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Index
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Section I: Terrestrial Invertebrates as Experimental Models
Chapter 1 The Use of Non-standardized Invertebrates in Soil Ecotoxicology
1.1 Soil Invertebrates
1.2 The Use of Invertebrates in Soil Ecotoxicology
1.3 Key Groups of Invertebrates for Soil Ecotoxicological Testing
1.3.1 Earthworms
1.3.2 Collembolans
1.3.3 Enchytraeids
1.3.4 Isopods
1.3.5 Others
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Higher-tier Multi-species Studies in Soil: Prospects and Applications for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Pesticides
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ecological Relevance of Soil Organisms in Agro-ecosystems
2.2.1 Structure and Function of Soils and Soil Organism Communities
2.2.2 Losses of Soil Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes
2.3 Status Quo and Developments of Risk Assessment for In-soil Organisms
2.3.1 Status Quo
2.3.2 Transition
2.3.3 New Developments
2.3.4 Challenges
2.3.5 Future Demands
2.4 Methodologies for Multispecies Tests in Soil
2.4.1 Ontology and History of Test Systems
2.4.2 Methodological Challenges of Multispecies Tests
2.5 Exposure of Soil Organisms Resulting From the Fate of Pesticides
2.6 Calibration of Soil Risk Assessment Using Semi-field Studies as Surrogate Reference Tiers
2.6.1 Specific Protection Goals
2.6.2 Derivation of Assessment Factors
2.6.3 TME as Surrogate Reference Tier
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Aporrectodea longa (Annelida, Lumbricidae): A Suitable Earthworm Model for Genotoxicity Evaluation in the Environment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental
3.2.1 Earthworm Collection and Storage
3.2.2 Soil Collection and Amendment
3.2.3 Exposure Following Amendment with Differing Pesticides or B[a]P
3.2.4 Coelomic Fluid Collection
3.2.5 The Alkaline Single Cell-gel Electrophoresis (‘comet’) Assay
3.2.6 Exposure to Aged Cypermethrin Residues
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Comet Generation from Differing Compounds
3.3.2 Changes in Comet Formation Following Exposure to Aged Cypermethrin Residues
3.3.3 Uptake of 14C-Compound
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Evaluation of the Genotoxic Potential of Contaminated Soil Employing the Snail Helix aspersa
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Major Groups of Soil Contaminants
4.2.1 Heavy Metal
4.2.2 Organic Contaminants
4.2.3 Sewage Sludge
4.3 Helix aspersa for Biomonitoring of Contaminated Soil
4.4 Genotoxicity Tests with H. aspersa and Contribution to Environmental Research
4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 The Use of Spiders in the Assessment of Cellular Effects of Environmental Stressors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Spiders in Ecosystems Contaminated with Heavy Metals
5.2.1 Cellular Defence Reactions in Spiders from Areas Affected by Industrial Pollution
5.3 Spider Sensitivity to Pesticides
5.3.1 Changes in AChE Activity
5.3.2 Enzymatic Detoxifying Reactions
5.3.3 Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Plant Protection Agents in Spiders
5.4 Starvation Stress
5.5 Conclusions
References
Section II: Terrestrial Vertebrates as Experimental Models
Chapter 6 Use of Melanin-pigmented Cells as a New Tool to Evaluate Effects of Agrochemicals and Other Emerging Contaminants in Brazilian Anurans
6.1 Color in Animals
6.2 Internal Melanin-pigmented Cells
6.3 Environmental Contamination and Its Effects on Visceral Pigmentation
6.4 Response of Cutaneous Melanocytes to Aquatic Contaminants
6.5 Response of Internal Melanocytes to Aquatic Contaminants
6.6 Response of Melanomacrophages to Aquatic Contaminants
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 The Use of Terrestrial Life-stages of European Amphibians in Toxicological Studies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Toxicological Studies on the Impact of Pesticides on Terrestrial Life-stages of European Amphibians
