Counseling Research by Sheperis, Carl J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Preface About the Authors Brief Contents Contents PART 1 An Introduction to Research in Counseling

Chapter 1 Contemporary Issues in Counseling Research

Research in Counseling

The Scientist-Practitioner The Data-Based Problem-Solver Model The World of Counseling Research Journals Related to Counseling

Chapter 2 Getting Started

Getting Started in Research

What Is Research and Why Do It? Basic Components of Research Importance of Sampling and Generalizability Validity and Reliability Problem Formulation and Hypotheses

Sampling

Writing the Research

Research in Counseling

Realities of Conducting Research in Counseling Ethical and Legal Considerations in Counseling Research

Chapter 3 Reviewing the Literature

Reviewing the Literature Researching a Topic

Area of Interest Contribution to the Existing Literature Narrowing a Broad Topic

Locating, Exploring, and, Analyzing the Literature

Scholarly Sources Primary Sources Secondary Sources Libraries Electronic Databases Search Criteria Assessing Relevance Storage of Sources Guidelines for Conducting a Literature Review

Organizing and Presenting the Information

Organizing the Literature APAStyle Guidelines for Writing Plagiarism Quotations Bibliography Management The Art of Writing

Chapter 4 Methodological Issues

Defining the Variables

Ways to Classify Variables Why Are Operational Variables Important?

Population Issues

Why Are Population Issues Important? Sample Size Under represented Groups

Instrumentation

Considerations for Instrument Selection Types and Definitions of Instruments

Sampling, Participant, and Experimenter Bias

Why Is Participant and Experimenter Bias Important? Sampling Bias Participant Bias Experimenter Bias

Common Methodological Errors

PART 2 Quantitative Research Designs

Chapter 5 Experimental Designs

Characteristics of a Research Study Methods of Control in Experimental Research

Treatment and Control Groups Random Assignment

Experimental Validity

Threats to Internal Experimental Validity Threats to External Experimental Validity

Models

Between Groups Within Groups

Applications to Counseling

Chapter 6 Predictive Designs

Prediction in Research Correlation and Prediction

Direction of the Relationship Degree of the Relationship Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient

Bivariate Predictive Models

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Spearman Rho Correlation Coefficient Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient Phi Coefficient

Multivariate Predictive Models

Planning a Prediction Study Data Collection Data Analysis Shrinkage

Multiple Regression

Regression Analysis Stepsina Multiple Regression Analysis Types of Multiple Regression A Research Example Results of Data Analysis Cautions in Using Multiple Regression

Factorial Designs

A Research Example Factor Loadings and Factor Scores Variations within Factorial Analysis Cautions in Factor Analysis

Applications to Counseling

Chapter 7 An Overview of Survey Research

Purpose of Survey Research Types of Survey Designs

Longitudinal Survey Designs Cross-sectional Survey Designs

Approaches to Collecting Survey Data

Data Collection Approach 1: Self-administered Questionnaires Data Collection Approach 2: Interviews

Steps for Conducting a Survey Research Project

Step 1: Decide up front what you want to learn Step 2: Determine your population and sample selection procedures Step 3: Determine the survey methodology and data collection procedures you will employ Step 4: Develop a questionnaire or locate one that has been used in previous research Step 5: Pilot test the questionnaire Step 6: Administer the questionnaire Step 7: Analyze the data Step 8: Write the report

Designing Survey Items

Open-and Closed-Ended Questions Question Construction

Maximizing Survey Response Rates Limitations of Survey Research

Chapter 8 Time Series Designs

Purpose of Time Series Research

Principles of Time-Series Research Data Interpretation

Paper-and-Pencil Versus Computer Software Data Collection

Traditional Assessments Computer Assessments

Recording Data

Frequency/Event Recording Duration Recording Latency Recording Interval Recording Momentary Time Sampling Additional Considerations

Inter-Observer Agreement Models

Simple Phase Change ABADesign ABAB or Withdrawal-Reversal Design ABAC or Combined Simple Phase Change Design Conclusion

Multiple-Base line Design Alternating Treatment Design Graphing: A How-to Primer Advantages and Drawbacks Ethical Considerations

Independent Researchers Informed Consent Client Participation Delay/Withdrawal of Treatment Confidentiality

Application to Counseling Outcomes

PART 3 Qualitative Research Designs and Program Evaluation

Chapter 9 Grounded Theory Methodology

Purpose of Grounded Theory Research

Origins of Grounded Theory Characteristics of Counselors and Grounded Theorists The Importance of Theory in Research

Getting Started

Selecting Participants and Data Gathering Using Focus Groups to Gather Data

Coding

Initial Coding Focused Coding

Writing Field Notes, Memos, and Diagramming Theoretical Sampling, Saturation, and Sorting

Theoretical Sampling Saturation

Theory Construction Ensuring Trust worthiness of the Findings Validation: A Theory of Counsel or Development

