[Jodi_Magness]_The_Archaeology_of_the_Holy_Land__F(z-lib.org) by Magness, Jodi -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon’s Temple to the Muslim Conquest Contents List of Illustrations Preface 1 Introduction

Chronological Framework What Is Archaeology? Principles of archaeology Methods of Archaeology Methods of Dating

Radiocarbon (Carbon 14) Dating Coins Inscriptions or Other Written Materials Found in Excavations Relevant Ancient Literary Sources Pottery

Archaeology and Indiana Jones Setting the Stage Recommended Reading

2 The Topography and Early History of Jerusalem (to 586 B.C.E.)

Topography of Jerusalem Historical Background: The Iron Age (1200–586 B.C.E.) The Archaeology of Biblical Jerusalem (to 586 B.C.E.) The Water Systems of Biblical Jerusalem

Warren’s Shaft The Siloam Channel (Channel II) Hezekiah’s Tunnel

Recommended Reading

3 The Babylonian (586–539 B.C.E.) and Persian (539–332 B.C.E.) Periods

Historical Background: General Historical Background: Palestine Archaeology Material Culture

Pottery Coins

Recommended Reading

4 The Early Hellenistic Period (332–167 B.C.E.)

Historical Background: General Historical Background: Palestine Archaeology: Sites

Samaria and Shechem Straton’s Tower Jerusalem

Iraq el-Amir Marisa

Pottery Coins

Recommended Reading

5 The Late Hellenistic (Hasmonean) Period (167–40 B.C.E.)

Historical Background: General Historical Background: Palestine Archaeology: Sites

Jerusalem The Nabataeans Pottery Coins

Recommended Reading

6 The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls

The Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls The Chronology of Qumran The Buildings at Qumran The Water System and Ritual Baths (Miqva’ot) The Cemetery What are the Dead Sea Scrolls and What Is Their Connection to Qumran? The Essenes Was Jesus an Essene? Toilets and Toilet Habits in the Ancient World: the Toilet at Qumran Recommended Reading

7 The Early Roman (Herodian) Period (40 B.C.E.–70 C.E.): Jerusalem

Historical Background: General Historical Background: Palestine Jerusalem

Herod’s Palace and the Three Towers The Western Hill The Temple Mount The Antonia Fortress and Via Dolorosa The Second and Third Walls

Material Culture

Pottery Oil Lamps Glass Coins

Recommended Reading

8 The Early Roman (Herodian) Period (40 B.C.E.–70 C.E.): Caesarea Maritima, Samaria-Sebaste, Herodian Jericho, and Herodium

Caesarea Maritima

History of the Town The Harbor Caesarea’s Temples The Palaces The Entertainment Arenas and City Walls Aqueducts

Samaria-Sebaste Herodian Jericho Herodium Recommended Reading

9 The Early Roman (Herodian) Period (40 B.C.E.–70 C.E.): Jesus’ Birth and Galilean Setting

Bethlehem Sepphoris Galilean Villages

Capernaum Chorazin Gamla (Gamala) Nazareth

Conclusion Recommended Reading

10 The Early Roman (Herodian) Period (40 B.C.E.–70 C.E.): Masada

Herod’s Palaces at Masada

The Northern Palace Complex: The Palace The Northern Palace Complex: The Service Quarters The Synagogue The Western Palace Complex The Southern Part of Masada

After Herod’s Death: The Roman Siege of Masada Josephus Josephus and the Mass Suicide at Masada Recommended Reading

11 Ancient Jewish Tombs and Burial Customs (to 70 C.E.)

Rock-Cut Tombs in Jerusalem: The Late First Temple Period/late Iron Age (eighth to early sixth centuries B.C.E.) Rock-Cut Tombs in Jerusalem: The Late Second Temple Period

The Kidron Valley Tombs The Tombs of the Kings (the tomb of Queen Helena of Adiabene) The Sanhedria Tombs The Tomb of Nicanor

Ossuaries Tombs and Burial Customs of the Lower Classes and the Qumran community The Death and Burial of Jesus The Death and Burial of James Recommended Reading

12 From 70 C.E. to the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (132–135/136 C.E.): The Second Jewish Revolt against the Romans

Historical Background: General Historical Background: Palestine The Diaspora Revolt (115–117 C.E.) The Bar-Kokhba Revolt (Second Jewish Revolt against the Romans) (132–135/136 C.E.)

Historical Background Archaeology

Material Culture

Oil Lamps Coins

Recommended Reading

13 Aelia Capitolina (Hadrianic Jerusalem) (135 to ca. 300 C.E.)

The Northern Gate and Main Streets of Aelia Capitolina The Fora of Aelia Capitolina

The Northern Forum The Western Forum

The Camp and Kiln Works of the Tenth Legion The Cardos Recommended Reading

14 Roman and Late Antique Period Synagogues in Palestine

The Origins of the Synagogue Synagogue Buildings of the Herodian (early Roman) Period (pre-70 C.E.)

The Theodotus Inscription Pre-70 Synagogue Buildings

Synagogue Buildings after 70 C.E.: The Traditional Typology

Historical Background Galilean Synagogues

Capernaum Chorazin Kfar Baram

Transitional Synagogues

Hammath Tiberias

Byzantine Synagogues

Beth Alpha Naaran Sepphoris

Late Ancient Synagogues

Jericho

Synagogue Buildings after 70 C.E.: An Evaluation of the Traditional Typology Judaism and Christianity Judaism and the Jerusalem Temple Helios and the Zodiac Cycle Recommended Reading

15 The Byzantine (Early Christian) Period (313–640 C.E.): Jerusalem

Historical Background Jerusalem

The Church of the Holy Sepulcher

The Nea Church The Cardo Recommended Reading

16 The Byzantine (Early Christian) Period (313–640 C.E.): Palestine under Christian Rule

Untitled Beth Shean Gerasa (Jerash) The Negev Towns Desert Monasteries Material Culture

Late Roman Red Ware Fine Byzantine Ware Oil Lamps

Recommended Reading

17 Epilogue: Early Islamic Jerusalem (638–750 C.E.)

Historical Background Jerusalem

The Temple Mount: The Dome of the Rock The Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Area to the South and West of the Temple Mount Recommended Reading

Glossary Timeline Index

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