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Index
Preface Preface to the First Edition Introduction PART I The Tcl Language Chapter 1 An Overview of Tcl and Tk
1.1 Getting Started 1.2 “Hello, World!” with Tk 1.3 Script Files
1.3.1 Executable Scripts on Unix and Mac OS X 1.3.2 Executable Scripts on Windows 1.3.3 Executing Scripts in an Interactive Interpreter
1.4 Variables and Substitutions 1.5 Control Structures 1.6 On the Tcl Language 1.7 Event Bindings 1.8 Additional Features of Tcl and Tk
Chapter 2 Tcl Language Syntax
2.1 Scripts, Commands, and Words 2.2 Evaluating a Command 2.3 Variable Substitution 2.4 Command Substitution 2.5 Backslash Substitution 2.6 Quoting with Double Quotes 2.7 Quoting with Braces 2.8 Argument Expansion 2.9 Comments 2.10 Normal and Exceptional Returns 2.11 More on Substitutions
Chapter 3 Variables
3.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 3.2 Simple Variables and the set Command 3.3 Tcl’s Internal Storage of Data 3.4 Arrays 3.5 Variable Substitution 3.6 Multidimensional Arrays 3.7 Querying the Elements of an Array 3.8 The incr and append Commands 3.9 Removing Variables: unset and array unset 3.10 Predefined Variables 3.11 Preview of Other Variable Facilities
Chapter 4 Expressions
4.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 4.2 Numeric Operands 4.3 Operators and Precedence
4.3.1 Arithmetic Operators 4.3.2 Relational Operators 4.3.3 Logical Operators 4.3.4 Bit-wise Operators 4.3.5 Choice Operator
4.4 Math Functions 4.5 Substitutions 4.6 String Manipulation 4.7 List Manipulation 4.8 Types and Conversions 4.9 Precision
Chapter 5 String Manipulation
5.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 5.2 Extracting Characters: string index and string range 5.3 Length, Case Conversion, Trimming, and Repeating 5.4 Simple Searching 5.5 String Comparisons 5.6 String Replacements 5.7 Determining String Types 5.8 Generating Strings with format 5.9 Parsing Strings with scan 5.10 Glob-Style Pattern Matching 5.11 Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions
5.11.1 Regular Expression Atoms 5.11.2 Regular Expression Branches and Quantifiers 5.11.3 Back References 5.11.4 Non-capturing Subexpressions 5.11.5 The regexp Command
5.12 Using Regular Expressions for Substitutions 5.13 Character Set Issues
5.13.1 Character Encodings and the Operating System 5.13.2 Encodings and Channel Input/output 5.13.3 Converting Strings to Different Encodings
5.14 Message Catalogs
5.14.1 Using Message Catalogs 5.14.2 Creating Localized Message Files 5.14.3 Using Conversion Specifiers in Source and Translation Strings 5.14.4 Using Message Catalogs with Namespaces
5.15 Binary Strings
Chapter 6 Lists
6.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 6.2 Basic List Structure and the lindex and llength Commands 6.3 Creating Lists: list , concat , and lrepeat 6.4 Modifying Lists: lrange , linsert , lreplace , lset , and lappend 6.5 Extracting List Elements: lassign 6.6 Searching Lists: lsearch 6.7 Sorting Lists: lsort 6.8 Converting between Strings and Lists: split and join 6.9 Creating Commands as Lists
Chapter 7 Dictionaries
7.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 7.2 Basic Dictionary Structure and the dict get Command 7.3 Creating and Updating Dictionaries 7.4 Examining Dictionaries: The size , exists , keys , and for Subcommands 7.5 Updating Dictionary Values 7.6 Working with Nested Dictionaries
Chapter 8 Control Flow
8.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 8.2 The if Command 8.3 The switch Command 8.4 Looping Commands: while , for , and foreach 8.5 Loop Control: break and continue 8.6 The eval Command 8.7 Executing from Files: source
