Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology · A Collaborative Approach to Effective Profiling by Godwin, Grover Maurice -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology: A Collaborative Approach to Effective Profiling

Back Cover Copyright Info Preface

Heuristics and Biases in Decision Making

Confirmation Bias Selective Thinking Post Hoc Fallacy

Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction

Section 1. Forensic Science and Criminal Investigations Section 2. Criminal Profiling: From Art to Science Section 3. Classifying Crime Scene Behavior: New Directions Section 4. Profiling and Linking Crimes Section 5. Cyber-Crimes Section 6. Psycho-Geographical Profiling Section 7. Ethics in Profiling A Final Thought

Contributors Dedication TOC

Chapter 1: Forensic Science and Criminal Investigations

1.1 Forensic Archaeology: A United Kingdom Perspective

1.1.1 Introduction to Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology 1.1.2 Search and Location

1.1.2.1 Cartography 1.1.2.2 Aerial Photography 1.1.2.3 Landscape and Vegetation Appraisal 1.1.2.4 Geophysical Techniques 1.1.2.5 Other Search Methods

1.1.3 Excavation and Recovery 1.1.4 Passive Conservation of Materials 1.1.5 Forensic Anthropology 1.1.6 Attitude and Application

1.1.6.1 Adaptation

1.1.7 Conclusion

1.2 Palynology: A New Tool for the Forensic Investigator

1.2.1 Historical Perspective 1.2.2 Palynomorph Production and Environments 1.2.3 Forensic Palynomorph Collection 1.2.4 Forensic Palynology and Illegal Drugs 1.2.5 Additional Forensic Palynology Applications 1.2.6 Palynomorph Processing 1.2.7 Hydrochloric Acid (Hcl) 1.2.8 Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) 1.2.9 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) 1.2.10 Acetolysis 1.2.11 Staining 1.2.12 Mounting Preparation 1.2.13 BrightField Mounting 1.2.14 Summary

1.3 Forensic Entomology: A Valuable Resource for Death Investigations

1.3.1 Other Types of Investigation

1.3.1.1 Entomotoxicology 1.3.1.2 Cases of Abuse and Neglect 1.3.1.3 Geographical Isolation or Origin

1.3.2 Case Studies

1.3.2.1 A Murdered Army Private 1.3.2.2 The Missing Man Who Wasn’t 1.3.2.3 Where Have You Been?

References

Chapter 2: Criminal Profiling: From Art to Science

2.1 Criminal Intelligence - The Vital Resource: an Overview

2.1.1 The Need For an Intelligence System 2.1.2 Information 2.1.3 Intelligence 2.1.4 The Intelligence Process 2.1.5 Criminal Intelligence 2.1.6 Tactical Intelligence 2.1.7 Operational Intelligence 2.1.8 Strategic Intelligence 2.1.9 Crime Data Analysis 2.1.10 Crime Pattern Analysis 2.1.11 Management Orientation of Intelligence

2.1.11.1 Strategy Is Key to Proactive Enforcement

2.1.12 Intelligence Analysis Serves Management 2.1.13 A Model Intelligence System: Unified, Prioritized, Collectively Managed

2.1.13.1 The Goal to Be Adopted

2.1.14 The Need for Unified Direction 2.1.15 Proactive Purpose 2.1.16 Action-Oriented

2.2 Construction of Offender Profiles Using Fuzzy Logic

2.2.1 Nature of Fuzzy Variables 2.2.2 Fuzzy Set Theory 2.2.3 Modeling Offender Profiles 2.2.4 Technique 2.2.5 Aggregation Techniques 2.2.6 Hypothetical Example 2.2.7 Implications

2.3 Reliability, Validity, and Utility of Extant Serial Murderer Classifications

2.3.1 The Origins of the FBI Serial Murder Project 2.3.2 The Organized Serial Murderer 2.3.3 The Disorganized Serial Murderer 2.3.4 Discrepancies in the Organized and Disorganized Dichotomy 2.3.5 Reliability of the FBI Serial Murderer Sample 2.3.6 Inferring Behavior from Fantasy in the FBI Model 2.3.7 Validity of the FBI Serial Murder Model 2.3.8 Lack of Empirical Operational Definitions 2.3.9 False Dichotomization of Variables 2.3.10 Utility of the FBI Serial Murder Model 2.3.11 The Personality to Behavior Confusion 2.3.12 Other Perspectives on Classifying Serial Murderers

2.3.12.1 Sewell’s Approach

2.3.13 The Holmes’ Approach 2.3.14 Hickey’s Approach 2.3.15 The Dietz Approach 2.3.16 Keppel and Walter Approach 2.3.17 Investigative Process Management 2.3.18 Induction as Systematization 2.3.19 Deriving Inductive Profiles from Deductive Experiences 2.3.20 A Move Towards a Facet Classification of Serial Murderers

