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Index
P REFACE TO THE F OURTH E DITION A CKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 1. Application And Relevance of International Law I. Introduction II. Problems of Definition § 1–1. Traditional definition § 1–2. States under international law § 1–3. Modern definition § 1–4. Modern subjects III. International and National Application § 1–5. Applications distinguished § 1–6. International application § 1–7. National application § 1–8. Some examples § 1–9. Supremacy of international law IV. Relevance and Function of International Law § 1–10. Uses of international law § 1–11. International law as law § 1–12. Application and enforcement § 1–13. Enforcement and compliance V. Historical Overview § 1–14. Origins of the modern system § 1–15. Major early writers and theories § 1–16. Historical milestones Chapter 2. Sources of International Law I. Introduction II. Primary Sources § 2–1. Article 38(1) of the I.C.J. Statute § 2–2. Meaning of Article 38 of the I.C.J. Statute § 2–3. Customary international law § 2–4. Conventional international law § 2–5. General principles of law § 2–6. Character of modern international law III. Secondary Sources or Evidence § 2–7. Evidence of international law § 2–8. Law-making process § 2–9. Where to find the evidence Chapter 3. States and International Organizations I. Introduction II. States § 3–1. Recognition doctrine generally § 3–2. Recognition of states § 3–3. Dissolution of the USSR § 3–4. Recognition of governments § 3–5. Recognition in U.S. practice III. International Organizations Generally § 3–6. Nature of international organizations § 3–7. Operational legal issues § 3–8. Historical background IV. United Nations § 3–9. U.N. Charter § 3–10. Nature and function § 3–11. International constitutional supremacy § 3–12. U.N. organs § 3–13. Voting procedures § 3–14. Binding character of U.N. resolutions § 3–15. Law-making and legislative activities V. U.N. Specialized Agencies § 3–16. Definition § 3–17. Organizations having specialized agency status § 3–18. Member states § 3–19. Legislative activities VI. Regional Organizations § 3–20. General description § 3–21. Basic characteristics § 3–22. Major regional organizations § 3–23. Membership requirements § 3–24. Institutional structure § 3–25. Functions and achievements VII. Supranational Organizations § 3–26. Meaning of supranationality § 3–27. Supranationality and the European Union § 3–28. Mandate of the European Union § 3–29. EC institutional structure § 3–30. EC law-making § 3–31. EC law and national law VIII. Non–state Actors § 3–32. Non-governmental organizations Chapter 4. International Dispute Settlement I. Introduction II. Non–Judicial Methods § 4–1. Introduction § 4–2. Negotiation § 4–3. Inquiry § 4–4. Mediation or good offices § 4–5. Conciliation § 4–6. Negotiation, mediation, conciliation combined III. Quasi–Judicial Methods § 4–7. Arbitration and adjudication distinguished § 4–8. International arbitral clauses § 4–9. Consent to arbitrate § 4–10. Compromis § 4–11. Nature and composition of arbitral tribunals § 4–12. Arbitral award § 4–13. Applicable law and sources of law § 4–14. International arbitration and the individual IV. JUDICIAL METHODS § 4–15. Introduction A. International Court of Justice § 4–16. Historical development § 4–17. Composition and institutional structure 1. Contentious Jurisdiction § 4–18. Bases of contentious jurisdiction § 4–20. U.S. Article 36(2) declaration § 4–21. Withdrawal of U.S. declaration § 4–22. National security considerations § 4–23. Effect and enforcement of judgments § 4–24. Provisional measures 2. Advisory Jurisdiction § 4–25. Scope of advisory jurisdiction § 4–26. Legal character B. Other major international courts § 4–27. Introduction § 4–28. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea § 4–29. Ad hoc international criminal tribunals § 4–30. International Criminal Court § 4–31. Court of Justice of the European Community § 4–32. European Court of Human Rights § 4–33. Inter–American Court of Human Rights § 4–34. African Court of Human and People's Rights Chapter 5. International Law of Treaties I. Introduction II. Definition and Conclusion of Treaties § 5–1. Definition § 5–2. Negotiation of treaties § 5–3. Entry into force of treaties § 5–4. Consent to be bound by treaty § 5–5. Signature followed by ratification III. Reservations § 5–6. Definition § 5–7. Right to make reservations § 5–8. Acceptance and legal effect of reservations IV. Observance of Treaties § 5–9. Pacta sunt servanda § 5–10. Territorial scope of treaties § 5–11. Interpretation of treaties § 5–12. Treaties and third states V. Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension of Treaties § 5–13. Invalidity of treaties § 5–14. National law and invalidity § 5–15. Termination, suspension, and breach of treaties § 5–16. Treaties and state succession Chapter 6. Rights of Individuals I. Introduction II. International Law of Human Rights § 6–1. Historical development A. Law of the U.N. Charter § 6–2. U.N. Charter § 6–3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights § 6–4. U.N. human rights covenants § 6–5. Other U.N. human rights instruments § 6–6. Specialized agencies and regional organizations § 6–7. International human rights code and its legal effect B. Regional human rights law and institutions 1. European system § 6–8. European Convention on Human Rights § 6–9. Convention institutions § 6–10. Admissibility requirements 2. Inter–American System § 6–11. Two sources of the system § 6–12. OAS Charter system § 6–13. Convention system § 6–14. Applying the Convention § 6–15. Interplay with U.S. law 3. African System § 6–16. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights § 6–17. Charter institutions § 6–18. Rights guaranteed § 6–19. Definition and sources C. International humanitarian law § 6–20. 