Chapter 9 Procedures
9.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 9.2 Procedure Basics: proc and return 9.3 Local and Global Variables 9.4 Defaults and Variable Numbers of Arguments 9.5 Call by Reference: upvar 9.6 Creating New Control Structures: uplevel 9.7 Applying Anonymous Procedures
Chapter 10 Namespaces
10.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 10.2 Evaluating Tcl Code in a Namespace 10.3 Manipulating Qualified Names 10.4 Exporting and Importing Namespace Commands 10.5 Inspecting Namespaces 10.6 Working with Ensemble Commands
10.6.1 Basic Ensembles 10.6.2 Placing Ensembles Inside Ensembles 10.6.3 Controlling the Ensemble Configuration 10.6.4 Handling Unknown Ensemble Subcommands
10.7 Accessing Variables from Other Namespaces 10.8 Controlling the Name Resolution Path
Chapter 11 Accessing Files
11.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 11.2 Manipulating File and Directory Names 11.3 The Current Working Directory 11.4 Listing Directory Contents 11.5 Working with Files on Disk
11.5.1 Creating Directories 11.5.2 Deleting Files 11.5.3 Copying Files 11.5.4 Renaming and Moving Files 11.5.5 File Information Commands 11.5.6 Dealing with Oddly Named Files
11.6 Reading and Writing Files
11.6.1 Basic File I/O 11.6.2 Output Buffering 11.6.3 Handling Platform End-of-Line Conventions 11.6.4 Handling Character Set Encoding 11.6.5 Working with Binary Files 11.6.6 Random Access to Files 11.6.7 Copying File Content
11.7 Virtual File Systems 11.8 Errors in System Calls
Chapter 12 Processes and Interprocess Communication
12.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 12.2 Terminating the Tcl Process with exit 12.3 Invoking Subprocesses with exec 12.4 I/O to and from a Command Pipeline 12.5 Configuring Channel Options
12.5.1 Channel Blocking Mode 12.5.2 Channel Buffering Mode
12.6 Event-Driven Channel Interaction
12.6.1 Entering the Tcl Event Loop with vwait 12.6.2 Registering File Event Handlers
12.7 Process IDs 12.8 Environment Variables 12.9 TCP/IP Socket Communication
12.9.1 Creating Client Communication Sockets 12.9.2 Creating Server Sockets
12.10 Sending Commands to Tcl Programs
12.10.1 Basics of send 12.10.2 Application Names 12.10.3 Security Issues with send
Chapter 13 Errors and Exceptions
13.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 13.2 What Happens after an Error? 13.3 Generating Errors from Tcl Scripts 13.4 Trapping Errors with catch 13.5 Exceptions in General 13.6 Background Errors and bgerror
Chapter 14 Creating and Using Tcl Script Libraries
14.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 14.2 The load Command 14.3 Using Libraries 14.4 Autoloading 14.5 Packages
14.5.1 Using Packages 14.5.2 Creating Packages 14.5.3 Using ::pkg::create 14.5.4 Installing Packages 14.5.5 Utility Package Commands
14.6 Tcl Modules
14.6.1 Using Tcl Modules 14.6.2 Installing Tcl Modules
14.7 Packaging Your Scripts as Starkits
14.7.1 Installing a Tclkit 14.7.2 Creating Starkits 14.7.3 Creating a Platform-Specific Executable
Chapter 15 Managing Tcl Internals
15.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 15.2 Time Delays 15.3 Time and Date Manipulation
15.3.1 Generating Human-Readable Time and Date Strings 15.3.2 Scanning Human-Readable Time and Date Strings 15.3.3 Performing Clock Arithmetic
15.4 Timing Command Execution 15.5 The info Command
15.5.1 Information about Variables 15.5.2 Information about Procedures 15.5.3 Information about Commands 15.5.4 The Tcl Interpreter Version and Other Runtime Environment Information
