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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Petroleum
Origins of Crude Oil
From Planktonic Remains to Kerogen
From Kerogen to Petroleum
Origin in Source Beds
Migration Through Carrier Beds
Accumulation in Reservoir Beds
Oil Traps
History of Use
Exploitation of Surface Seeps
Extraction from Underground Reservoirs
Petroleum Fuel Products
Gases
Edwin L. Drake
Gasoline
Tetraethyl Lead
Gasoline Blending
Diesel Fuel
Fuel Oil
Significance of Oil in Modern Times
Chapter 2: Obtaining Petroleum
World Distribution of Petroleum
Oil Fields
Sedimentary Basins
Geologic Study and Exploration
Tar Sands
Status of the World Oil Supply
Major Oil-Producing Countries
Drilling for Oil
Cable Tooling
The Rotary Drill
The Drill Pipe
The Derrick
Casing
Directional Drilling
Drilling Offshore
Well Logging and Drill-Stem Testing
Well Completion
Recovery of Oil and Gas
Chapter 3: Petroleum Refining
The History of Refining
Distillation of Kerosene and Naphtha
Conversion to Light Fuels
The Rise of Environmental Concerns
Properties of Crude Oil
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Nonhydrocarbon Content
Types of Crude Oil
Conventional Measurement Systems
Basic Refinery Processes
Separation: Fractional Distillation
Conversion: Catalytic Cracking
Purification
Chapter 4: Natural Gas
Origins of Natural Gas
Organic Formation
Inorganic Formation
The Geologic Environment
Gas Reservoirs
Unconventional Gas Reservoirs
History of the Use of Natural Gas
Improvements in Gas Pipelines
Natural Gas as a Premium Fuel
LPG
Properties of Natural Gas
Hydrocarbon Content
Nonhydrocarbon Content
Physical Properties
Measurement Systems
World Distribution of Natural Gas
Russia
Europe
North America
North Africa
Middle East
Asia
Uses of Natural Gas
Chapter 5: Coal
The Origins of Coal
Plant Matter
The Fossil Record
Peat
Coalification
Bituminous Coal
History of the Use of Coal
Coke
Coal Rank
Moisture Content
Volatile Matter Content
Mineral (Ash) Content
Fixed-Carbon Content
Calorific Value
Coal Type
Chapter 6: Obtaining Coal
World Distribution of Coal
General Occurrence
Resources and Reserves
Coal Mining
Surface Mining
Underground Mining
Mine Gas
Chapter 7: Utilization of Coal
Combustion
Combustion Reactions
Fixed-Bed Combustion
Fluidized-Bed Combustion
Pulverized-Coal Combustion
Cyclone Combustion
Coal-Water Slurry Fuel
Advanced Combustion Technologies
Gasification
Gasification Reactions
Gasification Systems
Advanced Gasification Systems
Coal Gas
Gas-Cleanup Systems
Liquefaction
Liquefaction Reactions
Liquefaction Processes
Advanced Processes
Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
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