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Index
The Manual of Photography
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the tenth edition
Editors’ Acknowledgements
Author Biographies
Chapter 1 Introduction to the imaging process
Introduction
The Imaging Process
Image Control
The Origins of Photography
Photographic Imaging Today
Digital Imaging
Digital Image Representation
Imaging Chains
Evaluating Image Quality
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Light theory
Introduction
A Brief History of Light Theory
Wave–Particle Duality
The Nature of Light
Radiometry and Photometry
Optics
Wave Theory
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Black-Body Radiation
The Photoelectric Effect
The Photon
Bohr Model of the Atom
The Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation in Atoms
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Photographic light sources
Introduction
Characteristics of Light Sources
Light Output
Daylight
Tungsten Filament Lamps
Tungsten–Halogen Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
Metal-Halide Lamps
Pulsed Xenon Lamps
Expendable Flashbulbs
Electronic Flash
Other Sources
Bibliography
Chapter 4 The human visual system
Introduction
The Physical Structure of the Human Eye
Dark Adaptation
Elementary Colour Vision
Colour Anomalous Vision
Movement and Focusing
The Visual Pathway
Binocular Vision
Performance of the Eye
Animal Vision
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Introduction to colour science
Introduction
The Physics of Colour
Colour Terminology
The Colour of Objects
Cie Standard Illuminating and Viewing Geometries
Cie Standard Illuminants and Sources
Models of Colour Vision
The Basics of Colorimetry
The Appearance of Colours
An Introduction to Cats and Cams
Colour Reproduction
Instruments Used in Colour Measurement
Viewing Conditions
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Photographic and geometrical optics
Introduction
Photographic Optics
Geometrical optics
Optical Calculations
The Photometry of Image Formation
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Images and image formation
Introduction
Sinusoidal Waves
Fourier Theory of Image Formation
Special Fourier Transform Pairs
The Modulation Transfer Function Revisited
Convolution Revisited
Discrete Transforms and Sampling
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Sensitometry
Introduction
The subject
Exposure
Density and Other Relevant Measures
Effect of Light Scatter in A Negative
Density in Practice
The Characteristic (H and D) Curve
Placing the Subject on the Characteristic Curve
Average Gradient and G
Contrast Index
Effect of Variation in Development on the Negative
Exposure Latitude
The Response Curve of a Photographic Paper
Requirements in a Print
Reciprocity Law Failure
Sensitometers
Densitometers
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Image sensors
Introduction
Materials and Detection of Light
Ccd and Cmos Image Readout
Amplification and Analogue-to-Digital Conversion
Scanning Methods
Imaging Performance
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Camera lenses
Lens Aberrations
Photographic Lenses
Photographic Lens Types
Modern Camera Lenses
Wide-Angle Lenses
Long-Focus Lenses
Zoom and Varifocal Lenses
Macro Lenses
Optical Attachments
Optical Filters
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Photographic camera systems
Introduction
Image Format
Camera Types
Special-Purpose Cameras
Automatic Cameras
Camera Features
Exposure Metering Systems
Battery Power
Camera Shake and Image Stabilization
Camera Movements
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Exposure and image control
Camera Exposure
Exposure Relationships and Logarithms
Subject luminance ratio
Dynamic Range of Sensors
Optimum Exposure and the Transfer Function
Exposure Meters
Reciprocity Law Failure
Types of Light Measurement
In-Camera Metering Modes
Electronic Flash Exposure
Reflected Light Measurement Techniques
Exposure Techniques and Digital Cameras
The Zone System
High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) Imaging
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Image formation and the photographic process
Introduction
Silver Halides
Latent Image Formation
Spectral Sensitivity of Photographic Materials
Spectral Sensitization
Structure of Photographic Materials
Sizes and Formats of Photographic Materials
Speed of Photographic Materials
Characteristics of Photographic Materials
Chemistry of the Photographic Process
Superadditivity (Synergesis)
Printing
Bibliography
Chapter 14 Digital cameras and scanners
Digital Still Cameras
Digital Still Camera Architecture
Imaging Optics
Image Sensor
Shutter Systems