15.6 Tracing Operations on Simple Variables 15.7 Tracing Array Variables 15.8 Renaming and Deleting Commands 15.9 Tracing Commands 15.10 Unknown Commands 15.11 Slave Interpreters
15.11.1 Command Aliases 15.11.2 Safe Slave Interpreters and Hidden Commands 15.11.3 Transferring Channels between Interpreters 15.11.4 Placing Limits on an Interpreter
Chapter 16 History
16.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 16.2 The History List 16.3 Specifying Events 16.4 Re-executing Commands from the History List 16.5 Shortcuts Implemented by unknown 16.6 Current Event Number: history nextid
PART II Writing Scripts for Tk Chapter 17 An Introduction to Tk
17.1 A Brief Introduction to Windowing Systems 17.2 Widgets 17.3 Applications, Toplevel Widgets, and Screens 17.4 Scripts and Events 17.5 Creating and Destroying Widgets 17.6 Geometry Managers 17.7 Widget Commands 17.8 Commands for Interconnection
Chapter 18 A Tour of the Tk Widgets
18.1 Widget Basics 18.2 Frames
18.2.1 Relief Options 18.2.2 Screen Distance Options
18.3 Color Options
18.3.1 Synonyms
18.4 Toplevels 18.5 Labels
18.5.1 Text Options 18.5.2 Font Options 18.5.3 Image Options 18.5.4 Compound Options
18.6 Labelframes 18.7 Buttons
18.7.1 Checkbuttons 18.7.2 Radiobuttons 18.7.3 Menubuttons
18.8 Listboxes 18.9 Scrollbars
18.9.1 Scrolling a Single Widget 18.9.2 Synchronized Scrolling of Multiple Widgets
18.10 Scales 18.11 Entries
18.11.1 Entry Widget 18.11.2 Spinbox 18.11.3 The show Option 18.11.4 Validation
18.12 Menus
18.12.1 Pull-Down Menus 18.12.2 Cascaded Menus 18.12.3 Keyboard Traversal and Shortcuts 18.12.4 Platform-Specific Menus 18.12.5 Pop-up Menus
18.13 Panedwindow 18.14 Standard Dialogs 18.15 Other Common Options
18.15.1 Widget State 18.15.2 Widget Size Options 18.15.3 Anchor Options 18.15.4 Internal Padding 18.15.5 Cursor Options
Chapter 19 Themed Widgets
19.1 Comparing Classic and Themed Widgets 19.2 Combobox 19.3 Notebook 19.4 Progressbar 19.5 Separator 19.6 Sizegrip 19.7 Treeview
19.7.1 Manipulating Treeview Items 19.7.2 Managing Treeview Columns and Headings 19.7.3 Treeview Item Selection Management 19.7.4 Treeview Item Tags
19.8 Themed Widget States 19.9 Themed Widget Styles
19.9.1 Using Themes 19.9.2 The Elements of Style 19.9.3 Creating and Configuring Styles
19.10 Other Standard Themed Widget Options
Chapter 20 Fonts, Bitmaps, and Images
20.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 20.2 The font Command
20.2.1 Manipulating and Using Named Fonts 20.2.2 Other Font Utilities 20.2.3 Font Descriptions
20.3 The image Command
20.3.1 Bitmap Images 20.3.2 Photo Images 20.3.3 Images and Namespaces
Chapter 21 Geometry Managers
21.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 21.2 An Overview of Geometry Management 21.3 The Gridder
21.3.1 The grid Command and the -sticky Options 21.3.2 Spanning Rows and Columns 21.3.3 Stretch Behavior and the -weight and -uniform Options 21.3.4 Relative Placement Characters
21.4 The Packer
21.4.1 The pack Command and -side Options 21.4.2 Filling 21.4.3 Expansion 21.4.4 Anchors 21.4.5 Packing Order
21.5 Padding 21.6 The Placer 21.7 Hierarchical Geometry Management 21.8 Widget Stacking Order 21.9 Other Geometry Manager Options 21.10 Other Geometry Managers in Tk
Chapter 22 Events and Bindings
22.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 22.2 Events 22.3 An Overview of the bind Command 22.4 Event Patterns 22.5 Sequences of Events 22.6 Substitutions in Scripts 22.7 Conflict Resolution 22.8 Event-Binding Hierarchy 22.9 When Are Events Processed? 22.10 Named Virtual Events 22.11 Generating Events 22.12 Logical Actions 22.13 Other Uses of Bindings
Chapter 23 The Canvas Widget
