The World of Caffeine by Weinberg, Bennett Alan -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Acknowledgments Overview: Caffeine Encounters Prologue: The Discovery of Caffeine Part 1: Caffeine In History

1: Coffee: Arabian Origins

Coffee As Materia Medica: The First Written References The Coffee Drinkers That Never Were: Fabulous Ancient References to Coffee Coffee to Coffeehouses: Marqaha and the Slippery Slope Travelers’ Tales: Visitors to the Yemen, Constantinople, Aleppo, and Cairo Evolving from the Sludge: African and Arabian Preparations of Coffee The Origin of the Word

2: Tea: Asian Origins

The Origin of the Word and the Drink The Classic of Tea: Teaching Tea Tippling The Forms of Tea: From Bricks to Powder Tea and the Tao: Yin, Yang, and the Importance of a Balanced Diet The Chinese Tea Ceremony: A Confluence of Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian Streams

3: Cacao: American Origins

Pre-Columbian History of Chocolate Montezuma II Meets Cortés The Origins of the Words “Cacao” and “Chocolate” Native Methods of Preparing Chocolate

Part 2: Europe Wakes Up to Caffeine

4: Monks and Men-At-Arms: Europe’s First Caffeine Connections

Chocolate Consumes the Spanish Court Cacao Goes to Italy, France, Holland, England, Austria, Switzerland, and Returns Across the Atlantic From Liquid to Solid: Eating Chocolate Comes of Age

5: The Caffeine Trade Supplants the Spice Trade: Tea and Coffee Come to the West

Early Portuguese Explorers Encounter Tea Early Ports of Arrival for Coffee and Tea: Venice, Marseilles, Amsterdam Caffeine Gets the Pope’s Blessing: Acceptance In Italy Early Coffee Stalls and Houses: Ottoman Customs Invade the West From Then to Now: Café Procope and Other Regency Cafés Austria: Kolschitzky’s Bean Bags Hit Vienna Europeans Improve and Serve Turkish Coffee, Chinese Tea, and Indian Chocolate

6: The Late Adopters: Germany, Russia, and Sweden Join In

Germany Joins In: Beyond Beer Soup for Breakfast Frederick the Great’s Campaign Against Coffee Russia: Rallying Round the Samovar Sweden Gives In to Coffee

7: Judgements of History: Medical Men Debate Caffeine

A Sobering View of Caffeine German and Dutch Doctors Dispute About Coffee and Tea Medical Disputes In Marseilles and the Rest of France The Early English Health Debates What Goes Around Comes Around: Harvey Puts Caffeine Into Circulation Medical Debates: The Mid-Eighteenth Through the End of the Nineteenth Century Benjamin Moseley, M.D., for the Defense Hahnemann: The Hazards of Upsetting the Body’s Balance John Cole, Esq.: The Dangers of Tea and Coffee Les Cafêomanes: Honoré De Balzac and the Pleasures and Pains of Caffeine

8: Postscript: Why Did Caffeine Come When It Came?

Part 3: The Culture of Caffeine

9: Islands of Caffeine (1): Japan: The Tradition of Tea, the Novelty of Coffee

The Origin of Tea In Japan Caffeine and Ceremony In the East: The Religion and Art of Chanoyu Caffeine and Culture: Teaism, Teahouse, Tea Gardens, and the Manners, Art, and Architecture of Japan Teaism Today and the Traditions of Japan A Contrarian View: Urasenke, or the Church That Caffeine Built Contemporary Caffeine: The Society and Commerce of Coffee Come to Japan

10: Island of Caffeine (2): England: Caffeine and Empire

Caffeine Comes to England: From Rumor to Reality The Great Instauration: The Oxford Coffee Club and the Birth of the Royal Society Early Coffeehouses: Penny Universities or Seminaries of Sedition? Caffeine and the Crown: Charles II Bans Coffee and Catherine of Braganza Takes Tea The Great Conversation: The Coffeehouses and the Writers of England Teatime In England Heroines of Caffeine: Mary Tuke Founds a Tea Dynasty, and Anna of Bedford Starts a Tea Tradition Caffeine In Victorian and Contemporary England

11: The Endless Simmes: America and the Twentieth Century Do Caffeine

Amercia, Land of the Free—Refill Bubbling Caffeine: The Hard Soft Drinks Cola As Cultural Icon The Buzz Beyond: Supercolas and Other High-Dose Caffeinated Soft Drinks The Straight Dope: Vivarin, NoDoz, and Other Caffeine Pills

12: Caffeine Culture and Le Fin De Millénaire

Who’s Doing It: Caffeine Consumption Patterns Baby Boomers and Caffeine Generations X, Y, and Z and Caffeine Brewings and Doings: Caffeine Mainstays and Curiosities Spike Coffee—The Coffee for Caffeine Addicts Caffeine and, Well, Water Mixing Your Drinks: Caffeine and Alcohol Carbonated Coffee The Coffee Shop Connection—Keeping Them Off the Streets Caffeine Currents: From Coffee to Tea? Kopi Luak Coffee: Waste Not, Want Not When Caffeine-Free Is Definitely Better for Your Health When Is Caffeine Not Caffeine? From Cyberspace to Outerspace to a Pretty Face: Caffeine On the Internet and Beyond

