Inequalities in the UK by Fee, David -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Figures List of Graphs List of Maps List of Tables Notes on Contributors Introduction

References

Part I Mapping Inequalities in the United Kingdom Today: The Changing Face of Inequalities?

Chapter 1 Economic Inequalities in the United Kingdom Since 2008

Abstract Introduction Understanding Standard Measures of Poverty and Inequality

Defining Poverty Defining Inequality of Income and Wealth

The Evolution of Inequality and Poverty in the United Kingdom since the Financial Crisis of 2008

Recent Inequality Trends in Context The Diverging Fortunes of Different Social Groups Britain’s Income Distribution and Comparative Situation Wealth Inequality The Impact of Housing Costs on Inequality and Decline of Homeownership The Poverty Rate(s)

Conclusions and a Difficult Future Notes References

Chapter 2 Tackling Inequality Is an Economic Imperative

Abstract The Economic Impact of Inequality The ‘Distribution Question’ ‘All in This Together’: Inequality since 2007 in the United Kingdom Secular Stagnation Conclusion Notes References

Chapter 3 Inequalities in England: Regional Differences and New Perspectives on a Geopolitical Issue

Abstract Introduction The Reality and the Relevance of the North/South Divide Image in 2017 The North/South Divide: a Geopolitical Issue Cameron and May Governments’ Strategies for the North Conclusion: Towards a New Political Regionalism in the North? Note References

Chapter 4 ‘A Classless Society?’ Making Sense of Inequalities in the Contemporary United Kingdom with the Great British Class Survey

Abstract Introduction

The Capitals Approach to Class The Great British Class Survey National-Level Inequalities in the United Kingdom

Inter-City Patterns of Inequality in the United Kingdom Conclusions Notes References

Chapter 5 What the Minimum Income Standard Tells Us about Living Standards in the United Kingdom

Abstract Introduction The Minimum Income Standard MIS as a Rich Description of Living Standards

Changes Over Time

Charting Income Adequacy and Living Standards Conclusion References

Chapter 6 Inequality in the United Kingdom in a Comparative Perspective

Abstract Introduction Inequality in 2015 Changes in Inequality, 2008–2015 Comparing the Impact of Cash Benefits and Direct Taxes Changes to Redistribution, 2008–2014 Compositional Changes How Inequality Is Related to Other Social Conditions Inequality within the EU Contribution of the EU to Reducing Inequality Conclusion Notes Acknowledgements References

Part II The Equality Agenda then and Now: Political Debates, Public Policies and Outcomes

Chapter 7 The Labour Party and the Egalitarian Project

Abstract Introduction New Labour and Equality The New Labour Record

Poverty Alleviation Social Mobility and the Meritocratic Vision

Equality under Miliband Labour Under Corbyn and the Shrinking Constituency for Equality Conclusion References

Chapter 8 Diluting Substantive Equality: Why the UK Government Doesn’t Know if Its Welfare Reforms Promote Equality

Abstract Introduction The Development of Equality and Nondiscrimination Legislation

The Equality Act 2010 The Public Sector Equality Duty Substantive Equality

Welfare Measures

Capping Household Benefit Payments from 2013 Localisation and Reducing Spending on Council Tax Benefit by 10% Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance for Those in the Work-Related Activity Group to 1 Year Housing Benefit/Local Housing Allowance Reforms Limiting for 3 Years Annual Increases in Some Working-Age Benefits to 1% Implementing Universal Credit

Data Issues

Administrative Data Survey Data Family Resources Survey

The Use of Comparators in Equality Impact Assessments Conclusions Note Acknowledgements References

Chapter 9 Housing Policy and the Making of Inequality

Abstract Introduction Credit Crunch and Economic Crisis Austerity: A New Strategy for Inequality

Promoting Private Housing

Limiting Social and Affordable Housing Renewing Austerity under the Conservatives Conclusions References

Chapter 10 Expanding Opportunities at School Level in England in the Early 21st Century: A Government Priority?

