Log In
Or create an account ->
Imperial Library
Home
About
News
Upload
Forum
Help
Login/SignUp
Index
Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikations-wissenschaft
Title Page
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. Why a handbook on word-formation?
2. Aims of the handbook
3. Outline of the handbook
I. Word-formation as a linguistic discipline (Articles 1–13):
II. Units and processes in word-formation I: General aspects (Articles 14–27)
III. Units and processes in word-formation II: Special cases (Articles 28–44)
IV. Rules and restrictions in word-formation I: General aspects (Articles 45–48)
V. Rules and restrictions in word-formation II: Special cases (Articles 49–55)
VI. Semantics and pragmatics in word-formation I: General aspects (Articles 56–62)
VII. Semantics and pragmatics in word-formation II: Special cases (Articles 63–89)
VIII. Foreign word-formation, language planning and purism I: General aspects (Articles 90–92)
IX. Foreign word-formation, language planning and purism II: Special cases (Articles 93–101)
X. Historical word-formation I: General aspects (Articles 102–103)
XI. Historical word-formation II: Special cases (Articles 104–108)
XII. Historical word-formation III: Language sketches (Articles 109–119)
XIII. Word-formation in language acquisition and aphasia (Articles 120–122)
XIV. Word-formation and language use (Articles 123–130)
XV. Tools in word-formation research (Articles 131–133)
XVI. Word-formation in the individual European languages (Articles 134–207)
Table of Contents
I. Word-formation as a linguistic discipline
1. The scope of word-formation research
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Morphological building blocks and the internal structures of complex lexemes
3. Word-formation patterns
4. Approaches to word-formation research
5. Levels of analysis and description in word-formation research
6. Theoretical models of word-formation
7. Modelling dynamic aspects of word-formation: productivity and lexicalization
8. Conclusion
9. References
2. Word-formation research from its beginnings to the 19th century
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Greek and Roman antiquity
3. The German tradition (16th–19th century)
3.1. 16th–early 17th century
3.2. 17th century
3.3. 18th century
3.4. 19th century
4. The French tradition (16th–19th century)
4.1. 16th century
4.2. 17th century
4.3. 18th–early 19th century
4.4. 19th century
Acknowledgements
5. References
3. Word-formation in historical-comparative grammar
Abstract
1. Terminological preliminaries
1.1. Basic terminology
1.2. The ambiguity of Wortbildung ‘word-formation’
2. Word-formation immediately before the rise of the historical-comparative method
3. Historical-comparative descriptions
3.1. 19th century
3.2. 20th century
4. Descriptions based on semantic criteria
5. Compounding in comparative grammar
6. References
4. Word-formation in structuralism
Abstract
1. Overview
2. Ferdinand de Saussure
3. Directions in structuralism
4. Word-formation in structuralist schools
5. References
5. Word-formation in inhaltbezogene Grammatik
Abstract
1. Preliminary remarks on principles
2. On the specifics of an inhaltbezogene theory of word-formation
2.1. General remarks
2.2. The diversity of the formation of nouns
2.3. On the formation of verbs and adjectives
2.4. The diversity of verbal or nominal structures of comparison
3. Conclusion and prospects
4. References
6. Word-formation in onomasiology
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Onomasiologists and their models
2.1. Miloš Dokulil
2.2. Ján Horecký
2.3. Pavol Štekauer
2.4. Andreas Blank
2.5. Peter Koch
2.6. Joachim Grzega
2.7. Contrastive summary of the onomasiological models
3. Outlook: European word-formation issues from an onomasiological perspective
4. References
7. Word-formation in generative grammar
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Early generative grammar
2.1. Syntactic approaches
2.2. Phonological approaches
3. The beginnings of generative morphology as a separate discipline
4. The heyday
4.1. Morphology and the architecture of the grammar
4.2. Morphology and phonology
5. Reactions to classic generative morphology
5.1. The resyntacticization of morphology
5.2. The fragmentation of generative morphology
5.2.1. A digression on inflection
5.2.2. Lexeme morpheme base morphology
5.2.3. The lexical semantics of word-formation
6. Conclusion
7. References
8. Word-formation in categorial grammar
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Categorial grammar
3. Derivation
3.1. Suffixation
3.2. Prefixation
4. Compounding
5. References
9. Word-formation in natural morphology
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. From natural phonology to natural morphology
3. Functionalism and natural morphology
4. Naturalness and the lexicon
5. Parameters of naturalness in word-formation
5.1. Iconicity
5.1.1. Constructional iconicity
5.1.2. Imaging iconicity
5.1.3. Metaphoric iconicity
5.1.4. Scales of iconicity
5.2. Problems with scaling
5.3. Other parameters
6. Concluding remarks
7. References
10. Word-formation in cognitive grammar
Abstract
1. Basic principles of cognitive grammar
1.1. A structured inventory of units
1.2. The autonomy of phonological and semantic structures
1.3. A usage-based grammar
1.4. Motivation
2. Word structure: analyzability
2.1. farmer
2.2. philosopher and barber
2.3. Thursday
2.4. perform
2.5. meat
2.6. more
2.7. droop
2.8. motel
3. Entrenchment and drift; countering analyzability
4. Characterizing the parts
5. Composition
5.1. Productivity
5.2. The power of the schema
6. Conclusion
7. References
11. Word-formation in optimality theory
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Markedness vs. faithfulness in phonology
3. Constraint interaction and the prosodic organization of affixes
4. Affix placement
5. Neutralization in affixes
6. Faithfulness in base-derivative relations
7. Unmarkedness in hypocoristics
8. Allomorphy and gaps
9. Anti-faithfulness or anti-homophony constraints
10. Criticism
11. Summary
12. References
12. Word-formation in construction grammar
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The hierarchical lexicon
3. Holistic properties of word structure
4. Phrasal and phrase-based lexical items
5. Form-meaning asymmetries
6. Conclusions
7. References
13. Word-formation in psycholinguistics and neurocognitive research
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. An in-depth look at a seminal study
