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Index
P REFACE TO THE F OURTH E DITION
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 1. Application And Relevance of International Law
I. Introduction
II. Problems of Definition
§ 1–1. Traditional definition
§ 1–2. States under international law
§ 1–3. Modern definition
§ 1–4. Modern subjects
III. International and National Application
§ 1–5. Applications distinguished
§ 1–6. International application
§ 1–7. National application
§ 1–8. Some examples
§ 1–9. Supremacy of international law
IV. Relevance and Function of International Law
§ 1–10. Uses of international law
§ 1–11. International law as law
§ 1–12. Application and enforcement
§ 1–13. Enforcement and compliance
V. Historical Overview
§ 1–14. Origins of the modern system
§ 1–15. Major early writers and theories
§ 1–16. Historical milestones
Chapter 2. Sources of International Law
I. Introduction
II. Primary Sources
§ 2–1. Article 38(1) of the I.C.J. Statute
§ 2–2. Meaning of Article 38 of the I.C.J. Statute
§ 2–3. Customary international law
§ 2–4. Conventional international law
§ 2–5. General principles of law
§ 2–6. Character of modern international law
III. Secondary Sources or Evidence
§ 2–7. Evidence of international law
§ 2–8. Law-making process
§ 2–9. Where to find the evidence
Chapter 3. States and International Organizations
I. Introduction
II. States
§ 3–1. Recognition doctrine generally
§ 3–2. Recognition of states
§ 3–3. Dissolution of the USSR
§ 3–4. Recognition of governments
§ 3–5. Recognition in U.S. practice
III. International Organizations Generally
§ 3–6. Nature of international organizations
§ 3–7. Operational legal issues
§ 3–8. Historical background
IV. United Nations
§ 3–9. U.N. Charter
§ 3–10. Nature and function
§ 3–11. International constitutional supremacy
§ 3–12. U.N. organs
§ 3–13. Voting procedures
§ 3–14. Binding character of U.N. resolutions
§ 3–15. Law-making and legislative activities
V. U.N. Specialized Agencies
§ 3–16. Definition
§ 3–17. Organizations having specialized agency status
§ 3–18. Member states
§ 3–19. Legislative activities
VI. Regional Organizations
§ 3–20. General description
§ 3–21. Basic characteristics
§ 3–22. Major regional organizations
§ 3–23. Membership requirements
§ 3–24. Institutional structure
§ 3–25. Functions and achievements
VII. Supranational Organizations
§ 3–26. Meaning of supranationality
§ 3–27. Supranationality and the European Union
§ 3–28. Mandate of the European Union
§ 3–29. EC institutional structure
§ 3–30. EC law-making
§ 3–31. EC law and national law
VIII. Non–state Actors
§ 3–32. Non-governmental organizations
Chapter 4. International Dispute Settlement
I. Introduction
II. Non–Judicial Methods
§ 4–1. Introduction
§ 4–2. Negotiation
§ 4–3. Inquiry
§ 4–4. Mediation or good offices
§ 4–5. Conciliation
§ 4–6. Negotiation, mediation, conciliation combined
III. Quasi–Judicial Methods
§ 4–7. Arbitration and adjudication distinguished
§ 4–8. International arbitral clauses
§ 4–9. Consent to arbitrate
§ 4–10. Compromis
§ 4–11. Nature and composition of arbitral tribunals
§ 4–12. Arbitral award
§ 4–13. Applicable law and sources of law
§ 4–14. International arbitration and the individual
IV. JUDICIAL METHODS
§ 4–15. Introduction
A. International Court of Justice
§ 4–16. Historical development
§ 4–17. Composition and institutional structure
1. Contentious Jurisdiction
§ 4–18. Bases of contentious jurisdiction
§ 4–20. U.S. Article 36(2) declaration
§ 4–21. Withdrawal of U.S. declaration
§ 4–22. National security considerations
§ 4–23. Effect and enforcement of judgments
§ 4–24. Provisional measures
2. Advisory Jurisdiction
§ 4–25. Scope of advisory jurisdiction
§ 4–26. Legal character
B. Other major international courts
§ 4–27. Introduction
§ 4–28. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
