The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology by O'Hagan, Minako -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Illustrations Contributors Acknowledgements 1 Introduction: Translation and technology: disruptive entanglement of human and machine

Background Historical contexts of research on the nexus of human and machine in translation Aim and scope of the publication Part I: Translation and technology: defining underlying technologies – present and future Part II: Translation and technology: users’ perspectives Part III: Translation and technology: application in a specific context – shaping practice Part IV: Translation and technology: research foci and methodologies Part V: Overarching issues In summary References

Part I Translation and technology: defining underlying technology – present and future

2 Standards for the language, translation and localization industry

Introduction Literature review and historical trajectory

General literature Language-related standards for and as industrial standards Foundation and build-up Consolidation, outreach, and the digital turn Extension phase (1989–1996) Extending the language codes and beyond Character encoding POSIX and the CLDR (Unicode Common Locale Data Repository) The language industry and the translation extension Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) OASIS Analysis for this phase Translation standards

Certification and service standards

Emerging issues and outlook Conclusion Notes Standards, Bodies and Related Acronyms Further reading Related topics References

3 XML for translation technology

Introduction

Overview of XML Serialization rationale Structure of a typical XML document

Historical trajectory and literature

Standardization bodies (also see Wright in this volume) The TMX standard

The TMX specification TMX and translation technology tools

The XLIFF standard

The XLIFF specification XLIFF and translation technology tools

Other XML standards

GMX-V ITS SRX TBX

Emerging issues Conclusions Further reading Related topics References

4 Terminology extraction and management

Introduction: why does terminology matter in translation? Terminology extraction

Overview of term extraction: tasks and methods

Monolingual extraction Bilingual extraction and augmentation

Automatic term extraction in the context of translation

Issues in the adoption of ATEs in real-world translation practices Terminology extraction in real-world translation environments

Terminology management

Basic functions of terminology management software

Data structuring Access management Record creation Consultation Automatic terminology replacement (ATR)

Processes and workflows in project-based terminology management

Automatic term extraction Resource building Resource sharing Application Revision and quality assurance Updating and maintenance

Issues in terminology management

Technical and conceptual environment Formats and standards Consistency and exchangeability Maximizing TEnT functionalities

Emerging issues

Issues of quality control in terminology management Terminology management and MT

Conclusions Further reading Related topics References

5 Building and using parallel text for translation

Introduction Applications of parallel text

Bilingual concordance Translation memories Parallel text as training data for MT and multilingual applications

Collecting parallel text Aligning and structuring parallel text

Text segmentation Sentence alignment Word alignment Parallel text cleaning

Concluding remarks Notes Further reading Related topics References

6 Speech recognition and synthesis technologies in the translation workflow

Introduction Historical trajectory Research on ASR in audiovisual translation

Productivity with ASR The quality of ASR

Emerging issues

Speech technologies and the translator’s ergonomics Speech technologies and the translator’s productivity Speech technologies and their impact on the process and quality of the translator’s output

Conclusion Notes Further reading Related topics References

Part II Translation and technology: users’ perspectives

7 Multinational language service provider as user

Introduction Historical trajectory of technology types used by LSPs Translation management systems (TMS)

Process management and automation

Process automation Connectivity Transfer automation

Project management and administration

Resource management Time management Finance management Language and quality management

Customer management and commerce

Customer relationship management Customer portals Financial administration SLA management

Translation and quality management

Translation memory Terminology management Machine translation Translation editor Translation QA

Challenges Emerging issues Conclusion: a summary and implications Further reading Related topics References

8 Applications of technology in the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Translation Division of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

Introduction1 Historical trajectory Application of technology in the division

Translation memories in the division Japanese to English translation of patent abstracts Terminology in the division PCT terminology workflow Corpora and term extraction

Use of monolingual corpora Use of bilingual parallel corpora Multilingual record creation

Corpora, MT and machine learning in WIPO Pearl

Emerging issues Conclusion Notes Further reading Related topics References

9 Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) translation service provider as technology user: Translation in New Zealand

Introduction: a historical trajectory of translation services in New Zealand A case study of a New Zealand-based medium-sized LSP

The challenges and benefits of technology In-house translators’ views on technology adoption Experiencing pre-NMT The arrival of Neural MT (NMT)

Emerging issues Conclusion: summary and implications Further reading Related topics References

10 Freelance translators’ perspectives

Introduction: who are ‘freelance translators’? Adoption of computers among freelance translators What is ‘translation technology’? Historical trajectory of CAT tools

Adoption of CAT tools Investments into non-translation-specific skills and tools Useful for what kinds of text?

Segmentation and use of third-party data

Compensation Piracy Marketing messages University training programmes for translation technology Open-source developments

Today’s use of translation technology

CAT tools Machine translation (MT) Cloud computing

Conclusion: summary and outlook Notes Further reading Related topics References

11 Language learners and non-professional translators as users

Introduction

Background Language learners and non-professional translators as users TILT: translation in language teaching Empowering language learners or EFL with translation technology

Literature review

Translation technology for language learning Translation technology tool for L2 translators, non-professional translators, EFL users

Methodological considerations

Bad model Second language acquisition perspectives Good model Effect of translation memory: efficiency and quality

Emerging issues: neural machine translation vs. human translation Conclusions Note Further reading Related topics References

Part III Translation and technology: application in a specific context – shaping practice

12 Technology, technical translation and localization

Introduction: interconnected features of language, materiality, context and history Literature review/historical trajectory

Useful preliminary observations Twentieth century starting point Technical translation and the technological turn

Technical(-scientific) discourse and production of knowledge Technical language and terminology Technical content, technologies, actors and processes

Technologies, and the emergence of localization

Localization discourse and production of knowledge Language and terminology of localization Content, technologies, actors and processes First generation: software Second generation: websites Third generation: social media

Methodological considerations

Interdisciplinarity Methodological approaches in translation studies

Technical translation Localization

Critical discussion/emerging issues and implications

From the technological turn to the digital turn Translation and digital discourse

Digital objects Digital ecosystem Critical digital discourse

Conclusion Further reading Related topics References

13 Technology and game localization: Translation behind the screens

Introduction Historical trajectory

From Famicom to NES

Critical discussion Localizations Emerging issues Conclusion Acknowledgements Glossary Further reading Related topics References

14 Technology and non-professional translation

Introduction Non-professional translation and digital technologies: main concepts The emergence of technology-mediated NPT processes: amateurs and participatory cultures Web 2.0 and the emergence of crowdsourcing initiatives through social networking sites: from Wikipedia to Facebook Online collaboration goes global Essential research and emerging issues in NPT and technology Conclusion: a summary Notes Further reading Related topics References

15 Technological advances in audiovisual translation

Introduction Tools for subtitlers in the digital era Tools for revoicing Machine translation and translation memory as tools Migrating to the cloud Concluding remarks Further reading Related topics References

Index

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