7.3 Risk Assessments for Terrestrial Life-stages of Amphibians in Pesticide Approval
7.3.1 Surrogate Species for Terrestrial Life-stages of Amphibians
7.3.2 Indirect Effects
7.4 Pesticide Formulations—Toxicity in the Mix?
7.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8 Impacts of Agriculture and Pesticides on Amphibian Terrestrial Life Stages: Potential Biomonitor/Bioindicator Species for the Pampa Region of Argentina
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Amphibian Diversity, Life History and Global Declines
8.2.1 Amphibian Diversity and Life History
8.2.2 Amphibian Declines
8.3 The Pampa Region of Argentina
8.3.1 Location, Geography and Characteristics
8.3.2 Evolution of Agricultural Practices and Environmental Impacts
8.4 Agriculture and Amphibian Declines: The Need for Biomonitoring
8.4.1 Agriculture and Amphibian Declines
8.4.2 Amphibians as Bioindicators and Biomonitors
8.4.3 Suggested Amphibian Model Species for Biomonitoring the Pampa Region of Argentina
8.5 Description and Life Histories of Model Amphibian Species for the Pampa Region of Argentina
8.5.1 Leptodactylus latinasus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)
8.5.2 Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815)
8.5.3 Hypsiboas pulchellus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)
8.5.4 Rhinella dorbignyi (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) and Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957)
8.5.5 Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867)
8.6 Previous Biomonitoring Studies Conducted with Proposed Amphibian Model Species
8.6.1 Studies Using Model Species as Bioindicators
8.6.2 Studies Using Model Species as Biomonitors
References
Chapter 9 Odontophrynus cordobae (Anura, Cycloramphidae): A Suitable Model for Genotoxicity in Environmental Monitoring Studies
9.1 Biomarkers as a Tool to Assess the Impact of Environmental Contamination
9.2 Amphibians are Suitable Organisms to Evaluate the Genotoxic Effects of Environmental Contaminants
9.3 Relevant Features of Odontophrynus cordobae for Genotoxicity Studies in Environmental Monitoring
9.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 The Direct-developing Frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei (Eleutherodactylidae) as a Biological Model for the Study of Toxic, Cytotoxic, and Genotoxic Effects of Agrochemicals
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Natural History of the Antillean Coqui
10.3 Geographic Distribution
10.4 The Antillean Coqui as an Invasive Species
10.5 Conservation Status and Concerns
10.6 The Antillean Coqui as a Model in Ecotoxicology
10.7 Collection, Maintenance, and Reproduction in Captivity
10.7.1 Collection and Sex Determination
10.7.2 Taxonomic Identification
10.7.3 Maintenance and Reproduction in Captivity
10.7.4 Handling Embryos
10.8 Applications for Testing Environmental Xenobiotics
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 The Lizard Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae) as a Valid Indicator in Toxicological Studies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Evaluation of Effects of Environmental Agent
11.3 A Pathway to the Truth
11.4 Goals of Biological Monitoring
11.5 Studies In Ovo
11.6 Studies In Vivo under Controlled Conditions
11.7 Genotoxic Evaluation of Tegu Lizard Environmentally Exposed to Pesticides
References
Chapter 12 The Terrestrial Lizard Podarcis sicula as Experimental Model in Emerging Pollutants Evaluation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Who is the Lizard Podarcis sicula?
12.3 Pollution by Organic Contaminants with Estrogen-like Action: Fertilizers and Manure
12.4 Pollution by Heavy Metals: Cadmium
12.5 Podarcis sicula as Sentinel Lizard
12.6 Soil Pollution by Estrogen-like Substances
12.7 Soil Pollution by Pesticides
12.8 Soil Pollution by Cadmium
12.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 The Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis (Charadriiformes, Laridae) as a Model Species in Ecotoxicology: Application in Monitoring and Toxicity Assessment of Environmental Pollutants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.2.1 Study Area
13.2.2 In Ovo PFOS Manipulation
13.2.3 PFOS Determination in Yolk Sac from Control Eggs
13.2.4 Oxidative and Genetic Biomarker Methods
13.2.5 Statistical Analysis
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 PFOS Concentrations in Control Eggs
13.3.2 PFOS Effects on Embryo Development and Morphometric Traits
13.3.3 PFOS Effect on Oxidative Stress and Genetic Biomarkers
13.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14 South American Cowbirds as Avian Models for Environmental Toxicity Testing
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Actual and Historical Use of Birds in Science and Regulatory Toxicology
14.2.1 Birds as Animal Models in Toxicology and Scientific Research
14.2.2 Avian Models in Regulatory Environmental Toxicity Testing
14.2.3 Pesticide Registration and Avian Toxicity Testing in South America
14.3 South American Cowbirds’ Diversity, Distribution and Life History
14.3.1 Shiny Cowbird
14.3.2 Bay-winged Cowbird
14.3.3 Screaming Cowbird
14.4 Cowbirds as an Avian Model for Environmental Toxicity Testing
14.5 Methods for Maintaining and Using Cowbirds in the Laboratory for Environmental Toxicity Testing
14.5.1 Capture and Transport
14.5.2 Housing, Acclimation and Feeding
14.5.3 Acute Oral Toxicity Testing
References
Chapter 15 Epilogue and Final Remarks
Subject Index
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