1949 Geneva Conventions § 6–21. Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions § 6–22. Human rights conventions, derogation, and humanitarian law § 6–23. War crimes and crimes against humanity III. State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens § 6–24. Historical development A. Procedural issues § 6–25. Nationality requirement § 6–26. Exhaustion of local remedies § 6–27. Presentation and settlement of claims B. Substantive aspects § 6–28. Attributable liability § 6–29. Scope of liability § 6–30. Economic rights Chapter 7. Foreign Relations Law in the United States I. Introduction II. Separation of Powers in Foreign Affairs § 7–1. Congressional power § 7–2. Executive power § 7–3. Treaty power § 7–4. War power § 7–5. Judicial power III. Role of the States § 7–6. Federal supremacy under the Constitution § 7–7. Case law on federal supremacy IV. International Law As a Part of U.S. Law § 7–8. Introduction § 7–9. Treaties in U.S. law § 7–10. Customary international law in U.S. law § 7–11. Alien Tort Statute Chapter 8. Jurisdiction I. Introduction II. Presumptions Under U.S. Law § 8–1. Statutes normally govern conduct only within U.S. territory § 8–2. Congressional intent to apply statute extraterritorially § 8–3. Example: East Africa Embassy Bombings § 8–4. Presumption of consistency with international law III. Permissible Bases of Jurisdiction Under International Law § 8–5. General approach of international law § 8–6. Territorial principle § 8–7. Nationality principle § 8–8. Passive personality principle § 8–9. Protective principle § 8–10. Universality principle § 8–11. Combinations of jurisdictional principles § 8–12. Discretion to exercise permissible jurisdiction § 8–13. Reasonability of exercising jurisdiction § 8–14. Concurrent jurisdiction IV. Jurisdiction to Prescribe, Adjudicate, and Enforce § 8–15. Jurisdiction to prescribe § 8–16. Jurisdiction to adjudicate § 8–17. Jurisdiction to enforce Chapter 9. Immunities From Jurisdiction I. Introduction II. Diplomatic and Consular Immunities § 9–1. Function § 9–2. Diplomatic immunities § 9–3. Consular immunities § 9–4. International civil servant immunities § 9–5. U.S. statutory law § 9–6. Head of state immunity III. State Immunities § 9–7. Function § 9–8. Historical development § 9–9. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) § 9–10. Exception based on waiver § 9–11. Commercial activity exception § 9–12. Expropriation exception § 9–13. Tort exception § 9–14. Exception for arbitration § 9–15. Terrorist state exception § 9–16. Counterclaims exception § 9–17. Extent of liability § 9–18. Attachment and execution IV. Act of State Doctrine § 9–19. Act of state doctrine generally § 9–20. Sabbatino case § 9–21. Exceptions to the doctrine § 9–22. Exception when Congress so directs § 9–23. Exception when State Department so advises § 9–24. Treaty exception § 9–25. Exception for extraterritorial government action § 9–26. Exception for commercial activities § 9–27. Exception where validity of act is not in question § 9–28. Exception for counterclaims § 9–29. Exception for human rights cases Chapter 10. Law of the Sea I. Introduction II. Major Maritime Zones § 10–1. Baselines and internal waters § 10–2. Territorial sea § 10–3. Contiguous zone § 10–4. Continental shelf § 10–5. Exclusive economic zone § 10–6. High seas § 10–7. International sea-bed area § 10–8. Straits and archipelagos § 10–9. Delimitation of maritime boundaries § 10–10. Hot pursuit across maritime zones III. Regulation of Certain Uses of the Sea § 10–11. Maritime pollution § 10–12. Fishing IV. Dispute Settlement § 10–13. LOSC dispute settlement Chapter 11. International Environmental Law I. Introduction II. Structural Overview § 11–1. Historical background § 11–2. International and non-governmental organizations § 11–3. Key principles § 11–4. Techniques of legal regulation III. Regulation in Important Sectors § 11–5. Ozone depletion § 11–6. Global climate change § 11–7. Biological diversity IV. CROSS–Sectoral Issues § 11–8. Trade and environment § 11–9. Extraterritorial application of environmental law Chapter 12. Use of Force and Arms Control I. Introduction II. The Use of Force § 12–1. General prohibition on the use of force § 12–2. Inherent right of self-defense § 12–3. Peace enforcement by the Security Council § 12–4. Peace enforcement by regional organizations § 12–5. Mixed bases for the use of force § 12–6. U.N. peacekeeping III. Arms Control § 12–7. Background § 12–8. Conventional weapons § 12–9. Chemical and biological weapons § 12–10. Nuclear weapons Chapter 13. Nternational Legal Research I. Introduction II. Treatises and Other Scholarly Material § 13–1. Treatises § 13–2. Encyclopedias, dictionaries and restatements § 13–3. Casebooks § 13–4. Periodical literature III. International Agreements § 13–5. International agreements generally § 13–6. International agreements of the United States § 13–7. International agreements on electronic databases IV. State and International Organization Practice § 13–8. Contemporary practice of governments § 13–9. Contemporary practice of the United States § 13–10. Past practice of the United States § 13–11. Practice of the United Nations § 13–12. International Law Commission V. Judicial and Arbitral Decisions § 13–13. General sources for judicial and arbitral decisions § 13–14. I.C.J. decisions § 13–15. EC court decisions § 13–16. Inter–American Court of Human Rights decisions § 13–17. International criminal tribunal decisions § 13–18. ITLOS decisions § 13–19. WTO decisions § 13–20. NAFTA dispute settlement decisions VI. Internet Research § 13–21. Internet sources VII. Further Reference Works § 13–22. Additional help
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