23.1 Canvas Basics: Items and Types 23.2 Manipulating Items with Identifiers and Tags 23.3 Bindings 23.4 Canvas Scrolling 23.5 PostScript Generation
Chapter 24 The Text Widget
24.1 Text Widget Basics 24.2 Text Indices and Marks 24.3 Search and Replace 24.4 Text Tags
24.4.1 Tag Options 24.4.2 Tag Priorities 24.4.3 Tag Bindings
24.5 Virtual Events 24.6 Embedded Windows 24.7 Embedded Images 24.8 Undo 24.9 Peer Text Widgets
Chapter 25 Selection and the Clipboard
25.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 25.2 Selections, Retrievals, and Types 25.3 Locating and Clearing the Selection 25.4 Supplying the Selection with Tcl Scripts 25.5 The clipboard Command 25.6 Drag and Drop
Chapter 26 Window Managers
26.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 26.2 Window Sizes 26.3 Window Positions 26.4 Gridded Windows 26.5 Window States 26.6 Decorations 26.7 Special Handling: Transients, Groups, and Override-Redirect 26.8 System-Specific Window Attributes 26.9 Dockable Windows 26.10 Window Close 26.11 Session Management
Chapter 27 Focus, Modal Interaction, and Custom Dialogs
27.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 27.2 Input Focus
27.2.1 Focus Model: Explicit versus Implicit 27.2.2 Setting the Input Focus 27.2.3 Querying the Input Focus
27.3 Modal Interactions
27.3.1 Grabs 27.3.2 Local versus Global Grabs 27.3.3 Keyboard Handling during Grabs 27.3.4 Waiting: The tkwait Command
27.4 Custom Dialogs
Chapter 28 More on Configuration Options
28.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 28.2 The Option Database 28.3 Option Database Entries 28.4 The RESOURCE_MANAGER Property and .Xdefaults File 28.5 Priorities in the Option Database 28.6 The option Command 28.7 The configure Widget Command 28.8 The cget Widget Command
Chapter 29 Odds and Ends
29.1 Commands Presented in This Chapter 29.2 Destroying Widgets 29.3 The update Command 29.4 Information about Widgets 29.5 The tk Command 29.6 Variables Managed by Tk 29.7 Ringing the Bell
PART III Writing Tcl Applications in C Chapter 30 Tcl and C Integration Philosophy
30.1 Tcl versus C: Where to Draw the Line 30.2 Resource Names—Connecting C Constructs to Tcl 30.3 “Action-Oriented” versus “Object-Oriented” 30.4 Representing Information
Chapter 31 Interpreters
31.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 31.2 Interpreters 31.3 A Simple Tcl Application 31.4 Deleting Interpreters 31.5 Multiple Interpreters
Chapter 32 Tcl Objects
32.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 32.2 String Objects 32.3 Numerical Objects 32.4 Fetching C Values from Objects 32.5 The Dynamic Nature of a Tcl Object 32.6 Byte Arrays 32.7 Composite Objects 32.8 Reference Counting 32.9 Shared Objects 32.10 New Object Types 32.11 Parsing Strings 32.12 Memory Allocation
Chapter 33 Evaluating Tcl Code
33.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 33.2 Evaluating Tcl Code 33.3 Dynamically Building Scripts 33.4 Tcl Expressions
Chapter 34 Accessing Tcl Variables
34.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 34.2 Setting Variable Values 34.3 Reading Variables 34.4 Unsetting Variables 34.5 Linking Tcl and C Variables 34.6 Setting and Unsetting Variable Traces 34.7 Trace Callbacks 34.8 Whole-Array Traces 34.9 Multiple Traces 34.10 Unset Callbacks
Chapter 35 Creating New Tcl Commands
35.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 35.2 Command Functions 35.3 Registering Commands 35.4 The Result Protocol 35.5 Tcl_AppendResult 35.6 Tcl_SetResult and interp->result 35.7 clientData and Deletion Callbacks 35.8 Deleting Commands 35.9 Fetching and Setting Command Parameters 35.10 How Tcl Procedures Work 35.11 Command Traces