Dynamic Range In Digital Cameras
Colour Capture
Rendered Versus Unrendered Camera Processing
Exposure Determination And Auto-Exposure
Autofocus Control
Analogue Processing
Digital Processing
Tone/Colour Rendering
Camera Types
Image scanners
Types of Scanners
Scanner Characteristics
Bibliography
Chapter 15 Displays
Introduction
Image Display
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Other Display Technologies
Characteristics of Displays
Effect of Viewing Conditions
Bibliography
Chapter 16 Digital printing and materials
Introduction
Printing technologies
Printing Media and their Properties
Colour, Resolution and Output
Printing press
Bibliography
Chapter 17 Digital image file formats
Introduction
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 (JPEG 2000)
Raw
Digital Negative (DNG)
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
Photoshop Document (PSD)
Photo CD (PCD)
Postscript (PS) and Encapsulated Postscript (EPS)
Portable Document Format (PDF)
Bibliography
Chapter 18 Image storage and archiving
Introduction
Life Expectancy of Traditional Photographic Media
Life expectancy of digital prints
Digital Image Storage and Longevity
Bibliography
Chapter 19 Introduction to image quality and system performance
Introduction
Subjective and Objective Image Quality
Digital Image Artefacts
Distortion, Fidelity and Quality
Test Charts and Test Scenes
Image Psychophysics
Scene Dependency in Image Quality
Image Quality Metrics and Models
Bibliography
Chapter 20 Speed and sensitivity
Sensitivity of Imaging Systems
Speed of Imaging Systems
ISO Speed Ratings for Colour Silver-Based Materials
Speed of Digital Systems
Typical Sensitivities of Film and CCD Devices and Speed Ratings in Practice
Bibliography
Chapter 21 Tone reproduction
Theory of Tone Reproduction
Tone Reproduction of Imaging Devices and Image Encoding Systems
Other Measures Related to Tone and Contrast
Non-Linear Quantization, Bit-Depth Requirements and Gamma Correction
Bibliography
Chapter 22 Photographic colour reproduction
Introduction
Colour Photographic Processes
Colour Sensitometry
Colour Photographic Materials
Colour Processing
Enhancement of Colour Reproduction
Colorimetry of Photographic Images
Bibliography
Chapter 23 Digital colour reproduction
Introduction
Colour Space and Colour Encoding
Classification of Colour Spaces
Image State
Standard Colour Spaces and Colour Space Encodings
Device Colour Characterization
Characterization of Displays
Characterization of Digital Input Devices
Gamut Mapping
Bibliography
Chapter 24 Noise, sharpness, resolution and information
Introduction
Image noise
Photographic Noise
Variation of Granularity with Density
Quantifying Image Noise
Electronic System Noise
Resolution, Sharpness and MTF
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
Information Theory
Bibliography
Chapter 25 Digital image workflow
Imaging Chains and Image Workflow
Principles Guiding Effective Workflow
Workflow Approach
Resolution and The Digital Imaging Chain
Bit Depth: 8-Bit Versus 16-Bit Imaging
Colour Management
File Formats
Image Optimization Workflow
Workflow Examples
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter 26 Colour management systems
Introduction
Colour Management Tasks
Closed-Loop Versus Open-Loop Colour Management
The International Color Consortium (ICC)
ICC Colour Management Architecture
The Profile Connection Space (PCS)
Rendering Intents
ICC Profiles
Using Profiles
Profile Processing Models
Profile Structure
Creating Custom Device Profiles
Colour Management Workflow
Bibliography
Chapter 27 Spatial image processing
Introduction
Background
Discrete Convolution
Point Processing Operations: Intensity Transformations
Point Processing: Multiple Image Operations
Point Processing: Statistical Operations
Point Processing: Geometric Transformations
Neighbourhood Processing: Spatial Filtering Techniques
Linear Filtering
Types of Linear Filters and their Applications
Non-Linear Spatial Filtering
Bibliography
Chapter 28 Digital image processing in the frequency domain
Introduction
Fourier Series and Transform Revisited
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Imaging Equation Revisited
Linear Spatial Filtering (Convolution)
Frequency-Domain Filtering
Band-Pass and Band-Stop Filters
Image Restoration
Wavelet Transform
Bibliography
Chapter 29 Image compression
Introduction
Uncompressed Image File Sizes
Image Data and Information
Basis of Compression
Information Theory
Image Compression Models
Lossless Compression
Lossy Compression
Evaluating Lossy Compression
Lossy Compression Methods
Lossy Compression Standards
Bibliography
Appendix A
Appendix B
Bibliography
Index
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