3. Word-formation and the functional architecture of the mental lexicon
4. Morphological parsing and constituent activation
5. Linguistic and psycholinguistic isomorphism: assumptions and new alternatives
6. Conclusion
7. References
II. Units and processes in word-formation I: General aspects
14. The delimitation of derivation and inflection
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Reasons for fuzziness
2.1. The concept of new word
2.2. Language dependence
2.3. Crossing the inflection-derivation borders
2.4. Affixal ambiguity
2.5. Systematic ambiguity
2.6. Serving two masters
3. Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection
3.1. Function
3.2. Range of categories
3.3. Transparency
3.4. Productivity and regularity
3.5. Word class
3.6. Recursiveness
3.7. Paradigms
3.8. Mental lexicon
3.9. Distribution
3.10. Headedness
3.11. Exponents
3.12. Bases
4. Conclusions
5. References
15. Units of word-formation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Sign, morpheme, morph
2.1. Linguistic sign
2.2. Minimal sign
2.3. Morpheme and morph
2.4. Allomorphy
2.5. Notes on terminology
3. Word and lexeme
3.1. The universality of the word
3.2. The word in orthography, phonology and the lexicon
3.2.1. Orthography
3.2.2. Phonology
3.2.3. Lexicon
3.3. The word in grammar
3.3.1. Minimum sentence
3.3.2. Uninterruptability
3.3.3. Fixed vs. variable order
3.3.4. Invisibility of internal structure
3.4. Word-form, grammatical word, lexeme
4. Root, stem, affix
4.1. Root vs. affix
4.2. Neither root nor affix?
4.3. Stem
4.4. Templatic and hierarchical word structure
5. Types of affixes
5.1. Criteria
5.2. Prefix and suffix
5.3. Circumfix
5.4. Infix
5.5. Transfix
5.6. Ambifix
5.7. Interfix
5.8. Suprafix
5.9. Zero
6. Morphological processes
6.1. Typology of processes
6.2. Reduplication
6.3. Substitution
6.4. Subtraction
6.5. Elements and operations
6.6. Multiple processes
7. Inputs and outputs of word-formation rules
7.1. Phrases as input
7.2. Inflectional forms as input
7.3. Words, lexemes, roots or stems?
7.4. The role of word classes and subclasses
8. References
16. Derivation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Formal aspects: how derivation is realized
2.1. Stems
2.2. Morphological devices realizing derivation
3. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic aspects of derivational processes
3.1. Affix order and scope
3.2. Morphophonological restrictions
3.3. Paradigmatic aspects of derivational processes
3.4. The internal structure of derived words
4. Semantico-syntactic aspects
4.1. Primary semantic functions of derivation − examples from Chukchi
4.2. Transpositions and valency alternations
4.3. A-semantic lexical relatedness: meaningless derivation
4.4. Evaluative morphology
5. References
17. Conversion
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Conversion as word-class change plus formal identity
4. Conversion as word-class change without formal identity
4.1. Formal contrast by (supra-)segmental change
4.2. Stem-based conversion
5. Conversion without word-class change, but with formal identity
6. Conversion in European languages
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
8. References
18. Backformation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Approaches to backformation
2.1. Backformation as zero-derivation with subsequent clipping
2.2. Backformation as compounding
2.3. Backformation as reinterpretation
2.4. Backformation as paradigmatic word-formation
2.5. Schema-based model of backformation
2.6. Backformation as conversion with subsequent clipping