Abstract Introduction Expanding Opportunities at School Level from the 1980s to 2010 Expanding Opportunities at School Level from 2010 to 2017

From 2010 to 2015 From 2015 to 2016 From 2016 to 2017

Expanding Opportunities at School Level since 1997: Impact and Government Policy Conclusion References

Chapter 11 Proportionate Universalism as a Route to Mitigating Health Inequalities? Exploring Political, Policy and Practice Uncertainties in Times of Austerity

Abstract Introduction Health Inequalities in Scotland Policy to Address Health Inequalities – At Whom Is It Addressed? Proportionate Universalism within the Context of Contemporary Welfare Debates Case-Study Methods Findings and Discussion

Politics Policy and Planning Practicing Proportionate Universalism

Conclusion References

Chapter 12 Gender Inequalities in Britain: Bridging the Gap in Pay and Prospects

Abstract The Pay and Prospects Gap: Structural and Institutional Weaknesses at Play

Human Capital Theory The Part-Time Penalty Horizontal and Vertical Segregation

Austerity Has Reinforced the Gender Divide Future Perspectives for Bridging the Gender Pay and Prospects Gap in Britain

Mandatory Gender Pay Reporting The Creation of a New Online Tool Education Policy Increasing Female Representation on Boards Measures to Cope with the Pressure of Care

Conclusion Notes References

Chapter 13 Disabled Asylum Seekers as Experimental Subjects in a Broader Systemic Agenda of Inequality

Abstract Introduction Terminology, Classifications of Entitlement and Resulting Inequality The Deprivation Experienced by Disabled Asylum Seekers

Money Work Housing Social Contact Sense of Safety

Wider Population of Disabled People Extension of Deprivation to a Wider Population Exceptionalism Conclusion References

Part III The Governance of Inequality: Local Initiatives and Responses in a Multi-Level Polity

Chapter 14 It’s Terrible Having No Job, People Look Down on You and You’ve Never Enough Money: Lowestoft Case Study

Abstract Introduction Methodological Approach Background Young People’s Perspectives Understanding the ‘Churn’ The Consequences of Unemployment Conclusion Notes References

Chapter 15 Combating Unequal Inclusion of Immigrants into the Host Society: Comparing Policy Responses in London and Paris

Abstract Introduction A Diversity of Approaches to the Concept of Integration Methodology Basic Characteristics of the Studied Cities Introducing the Local Dimension into the Policy: Different Directions

The British Case The French Case

Tools and Measures Used by Local Integration Policies

Paris London

Conclusion Notes References

Chapter 16 Reducing Inequalities in Scotland: Firm Commitments, Mixed Results after 10 Years of SNP Governments

Abstract Introduction An Unequal Society

Income Disparities Unequal Capabilities Some Political Consequences

Tackling Income Inequalities, an Objective Constrained by the Devolved Powers

Inequalities in the Workplace, a Persistent Concern Benefits: Towards a Scottish Social Security A Reluctance to Raise Taxes

A Renewed Focus on Health and Education Inequalities

Higher Public Spending Universalism, A Controversial Tool Changing Behaviour Patterns

Conclusion References

Chapter 17 Devolution, Recession and the Alleviation of Inequality in Wales

Abstract Introduction The Welsh Economic Context Equalities and Anti-Poverty Strategies in Wales The Great Recession and Employment Inequality in Wales The Potential of the Well-Being of Future Generations Act to Address Socio-Economic Inequality Conclusion Notes References

Chapter 18 Social Inequalities in Northern Ireland

Abstract Introduction An Overview of Some Contemporary Social Inequalities in Northern Ireland Wealth as an Indicator of Social Inequalities in Northern Ireland

Income Inequalities

Savings Capacity Versus Home Ownership as an Indicator of Social Inequalities

Housing Inequalities on the Labour Market

Catholic/Protestant Social Inequalities

Education Opportunities Employment Housing

Legal Frameworks and Social Inequalities in Northern Ireland, 1998–2017

The 1998 Good Friday Agreement Human Rights Economic, Social and Cultural Issues The St Andrew’s Agreement The Stormont House Agreement

Conclusion Notes References

Index

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