Part 4: The Natural History of Caffeine

13: Caffeine In the Laboratory

Caffeine and Chemistry The Metabolism of Caffeine: From Cup to Bowl, or a Remembrance of Things Passed Mechanism of Action: Caffeine Kicks In Calcium Mobility Theory Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: The cAMP Cycle of Energy Release Adenosine Blockade: The Newest Theory On the Block Paradoxes and Problems and Unanswered Questions Where the Caffeine Is What Is a Cup? Soft Drinks Over-The-Counter and Prescription Medications Where the Theobromine and Theophylline Are Extracting Caffeine: Industrial Processes and Mr. Wizard’s Laboratory

14: Caffeine and the Plant Kingdom: “My Vegetable Love…”

Why Plants Contain Caffeine The Coffee Shrub (Genus Coffea) The Tale of Gabriel d’Erchigny De Clieu and the Purloined Plant Coffee Oddities and Curiosities The Tea Bush: E Pluribus Unum (Camellia Sinensis) Linnæus Brings Home the Tea: Osbek’s Trek and Other Tea Adventures The Cultivation of Tea The Cacao Tree (Theobroma Cacao) Cacao Goes to Africa…and Beyond Cacao and Caffeine Maté (Yerba Maté, Ilex Paraguariensis); Cassina (Yaupon Holly, Ilex Vomitoria) Cola (Cola Acuminata; Cola Nitida) Guarana (Paullinia Cupana) and Yoco (Paullinia Yoco) Caffeine’s Competitors: Coca, Khat, Ephedra, Betel, and Yohimbé

Part 5: Caffeine and Health

15: Caffeine and the Body: Health Effects, Reproductive Issues, and Fitness

Caffeine and the Cardiovascular System Caffeine and Cholesterol, Heart Attacks, and Coronary Heart Disease Caffeine and Hemostasis and Fibrinolysis Caffeine and the Respiratory System Caffeine and Cancer and Tumor Activity Caffeine and Children and Young Adults Caffeine and Drug Combinations and Counterfeits The Other Methylxanthines: Theobromine and Theophylline Caffeine and Birth Defects Caffeine and Morphological Abnormalities Caffeine and Non-Morphological Abnormalities: From Low Birthweight to Behavioral Dysfunction Caffeine and Fertility Caffeine and Weight Loss Caffeine and Exercise and Athletic Performance: Is Caffeine an Ergogenic Aid?

16: Thinking Over Caffeine: Cognition, Learning, and Emotional Well-Being

Caffeine and Memory Caffeine and Alertness Is It All an Illusion? The Caffeine Chippie or the Hidden Need for Caffeine Java Jitters or Caffeine Conniptions: Caffeine and Anxiety Caffeine and Depression and Aggression Caffeine and Sleep

17: Caffeine Dependence Intoxication and Toxicity

Physical Dependence and Withdrawal Clinical Dependence Syndrome Is Caffeine a Drug of Abuse? Caffeine Intoxication: Too Much of a Good Thing Can Caffeine Kill?

Epilogue: A Toast to the Future Apppendix A: The London Coffeehouse During the Commonwealth and Restoration Appendix B: Supplementary Tables Appendix C: Additional Studies of Caffeine’s Physical Effects

Caffeine and the Cardiovascular System Caffeine and Exercise: Good or Bad for Your Cardiovascular System? Caffeine and the Digestive System: Ulcers and Upset Stomach Caffeine and PMS Caffeine and Osteoporosis Caffeine and the Elderly Caffeine and the Eyes Caffeine and Nutrition Summary of the Medical Applications of Caffeine Caffeine and Relieving and Preventing Pulmonary Problems Caffeine and Headaches and Pain Control Caffeine and Setting the Circadian Clock Caffeine and Weight Control Caffeine and Low Blood Pressure Caffeine and Athletic Performance Caffeine and Skin Problems Caffeine and Parkinson’s Disease

Appendix D: Methodological Pitfalls

Sample Selection Exposure Confounding Variables

Notes

Overview Prologue Chapter 1: Coffee Chapter 2: Tea Chapter 3: Cacao Chapter 4: Monks and Men-At-Arms Chapter 5: The Caffeine Trade Supplants the Spice Trade Chapter 6: The Late Adopters Chapter 7: Judgement of History Chapter 8: Postscript Part III: Introduction Chapter 9: Islands of Caffeine(1) Chapter 10: Island of Caffeine (2) Chapter 11: The Endless Simmer Chapter 12: Caffeine Culture and Le Fin De Millénaire Chapter 13: Caffeine In the Laboratory Chapter 14: Caffeine and the Plant Kingdom Chapter 15: Caffeine and the Body Chapter 16: Thinking Over Caffeine Chapter 17: Caffeine Dependence Intoxication and Toxicity Epilogue: A Toast to the Future Appendix C: Additional Studies of Caffeine Physical Effects Appendix D: Methodological Pitfalls

References

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