§ 4–29. Ad hoc international criminal tribunals
§ 4–30. International Criminal Court
§ 4–31. Court of Justice of the European Community
§ 4–32. European Court of Human Rights
§ 4–33. Inter–American Court of Human Rights
§ 4–34. African Court of Human and People's Rights
Chapter 5. International Law of Treaties
I. Introduction
II. Definition and Conclusion of Treaties
§ 5–1. Definition
§ 5–2. Negotiation of treaties
§ 5–3. Entry into force of treaties
§ 5–4. Consent to be bound by treaty
§ 5–5. Signature followed by ratification
III. Reservations
§ 5–6. Definition
§ 5–7. Right to make reservations
§ 5–8. Acceptance and legal effect of reservations
IV. Observance of Treaties
§ 5–9. Pacta sunt servanda
§ 5–10. Territorial scope of treaties
§ 5–11. Interpretation of treaties
§ 5–12. Treaties and third states
V. Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension of Treaties
§ 5–13. Invalidity of treaties
§ 5–14. National law and invalidity
§ 5–15. Termination, suspension, and breach of treaties
§ 5–16. Treaties and state succession
Chapter 6. Rights of Individuals
I. Introduction
II. International Law of Human Rights
§ 6–1. Historical development
A. Law of the U.N. Charter
§ 6–2. U.N. Charter
§ 6–3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
§ 6–4. U.N. human rights covenants
§ 6–5. Other U.N. human rights instruments
§ 6–6. Specialized agencies and regional organizations
§ 6–7. International human rights code and its legal effect
B. Regional human rights law and institutions
1. European system
§ 6–8. European Convention on Human Rights
§ 6–9. Convention institutions
§ 6–10. Admissibility requirements
2. Inter–American System
§ 6–11. Two sources of the system
§ 6–12. OAS Charter system
§ 6–13. Convention system
§ 6–14. Applying the Convention
§ 6–15. Interplay with U.S. law
3. African System
§ 6–16. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
§ 6–17. Charter institutions
§ 6–18. Rights guaranteed
§ 6–19. Definition and sources
C. International humanitarian law
§ 6–20. 1949 Geneva Conventions
§ 6–21. Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions
§ 6–22. Human rights conventions, derogation, and humanitarian law
§ 6–23. War crimes and crimes against humanity
III. State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens
§ 6–24. Historical development
A. Procedural issues
§ 6–25. Nationality requirement
§ 6–26. Exhaustion of local remedies
§ 6–27. Presentation and settlement of claims
B. Substantive aspects
§ 6–28. Attributable liability
§ 6–29. Scope of liability
§ 6–30. Economic rights
Chapter 7. Foreign Relations Law in the United States
I. Introduction
II. Separation of Powers in Foreign Affairs
§ 7–1. Congressional power
§ 7–2. Executive power
§ 7–3. Treaty power
§ 7–4. War power
§ 7–5. Judicial power
III. Role of the States
§ 7–6. Federal supremacy under the Constitution
§ 7–7. Case law on federal supremacy
IV. International Law As a Part of U.S. Law
§ 7–8. Introduction
§ 7–9. Treaties in U.S. law
§ 7–10. Customary international law in U.S. law
§ 7–11. Alien Tort Statute
Chapter 8. Jurisdiction
I. Introduction
II. Presumptions Under U.S. Law
§ 8–1. Statutes normally govern conduct only within U.S. territory
§ 8–2. Congressional intent to apply statute extraterritorially
§ 8–3. Example: East Africa Embassy Bombings
§ 8–4. Presumption of consistency with international law
III. Permissible Bases of Jurisdiction Under International Law
§ 8–5. General approach of international law
§ 8–6. Territorial principle
§ 8–7. Nationality principle
§ 8–8. Passive personality principle
§ 8–9. Protective principle
§ 8–10. Universality principle
§ 8–11. Combinations of jurisdictional principles
§ 8–12. Discretion to exercise permissible jurisdiction
§ 8–13. Reasonability of exercising jurisdiction
§ 8–14. Concurrent jurisdiction
IV. Jurisdiction to Prescribe, Adjudicate, and Enforce
§ 8–15. Jurisdiction to prescribe