2.4 Criminal Psychological Profiling in Violent Crime Investigations: a Comparative Assessment of Accuracy

2.4.1 Appreciation of the Criminal Mind 2.4.2 Investigative Experience 2.4.3 Objective and Logical Analysis. 2.4.4 Intuition 2.4.5 Method

2.4.5.1 Participants

2.4.6 Materials 2.4.7 Procedure 2.4.8 Results

2.4.8.1 Measures of Accuracy 2.4.8.2 Physical Characteristics 2.4.8.3 Cognitive Processes 2.4.8.4 Offense Behaviors 2.4.8.5 Social History and Habits 2.4.8.6 Total Accuracy 2.4.8.7 P&F Accuracy

2.4.9 Differences Between Expertise Groups

2.4.9.1 Overall Accuracy

2.4.10 Components of Accuracy 2.4.11 On the Accuracy of Profilers 2.4.12 Insights Into the Personality of the Offender 2.4.13 Better than Bartenders? 2.4.14 Discussion

References Appendix I

Offender Characteristics Questionnaire

Chapter 3: Classifying Crime Scene Behavior: New Directions

3.1 Exploring the Social Context of Instrumental and Expressive Homicides: An Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis

3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Instrumental and Expressive Crimes 3.1.3 The Current Study 3.1.4 Data Description and Methods 3.1.5 Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) 3.1.6 Measures of Variables 3.1.7 Analytic Procedures 3.1.8 Results 3.1.9 The Prevalence of Unique and Common Configurations 3.1.10 The Specific Profiles in Instrumental and Expressive Homicides 3.1.11 Unique and Common Configurations Underlying Subsets of Homicide Situations 3.1.12 Conclusions and Implications 3.1.13 Acknowledgments 3.1.14 Notes

3.2 Death by Detail: A Multivariate Model of U.S. Serial Murderers’ Crime Scene Actions

3.2.1 The Challenge of Classifying Serial Murderers 3.2.2 The Role of the Victim in Serial Murder 3.2.3 Research Objectives 3.2.4 General Hypotheses 3.2.5 Data Acquisition and Content Analysis 3.2.6 Methodology

3.2.6.1 Preparing the Data for Analysis

3.2.7 Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) 3.2.8 Analysis I - Smallest Space Analysis

3.2.8.1 Interpretation of SSA Configurations

3.2.9 SSA Results for the First Offense Series 3.2.10 Focal Aspects of Serial Murder 3.2.11 Regional Themes in Serial Murder 3.2.12 Cronbach Alpha Analysis 3.2.13 Classifying Crime Scene Actions into Themes

3.2.13.1 Affective-Vehicle Theme (~ .635) 3.2.13.2 Affective-Object Theme (~ .638) 3.2.13.3 Cognitive-Vehicle Theme (~ .684) 3.2.13.4 Cognitive-Object Theme (~ .902)

3.2.14 Analysis II - Confirmatory SSA Results 3.2.15 Assigning Serial Murderers to Themes 3.2.16 Summary 3.2.17 Conclusions and Implications

3.3 Cluster Analysis of Burglars’ Modus Operandi (M/O)

3.3.1 Significance of the Technology 3.3.2 Description of Innovation 3.3.3 General Applications 3.3.4 Note

References Appendix I

Crime Scene Variables Correspond to SSA Plot

Chapter 4: Profiling and Linking Crimes

4.1 One Offender - Five Victims: Linking the Offenses of the Serial Killer John Williams, Jr.

4.1.1 Decision Making in the Linking of Serial Murders 4.1.2 The Use of Modus Operandi to Link Offenses 4.1.3 Signature Behaviors 4.1.4 Linking Serial Murders: A Three-Stage Process

4.1.4.1 Information Management

4.1.5 The Representation of Crime Information 4.1.6 Defining ANACAPA 4.1.7 A Case Study of Serial Murder: Linking Crimes 4.1.8 The Victims

4.1.8.1 Victim One 4.1.8.2 Victim Two 4.1.8.3 Victim Three 4.1.8.4 Victim Four 4.1.8.5 Victim Five

4.1.9 Co-occurrence of Behaviors Across a Series of Murders 4.1.10 Preparing the Data for Analysis 4.1.11 SSA Results of the Raleigh Murders 4.1.12 Summary

4.2 Nurses Who Kill: Serial Murder in Health Care Institutions 4.3 Weaknesses in Computerized Linking Data Bases

4.3.1 Reliability of Linking Data Base Questions 4.3.2 Validity of VICAP Questions 4.3.3 Utility of the VICAP System 4.3.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Cyber-Crimes