Assimilating Experience Relationship Values Validation

Chapter 10 Phenomenological Designs

Purpose of Phenomenology Research

Terminology

Conducting Phenomenological Research

Role of the Researcher Participant Selection Purposeful Sampling Measures to Ensure Participants’ Safety Participant Profiles

Data Collection Methods

Individual Interviews Focus Group Interviews Observations Artifact and Document Reviews

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Bracketing Data Review Phenomenological Reduction Extraction of Meaning Units Identification of Themes Data Displays

Establishing the Trust worthiness of Findings

Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability Constructing the Narrative

Drawbacks

The Interview Process Influence of Relationship Between Researcher and Participant Other Complications

Advantages

Participants Researchers The Field of Counseling Multicultural Considerations

Chapter 11 Narrative Research

Foundations of Narrative Therapy

Disciplinary Approaches to Narrative Inquiry Variations of Narrative Inquiry Clarifying Terms

Interpreting Experience

Conceptions of Self Conceptions of Truth Conceptions of Experience Influences of Culture

Phases of Narrative Inquiry

Attending to Experience Telling About Experience Transcribing Experience Analyzing Experience Writing About Experience Reading About Experience

Applications to Counseling

Stories Told in Counseling Ethical Considerations for Counselors

Advantages and Drawbacks of Narrative Inquiry

Passion in Narrative Studies Ambiguity in Narrative Studies Relationships in Narrative Studies Models of Narrative Studies

Chapter 12 Systematic Program Evaluation

Key Terms and Definitions Program Evaluation Models

Utilitarian Models Intuitionist/Pluralist Models

Collecting Evaluation Information

Behavioral Indicators Opinion Survey Focus Group Interviews Key Informant Evaluation Performance and Portfolio Assessment

Systematic Program Evaluation Example of Systematic Program Evaluation

Step 1: Institutional Mission Step 2: Program Design, Development, and Implementation Step 3: Program Evaluation Step 4: Collecting Data Step 5: Judging the Worth of the Program Step 6: Program Improvement

PART 4 Mixed Designs and Data Analysis

Chapter 13 Mixed Methods Designs

Principles of Mixed Methods Designs Background on Mixed Methods Research Definition of Terms Research Questions

Qualitative Research Questions Quantitative Research Questions Mixed Methods Research Questions

Considerations When Making Decisions About a Mixed Methods Design Types of Mixed Method Designs

Triangulation Design Embedded Design Explanatory Design Exploratory Design

Sampling

Purposeful Sampling Quantitative Sampling Qualitative Sampling

Chapter 14 Data Management and Using SPSS Software

Value Label Why SPSS? I Have Data, Now What?

Four Steps to Complete Before You Go Near the Computer and SPSS Step One: Connect Data to Each Individual Participant Step Two: Give Each Participant a Unique Number Step Three: Create a Codebook Step Four: Name the Variables Carefully

How Do I Get Data into SPSS?

I Am FINALLY Ready for the Computer! Beginning the Program Using the Data Editor Defining Your Variables Entering Data Tipson Data Entry

How Do I Go About Using SPSS to Answer My Research Questions?

Simple Analyse swith SPSS and Obtaining Descriptive Statistics Modifying Variables Descriptive Statistics

Chapter 15 Basic Statistical Concepts and Descriptive Statistics

Measurement

Reliability and Validity Descriptive Statistics Standard Normal Distribution and Standard Scores

Chapter 16 Developing a Research Report

Purpose of a Research Report Types of Research Reports

Journal Article Dissertation/Thesis Dissertation/Thesis Proposal

Format of the Research Report

Title Page Abstract Introduction Methods

Qualitative Research Reports Building Skills for Effective Research Report Writing

Developing as a Writer Prepare in Advance Writing Guidelines

Common Mistakes in Research Reports

General Writing Problems Common Problems in the Literature Review Common Problems in Methodology Sections Common Problems in Results Section Common Problems in Discussion Sections Manuscript Review Process

PART 5 Ethics and Multicultural Issues in Research

Chapter 17 Ethical Consideration in the Practice of Research

Research Ethics, Integrity, and Responsible Conduct of Research Impact of Irresponsible Conduct of Research Roles and Responsibilities of Researchers in the Counseling Profession

Researcher Responsibilities Nazi Medical War Crimes Tuskegee Syphilis Study Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study Willow brook Study Belmont Report Principles and Their Relation to Counseling Research Ethics Institutional Review Boards Additional Researcher Responsibilities

Chapter 18 Multicultural Issues in Research

Defining Multicultural Research Issues in Conducting Multicultural Research

Defining Culture Etic and Emic Approaches in Research Are There Really Cultural Differences? Considerations for Counseling Researchers

Research Designs with Multicultural Populations

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Current Trends

Test Adaptation EST Versus CST

Guidelines for Infusing Multicultural Issues in Research

Increasing Sensitivity of Researchers Research Training Environment Interpersonal Factor Instructional Factor Additional Suggestions

Appendix A Preamble and Research Section of the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics 2005 Appendix B Sample Research Paper References Index

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