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Mastering Apache Cassandra Second Edition Credits About the Author About the Reviewers www.PacktPub.com Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more Why subscribe? Free access for Packt account holders Preface What this book covers What you need for this book Who this book is for Conventions Reader feedback Customer support Downloading the example code Errata Piracy Questions 1. Quick Start Introduction to Cassandra A distributed database High availability Replication Multiple data centers A brief introduction to a data model Installing Cassandra locally Cassandra in action Modeling data Writing code Setting up Inserting records Retrieving data Writing your application Getting the connection Executing queries Object mapping Summary 2. Cassandra Architecture Problems in the RDBMS world Enter NoSQL The CAP theorem Consistency Availability Partition-tolerance The significance of the CAP theorem Cassandra Understanding the architecture of Cassandra Ring representation Virtual nodes How Cassandra works Write in action Read in action The components of Cassandra The messaging service Gossip Failure detection Gossip and failure detection Partitioner Replication The notorious R + W > N inequality LSM tree Commit log MemTable SSTable The bloom filter Index files Data files Compaction Tombstones Hinted handoff Read repair and anti-entropy Merkle tree Summary 3. Effective CQL The Cassandra data model The counter column (cell) The expiring cell The column family Keyspaces Data types The primary index CQL3 Creating a keyspace SimpleStrategy NetworkTopologyStrategy Altering a keyspace Creating a table Table properties Altering a table Adding a column Renaming a column Changing the data type Dropping a column Updating the table properties Dropping a table Creating an index Dropping an index Creating a data type Altering a custom type Dropping a custom type Creating triggers Dropping a trigger Creating a user Altering a user Dropping a user The granting permission Revoking permission using REVOKE Inserting data Collections in CQL Lists Sets Maps Lightweight transactions Updating a row Deleting a row Executing the BATCH statement Other CQL commands USE TRUNCATE LIST USERS LIST PERMISSIONS CQL shell commands DESCRIBE TRACING CONSISTENCY COPY CAPTURE ASSUME SOURCE SHOW EXIT Summary 4. Deploying a Cluster Evaluating requirements Hard disk capacity RAM CPU Is node a server? Network System configurations Optimizing user limits Swapping memory Clock synchronization Disk readahead The required software Installing Oracle Java 7 RHEL and CentOS systems Debian and Ubuntu systems Installing the Java Native Access library Installing Cassandra Installing from a tarball Installing from ASFRepository for Debian or Ubuntu Anatomy of the installation Cassandra binaries Configuration files Setting up data and commitlog directories Configuring a Cassandra cluster The cluster name The seed node Listen, broadcast, and RPC addresses num_tokens versus initial_token num_tokens initial_token Partitioners The Random partitioner The Byte-ordered partitioner The Mumur3 partitioner Snitches SimpleSnitch PropertyFileSnitch GossipingPropertyFileSnitch RackInferringSnitch EC2Snitch EC2MultiRegionSnitch Replica placement strategies SimpleStrategy NetworkTopologyStrategy Multiple data center setups Launching a cluster with a script Creating a keyspace Authorization and authentication Summary 5. Performance Tuning Stress testing Database schema Data distribution Write pattern Read queries Performance tuning Write performance Read performance Choosing the right compaction strategy Size-tiered compaction strategy Leveled compaction Row cache Key cache Cache settings Enabling compression Tuning the bloom filter More tuning via cassandra.yaml commitlog_sync column_index_size_in_kb commitlog_total_space_in_mb Tweaking JVM Java heap Garbage collection Other JVM options Scaling horizontally and vertically Network Summary 6. Managing a Cluster – Scaling, Node Repair, and Backup Scaling Adding nodes to a cluster Adding new nodes in vnode-enabled clusters Adding a new node to a cluster without vnodes Removing nodes from a cluster Removing a live node Removing a dead node Replacing a node Backup and restoration Using the Cassandra bulk loader to restore the data Load balancing DataStax OpsCenter – managing large clusters Summary 7. Monitoring Cassandra's JMX interface Accessing MBeans using JConsole Cassandra's nodetool utility Monitoring with nodetool cfstats netstats status ring and describering tpstats compactionstats info Managing administration with nodetool drain decommission removenode move repair upgradesstable snapshot DataStax OpsCenter The OpsCenter features Installing OpsCenter and an agent Prerequisites Running a Cassandra cluster Installing OpsCenter from tarball Setting up an OpsCenter agent Monitoring and administrating with OpsCenter Other features of OpsCenter Nagios – monitoring and notification Installing Nagios Prerequisites Preparation Installation Installing Nagios Configuring Apache httpd Installing Nagios plugins Setting up Nagios as a service Nagios plugins Nagios plugins for Cassandra Executing remote plugins via the NRPE plugin Installing NRPE on host machines Installing the NRPE plugin on a Nagios machine Setting up things to monitor Monitoring and notification using Nagios Cassandra log Enabling Java options for GC logging Troubleshooting High CPU usage High memory usage Hotspots Open JDK's erratic behavior Disk performance Slow snapshots Getting help from the mailing list Summary 8. Integration with Hadoop Using Hadoop Hadoop and Cassandra Introduction to Hadoop HDFS Data management NameNode DataNodes Hadoop MapReduce JobTracker TaskTracker Reliability of data and processes in Hadoop Setting up local Hadoop Testing the installation Cassandra with Hadoop MapReduce Preparing Cassandra for Hadoop ColumnFamilyInputFormat ColumnFamilyOutputFormat CqlOutputFormat and CqlInputFormat ConfigHelper Wide row support Bulk loading Secondary index support Cassandra and Hadoop in action Executing, debugging, monitoring, and looking at results Hadoop in a Cassandra cluster Cassandra filesystem Integration with Pig Installing Pig Integrating Pig and Cassandra Integration with other analytical tools Summary Index
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