Chapter 36 Extensions
36.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 36.2 The Init Function 36.3 Packages 36.4 Namespaces 36.5 Tcl Stubs 36.6 The ifconfig Extension
Chapter 37 Embedding Tcl
37.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 37.2 Adding Tcl to an Application 37.3 Initialize Tcl 37.4 Creating New Tcl Shells
Chapter 38 Exceptions
38.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 38.2 Completion Codes 38.3 Setting errorCode 38.4 Managing the Return Options Dictionary 38.5 Adding to the Stack Trace in errorInfo 38.6 Tcl_Panic
Chapter 39 String Utilities
39.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 39.2 Dynamic Strings 39.3 String Matching 39.4 Regular Expression Matching 39.5 Working with Character Encodings 39.6 Handling Unicode and UTF-8 Strings 39.7 Command Completeness
Chapter 40 Hash Tables
40.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 40.2 Keys and Values 40.3 Creating and Deleting Hash Tables 40.4 Creating Entries 40.5 Finding Existing Entries 40.6 Searching 40.7 Deleting Entries 40.8 Statistics
Chapter 41 List and Dictionary Objects
41.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 41.2 Lists 41.3 Dictionaries
Chapter 42 Channels
42.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter
42.1.1 Basic Channel Operations 42.1.2 Channel Registration Functions 42.1.3 Channel Attribute Functions 42.1.4 Channel Query Functions 42.1.5 Channel Type Definition Functions
42.2 Channel Operations 42.3 Registering Channels 42.4 Standard Channels 42.5 Creating a New Channel Type
42.5.1 Creating a Custom Channel Instance 42.5.2 Stacked Channels 42.5.3 ROT13 Channel
Chapter 43 Handling Events
43.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 43.2 Channel Events 43.3 Timer Events 43.4 Idle Callbacks 43.5 Invoking the Event Dispatcher
Chapter 44 File System Interaction
44.1 Tcl File System Functions 44.2 Virtual File Systems
Chapter 45 Operating System Utilities
45.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 45.2 Processes 45.3 Reaping Child Processes 45.4 Asynchronous Events 45.5 Signal Names 45.6 Exiting and Cleanup 45.7 Miscellaneous
Chapter 46 Threads
46.1 Functions Presented in This Chapter 46.2 Thread Safety 46.3 Building Threaded Tcl 46.4 Creating Threads 46.5 Terminating Threads 46.6 Mutexes 46.7 Condition Variables 46.8 Miscellaneous
Chapter 47 Building Tcl and Extensions
47.1 Building Tcl and Tk
47.1.1 Building Tcl and Tk on Unix 47.1.2 Building Tcl and Tk on Mac OS 47.1.3 Building Tcl and Tk on Windows
47.2 The Tcl Extension Architecture (TEA)
47.2.1 TEA Standard Configure Options 47.2.2 Directory Layout for TEA Extensions 47.2.3 Customizing the aclocal.m4 File 47.2.4 Customizing the configure.in File 47.2.5 Customizing the Makefile.in File 47.2.6 Building an Extension on Windows
47.3 Building Embedded Tcl
Appendixes Appendix A Installing Tcl and Tk
A.1 Versions A.2 Bundled Tcl Distributions A.3 ActiveTcl A.4 Tclkits A.5 Compiling Tcl/Tk from Source Distributions
Appendix B Extensions and Applications
B.1 Obtaining and Installing Extensions
B.1.1 Installing Extensions Manually B.1.2 Installing Extensions from ActiveState TEApot Repositories
B.2 TkCon Extended Console B.3 The Standard Tcl Library, Tcllib B.4 Additional Image Formats with Img B.5 Sound Support with Snack B.6 Object-Oriented Tcl B.7 Multithreaded Tcl Scripting B.8 XML Programming B.9 Database Programming B.10 Integrating Tcl and Java B.11 SWIG B.12 Expect B.13 Extended Tcl
Appendix C Tcl Resources
C.1 Online Resources C.2 Books
Appendix D Tcl Source Distribution License Index
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