[Gutenberg 64677] • A Text-book of Entomology / Including the Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology and Metamorphoses of Insects for Use in Agricultural and Technical Schools and Colleges As Well As by the Working Entomologist by Packard, Alpheus S. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

A TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY INCLUDING THE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS FOR USE IN AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES AS WELL AS BY THE WORKING ENTOMOLOGIST PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I.—MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

POSITION OF INSECTS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Tabular View of the Eight Branches or Phyla of the Animal Kingdom.

RELATIONS OF INSECTS TO OTHER ARTHROPODA LITERATURE ON SCOLOPENDRELLA INSECTA (HEXAPODA) 1. EXTERNAL ANATOMY

a. The regions of the body b. The integument (exoskeleton) c. Mechanical origin and structure of the segments (somites, arthromeres, metameres, zonites) d. Mechanical origin of the limbs and of their jointed structure

LITERATURE ON THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY

General

THE HEAD AND ITS APPENDAGES

a. The head

LITERATURE ON THE EPIPHARYNX

b. Appendages of the head

LITERATURE OF THE MOUTH-PARTS OR BUCCAL APPENDAGES

a. General b. Thysanoptera (Physapoda) c. Hemiptera d. Coleoptera e. Lepidoptera f. Siphonaptera g. Diptera h. Hymenoptera i. Larval stages j. Embryonic stages

THE THORAX AND ITS APPENDAGES

a. The thorax; its external anatomy b. The legs: their structure and functions c. Locomotion (walking, climbing, and swimming)

LITERATURE ON LEGS AND FEET LITERATURE OF LOCOMOTION (WALKING, ETC.) LITERATURE OF WALKING ON SMOOTH SURFACES

d. The wings and their structure e. Development and mode of origin of the wings f. The primitive origin of the wings

LITERATURE ON THE WINGS

g. Mechanism of flight

LITERATURE ON FLIGHT THE ABDOMEN AND ITS APPENDAGES LITERATURE ON THE ABDOMEN AND ITS APPENDAGES

a. General (including the cerci, stili, etc.) b. The ovipositor c. The external genital armature

THE ARMATURE OF INSECTS: SETÆ, HAIRS, SCALES, TUBERCLES, ETC. LITERATURE

a. Hairs, bristles, cleaning spines, calcaria, combs, etc. b. Glandular and poisonous setæ and spines c. Androconia d. Scales

THE COLORS OF INSECTS LITERATURE 2. INTERNAL ANATOMY THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM LITERATURE ON THE MUSCLES

a. General b. Histology c. Muscular power of insects

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

a. The nervous system as a whole b. The brain c. Histological elements of the brain d. The visceral (sympathetic or stomatogastric) system e. The supraspinal cord f. Modifications of the brain in different orders of insects g. Functions of the nerve-centres and nerves

LITERATURE ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

a. General b. The brain c. Histology of the nervous System

THE SENSORY ORGANS

a. The eyes and insect vision

LITERATURE ON THE EYES AND VISION

a. General b. The color-sense b. The organs of smell

LITERATURE OF THE ORGANS OF SMELL

c. The organs of taste

LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF TASTE

d. The organs of hearing e. The sounds of insects

LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF HEARING

a. The auditory organs b. The sounds made by insects

THE DIGESTIVE CANAL AND ITS APPENDAGES

a. The digestive canal

LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION

b. Digestion in insects

LITERATURE ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION THE GLANDULAR AND EXCRETORY APPENDAGES OF THE DIGESTIVE CANAL

a. The salivary glands

LITERATURE ON THE SALIVARY GLANDS

b. The silk or spinning glands, and the spinning apparatus

LITERATURE ON THE SPINNING GLANDS

c. The cæcal appendages. d. The excretory system (urinary or Malpighian tubes)

LITERATURE ON THE EXCRETORY (URINARY) ORGANS

e. Poison-glands f. Adhesive or cement-glands g. The wax-glands h. “Honey-dew” or wax-glands of Aphids i. Dermal glands in general