5.1 Hackers, Phreakers, and Pirates: The Semantics of the Computer Underground 5.2 A Sociology of Hackers

5.2.1 Computer Underground: Demographics 5.2.2 Internal Factors: Technology, Secrecy, Anonymity, Membership Fluidity, Male Dominance, and Motivations 5.2.3 Technology 5.2.4 Secrecy 5.2.5 Anonymity 5.2.6 Membership Fluidity 5.2.7 Male Dominance 5.2.8 Motivations 5.2.9 Internal Factors: Conclusion 5.2.10 External Factors: The Boundary Between Computer Underground and the Computer Security Industry 5.2.11 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Psycho-Geographical Profiling

6.1 The Serial Rapist’s Spatial Pattern of Victim Selection

6.1.1 Perspectives on Rape and Serial Rape 6.1.2 Journey to Crime Research 6.1.3 Research Design

6.1.3.1 Definition of Terms

6.1.4 Serial Sexual Assault (Stranger to Stranger) 6.1.5 Serial Rapist 6.1.6 Series 6.1.7 Activity Node 6.1.8 Initial Contact Scene 6.1.9 Distance 6.1.10 Nearest Node or Routine Pathway

6.1.10.1 Research Design

6.1.11 The Population of Serial Rapists 6.1.12 Results of Research 6.1.13 Discussion 6.1.14 Other Important Results 6.1.15 Conclusion 6.1.16 Notes

6.2 Victim Target Networks as Solvability Factors in Serial Murder

6.2.1 Victim Targeting Networks (VTN) 6.2.2 Decision-making Process in Target Network Areas 6.2.3 Victim Social Networks 6.2.4 Summary and Conclusions

6.3 Encounter and Death: The Spatial Behavior of U.S. Serial Killers

6.3.1 Data sample 6.3.2 Mapping the Crimes 6.3.3 Results

6.3.3.1 Smallest Space Analysis and the Home as a Focus of Serial Murder

6.3.4 Smallest Space Analysis 6.3.5 The Home As Focus 6.3.6 PFE Victim and BD Locations 6.3.7 Temporal Sequences 6.3.8 Distances to PFE and BD Sites over the Ten Offenses 6.3.9 Changes Over Time 6.3.10 Changes in Distance to PFE 6.3.11 Changes in Distance to the Body Dump Locations 6.3.12 Conclusions

6.3.12.1 Home, Abduction, and Dumping 6.3.12.2 Psycho-Geographical Profiling in Relation to Ongoing Police Investigations

6.4 Geographical Profiling

6.4.1 The Ecological Approach 6.4.2 Environmental Criminology 6.4.3 Computerized Geographical Profiling 6.4.4 Environmental Psychology 6.4.5 Home Range and Directional Travel of Criminals 6.4.6 Geographical Profiling the Angles Between Crimes Using Predator© 6.4.7 Conclusions

6.5 A Psycho-Geographical Profile of a Series of Unsolved Murders in Raleigh, North Carolina

6.5.1 Predator Geographical Profiling System 6.5.2 Geographical Analysis of the Crime Locations Using Predator

References

Chapter 7: Ethics in Profiling

7.1 The Role of Ethics in Criminal Profiling

7.1.1 The Chapter in Context 7.1.2 Ethical Guidelines

7.1.2.1 Integrity

7.1.3 Preventing the Misuse of Profiling

7.1.3.1 Competence

7.1.4 Professionalism 7.1.5 Consent 7.1.6 Confidentiality 7.1.7 Profiling and Society 7.1.8 Preventing and Responding to Misconduct 7.1.9 Conclusion

7.2 Ethics and Forensic Psychology

7.2.1 Common Areas of Concern 7.2.2 Confidentiality 7.2.3 Duty to Warn 7.2.4 Suicidal Clients 7.2.5 Consent 7.2.6 Competence 7.2.7 Ethical Decision Making 7.2.8 Decision Making Models

7.2.8.1 Identify the Problem 7.2.8.2 Identify Potential Issues Involved 7.2.8.3 Review the Relevant Ethics Codes 7.2.8.4 Know the Applicable Laws and Regulations 7.2.8.5 Obtain Consultation 7.2.8.6 Consider Probable and Possible Courses of Action 7.2.8.7 Enumerate the Consequences of Various Decisions 7.2.8.8 Decide on What Appears to Be the Best Course of Action

7.2.9 Malpractice Lawsuits 7.2.10 Summary

7.3 The Unexplored Ethics of Criminal Psychological Profiling

7.3.1 What is Criminal Psychological Profiling? 7.3.2 Misuses of the Criminal Psychological Profile 7.3.3 Scientific Basis for Profiling 7.3.4 What sort of scientific basis is there? 7.3.5 Ethical uses of Criminal Psychological Profiles

References

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