§ 8–16. Jurisdiction to adjudicate
§ 8–17. Jurisdiction to enforce
Chapter 9. Immunities From Jurisdiction
I. Introduction
II. Diplomatic and Consular Immunities
§ 9–1. Function
§ 9–2. Diplomatic immunities
§ 9–3. Consular immunities
§ 9–4. International civil servant immunities
§ 9–5. U.S. statutory law
§ 9–6. Head of state immunity
III. State Immunities
§ 9–7. Function
§ 9–8. Historical development
§ 9–9. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA)
§ 9–10. Exception based on waiver
§ 9–11. Commercial activity exception
§ 9–12. Expropriation exception
§ 9–13. Tort exception
§ 9–14. Exception for arbitration
§ 9–15. Terrorist state exception
§ 9–16. Counterclaims exception
§ 9–17. Extent of liability
§ 9–18. Attachment and execution
IV. Act of State Doctrine
§ 9–19. Act of state doctrine generally
§ 9–20. Sabbatino case
§ 9–21. Exceptions to the doctrine
§ 9–22. Exception when Congress so directs
§ 9–23. Exception when State Department so advises
§ 9–24. Treaty exception
§ 9–25. Exception for extraterritorial government action
§ 9–26. Exception for commercial activities
§ 9–27. Exception where validity of act is not in question
§ 9–28. Exception for counterclaims
§ 9–29. Exception for human rights cases
Chapter 10. Law of the Sea
I. Introduction
II. Major Maritime Zones
§ 10–1. Baselines and internal waters
§ 10–2. Territorial sea
§ 10–3. Contiguous zone
§ 10–4. Continental shelf
§ 10–5. Exclusive economic zone
§ 10–6. High seas
§ 10–7. International sea-bed area
§ 10–8. Straits and archipelagos
§ 10–9. Delimitation of maritime boundaries
§ 10–10. Hot pursuit across maritime zones
III. Regulation of Certain Uses of the Sea
§ 10–11. Maritime pollution
§ 10–12. Fishing
IV. Dispute Settlement
§ 10–13. LOSC dispute settlement
Chapter 11. International Environmental Law
I. Introduction
II. Structural Overview
§ 11–1. Historical background
§ 11–2. International and non-governmental organizations
§ 11–3. Key principles
§ 11–4. Techniques of legal regulation
III. Regulation in Important Sectors
§ 11–5. Ozone depletion
§ 11–6. Global climate change
§ 11–7. Biological diversity
IV. CROSS–Sectoral Issues
§ 11–8. Trade and environment
§ 11–9. Extraterritorial application of environmental law
Chapter 12. Use of Force and Arms Control
I. Introduction
II. The Use of Force
§ 12–1. General prohibition on the use of force
§ 12–2. Inherent right of self-defense
§ 12–3. Peace enforcement by the Security Council
§ 12–4. Peace enforcement by regional organizations
§ 12–5. Mixed bases for the use of force
§ 12–6. U.N. peacekeeping
III. Arms Control
§ 12–7. Background
§ 12–8. Conventional weapons
§ 12–9. Chemical and biological weapons
§ 12–10. Nuclear weapons
Chapter 13. Nternational Legal Research
I. Introduction
II. Treatises and Other Scholarly Material
§ 13–1. Treatises
§ 13–2. Encyclopedias, dictionaries and restatements
§ 13–3. Casebooks
§ 13–4. Periodical literature
III. International Agreements
§ 13–5. International agreements generally
§ 13–6. International agreements of the United States
§ 13–7. International agreements on electronic databases
IV. State and International Organization Practice
§ 13–8. Contemporary practice of governments
§ 13–9. Contemporary practice of the United States
§ 13–10. Past practice of the United States
§ 13–11. Practice of the United Nations
§ 13–12. International Law Commission
V. Judicial and Arbitral Decisions
§ 13–13. General sources for judicial and arbitral decisions
§ 13–14. I.C.J. decisions
§ 13–15. EC court decisions
§ 13–16. Inter–American Court of Human Rights decisions
§ 13–17. International criminal tribunal decisions
§ 13–18. ITLOS decisions
§ 13–19. WTO decisions
§ 13–20. NAFTA dispute settlement decisions
VI. Internet Research
§ 13–21. Internet sources
VII. Further Reference Works
§ 13–22. Additional help
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