LITERATURE ON THE SECRETORY GLANDS

a. General b. Poison-glands c. Wax-glands d. Wax-like glands of Aphides

DEFENSIVE OR REPUGNATORIAL SCENT-GLANDS Distribution of repugnatorial or alluring scent-glands in insects[59]

A. Larval Insects

LEPIDOPTERA

Family Tineidæ Family Noctuidæ Family Notodontidæ Family Nymphalidæ Family Papilionidæ Family Perophoridæ Family Nolidæ Family Tenthredinidæ Family Tineidæ Family Hemileucidæ Family Megalopygidæ Family Liparidæ Family Lycænidæ B. Nymph of Heterometabolous Insects C. Pupa of Certain Bombyces D. Adult Insects

LITERATURE ON DEFENSIVE OR REPUGNATORIAL GLANDS THE ALLURING OR SCENT-GLANDS LITERATURE ON ALLURING GLANDS THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION

a. The heart b. The blood c. The circulation of the blood I. Substances which cause the pulsations of the heart to accelerate. II. Substances retarding the heart’s action. III. Substances whose action is indifferent.

LITERATURE ON THE HEART AND ON THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD

a. Anatomy of the organs b. The blood, blood corpuscles, leucocytes, and blood tissue c. The fat-bodies

THE BLOOD TISSUE

a. The fat-body b. The pericardial fat-body or pericardial cells c. The œnocytes d. The phosphorescent organs

LITERATURE ON PHOSPHORESCENCE THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

a. The tracheæ b. The spiracles or stigmata c. Morphology and homologies of the tracheal system d. The spiral threads or tænidia e. Origin of the tracheæ and of the “spiral thread” f. The mechanism of respiration and the respiratory movements of insects g. The air-sacs h. The closed or partly closed tracheal system i. The rectal tracheal gills, and rectal respiration of larval Odonata and other insects j. Tracheal gills of the larvæ of insects k. Tracheal gills of adult insects

LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION

a. On the tracheal system in general b. On the Stigmata c. On tracheal gills and tracheal respiration d. Literature on rectal respiration e. Physiology of Respiration

THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION

a. The male organs of reproduction b. The female organs of reproduction

LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION

a. General b. Formation of the egg (oögenesis) c. On the spermatozoa d. On the paired genital efferent passages

PART II. EMBRYOLOGY OF INSECTS

a. The egg b. Maturation or ripening of the egg c. Fertilization of the egg d. Division and formation of the blastoderm[80] e. Formation of the first rudiments of the embryo, and of the embryonic membranes f. Formation of the external form of the body g. The appendages h. Nervous system i. Dorsal closure and involution of the embryonic membranes j. Formation of the germ-layers k. Farther development of the mesoderm. Formation of the body-cavity l. Formation of organs m. Length of embryonic life n. The process of hatching LITERATURE ON EMBRYOLOGY

PART III.—THE METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS

a. The nymph as distinguished from the larval stage b. Stages or stadia of metamorphosis c. Ametabolous and metabolous stages THE LARVA

a. The Campodea-form type of larva b. The eruciform type of larva

LITERATURE ON ANCESTRY OF INSECTS, ETC.

c. Growth and increase in size of the larva d. The process of moulting (ecdysis)

THE PUPA STATE

a. The pupa considered in reference to its adaptation to its surroundings and its relation to phylogeny b. Mode of escape of the pupa from its cocoon c. The cremaster

FORMATION OF THE PUPA AND IMAGO IN THE HOLOMETABOLOUS INSECTS (THE DIPTERA EXCEPTED)

a. The Lepidoptera b. The Hymenoptera

DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMAGO IN THE DIPTERA

a. Development of the outer body-form b. Development of the internal organs of the imago c. General summary

HYPERMETAMORPHISM SUMMARY OF THE FACTS AND SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM LITERATURE ON POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND METAMORPHOSES

INDEX

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