The Lamian or Hellenic War (323–322 BC) From warlords to kings (322–306 BC) Dreams of empire (306–281 BC) Sicilian adventures The last adventurer: Pyrrhos A new world in East and West: divided but connected

3 ‘Old’ Greece in the Short Third Century: Struggles for Survival, Freedom and Hegemony (279–217 BC)

The ubiquity of war The new barbarian: the Gauls enter the Greek world (279–277 BC) The Chremonidean War (267–261 BC) Aratos and the rise of the Achaeans (251–229 BC) Restorers of power: Doson and Kleomenes (239–221 BC) The ‘Social War’: the last great war the Greeks fought alone (220–217 BC)

4 The Ptolemaic Golden Age (283–217 BC)

Ptolemaic hegemony in the short third century Nothing quiet on the eastern front: the Syrian Wars (274–253 BC) Cherchez la femme: the war of Laodike (246–241 BC) and the lock of Berenike The last Ptolemaic victory: the Battle of Raphia

5 Kings and Kingdoms

Basileia: the heterogeneous origins of Hellenistic kingship Kingship as a family affair New administrative challenges: ruling empires Cities and kings: struggles for autonomy and illusions of freedom The military character of Hellenistic kingship The mortal divinity of Hellenistic kings Negotiating power The staging of monarchy

6 The City-state in a World of Federations and Empires

The polis: physical decline and ideological longevity A world full of poleis Hellenistic federalism: great expectations and great failures Political institutions Illusions of democracy and realities of plutocracy The Hellenistic star system: demagogues, tyrants, dynasts and heroes

7 Entanglement: The Coming of Rome (221–188 BC)

Symploke: the birth of global history ‘Woman, fire and the sea’: the war that brought the Romans to the Balkans (229 BC) From trust and loyalty to expansion: Rome’s first steps towards imperial rule Demetrios of Pharos and the Second lllyrian War (219–218 BC) Clouds in the West (217–205 BC) The great entanglement: the First Macedonian War (215– 204 BC) The Egyptian crisis and an opportunistic alliance (204–201 BC) A turning point of Roman imperialism? The Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC) Freedom: an announcement with consequences (196 BC) A fatal confrontation: Antiochos III and Rome (196–189 BC) The Peace of Apameia: a turning point in the history of the Greek East (188 BC) When Greece ceased to bear good men

8 The Greek States Become Roman Provinces (188–129 BC)

Rule as a habit The end of the Macedonian kingdom (179–167 BC) Graecia capta: the provincialisation of Greece (167–146 BC) From allied kingdom to province: the last Attalids (159–129 BC) Expansion as exploitation: Roman tax farmers in Asia

9 Decline and Fall of the Hellenistic Kingdoms in Asia and Egypt (188–80 BC)

Götterdämmerung in the East A clash of cultures in Judaea: from high priests to kings The rise and fall of Greek kingdoms in central Asia The Seleucid dynastic conflicts and the slow death of the Seleucid dynasty Game of thrones: the civil wars of the Ptolemies

10 A Battlefield of Foreign Ambitions (88–30 BC)

Longing for the freedom to fight wars Pontos: from peripheral kingdom to international player The First Mithridatic War and the rise of Sulla The Second and Third Mithridatic Wars and Lucullian ambitions The wars against the pirates and the rise of Pompey Pompey’s vision for the Roman East The last Ptolemies: from rulers to clients of Roman patrons A Roman affair: Cleopatra and Caesar The dictator is dead. Long live who? The last Hellenistic drama: Antony and Cleopatra

11 A Roman East: Local Histories and Their Global Context (30 BC–AD 138)

Earthly gods and heavenly kings The Greeks as an audience of global history Augustus and the shaping of the Principate Organising a Roman East: client kings and annexations Revitalising Greece and Asia Minor Nero, the short-lived freedom of the Greeks and the long struggle of the Jews Integrating the Greeks into the imperial elite: the Flavians Consolidating the borders of the oecumene: Trajan and Hadrian

12 Emperors, Cities and Provinces from Augustus to Hadrian (30 BC–AD 138)

The Divine Providence’s gift to mankind: the Roman emperor Ruling from afar: the visibility of the emperor Theoi sebastoi: the divinity of the emperors Provincial administration The cities: traditional poleis, Roman colonies and political life

13 Socio-economic Conditions: From Greek Cities to an ‘Ecumenical’ Network

Reshaping social hierarchies: wealth, legal status and social position Men of learning: social enhancement through education and skill Proximity to power and social mobility Pressing problems and failed solutions in Hellenistic Greece Ubi bene ibi patria: Hellenistic migrations Professional specialisation and mobility Pax Romana: inherited tensions in a new context

14 Social and Cultural Trends: Benefactors, Confrères, Ephebes, Athletes, Women and Slaves

Detecting trends and innovation ‘Euergetism’: benefactions, social prestige and political power Voluntary associations Agonistic culture and international stars in sport and entertainment Shaping civic values and civic identity: the ephebeia and the gymnasium New marriage patterns and the visibility of women Shades of grey: slavery in the Hellenistic world and the Roman East

15 From Civic Worship to Megatheism: Religions in a Cosmopolitan World

Global trends, individual experiences What is ‘Hellenistic’ about the religions of the ‘long Hellenistic Age’? Festivals Shifting popularities of the old gods Egyptian and Egyptianising cults Mithras The Highest God, Jewish influences and monotheistic trends An age of miracles Lend me your ears: personal communication with the divine Traditional mystery cults Afterlife Religious innovation: cult founders, missionaries and ‘holy men’ Christianity and the beginnings of religious intolerance

16 The Greeks and the Oecumene

Six degrees of separation: an ancient ‘globalisation’ Connectivity: a small world People on the move Cultural convergence and local traditions

References and Sources Bibliography Chronology Index Also from Profile Books

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