2.7. Backformation as a synchronically non-rule-based process
2.8. Onomasiological approach
2.9. Noun incorporation?
3. Conclusions
4. References
19. Clipping
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Historical outline
2.1. Word shortening and its research
2.2. Typological and terminological variation
3. General survey of the most common forms of clipping
3.1. Word shortenings not belonging to clipping
3.2. Back clipping, fore-clipping, and related forms
3.3. Acronyms, initialisms, and related forms
3.4. Hybrid forms of clipping
4. Semantic and pragmatic aspects of clipping
5. References
20. Composition
Abstract
1. Definition of composition
1.1. Historical development of the category
1.2. Properties of compounds
2. Categories of compounds
2.1. Determinative, copulative and possessive compounds
2.2. Co-compounds vs. coordinative appositive compounds
2.3. Endocentric vs. exocentric compounds
2.4. Synthetic vs. primary/root compounds
3. Exceptions to the head generalization
3.1. No overt head, formal or semantic
3.2. Formal, but no semantic head
3.3. Left-headed compounds
4. Bound compound constituents
4.1. Combining forms of neoclassical compounds
4.2. Positionally bound lexemes
5. Compound meaning
5.1. Compound template
5.2. Loose word structures
5.3. Pragmatic considerations
5.4. Origin of compounds in a protolanguage?
6. Conclusion
7. References
21. Blending
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Characteristic properties of blends
3. Blending and grammar
3.1. Clarifying the issue
3.2. Unexpected behaviour
3.3. Consequences of a major gap
3.4. The semiotic tension in blending
4. Phonological conditioning
4.1. Phonological issues in blending
4.2. General constraints on source units
4.3. Ordering issues
4.4. Maximization
4.5. Phonological splicing
4.5.1. Fine tuning
4.5.2. Extended haplology
5. Semantic conditioning
5.1. General considerations
5.2. Semantic patterns
6. Delimiting blending
6.1. Blending and speech errors
6.2. Neoclassical compounds
6.3. Blending and shortening
6.4. Blending and secreted affixation
6.5. Concealed compounding
Abbreviations
7. References
22. Incorporation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Noun incorporation
3. Incorporation as a syntactic process
4. Applications and extensions
5. Conclusion
6. References
23. Particle-verb formation
Abstract
1. What is a particle (verb)?
2. Semantic and argument-structural properties of particle verbs
3. The syntax of particle verbs
4. Particle verbs and morphology
4.1. Particle verbs and inflection
4.2. Particle verbs as input to derivational morphology nd compounding
4.3. Verb stems in particle verbs
5. Particle verbs as morphological objects (complex heads)?
6. References
24. Multi-word expressions
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. General properties
3. Multi-word expressions and word-formation
3.1. Shared properties of multi-word expressions and word-formation units
3.2. Differences between multi-word expressions and word-formation units
3.3. Competition between phrasal and morphological patterns
3.4. Constructionalization
4. References
25. Reduplication
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Forms
2.1. General formal properties
2.2. Theoretical approaches to reduplication form
3. Meanings and functions
3.1. General functional properties
3.2. Theoretical approaches to reduplication function
4. Reduplication and word-formation
4.1. Productive reduplication
4.1.1. Formation of new words
4.1.2. Word-class derivation
4.1.3. Intra-category changes and other functions
4.2. Lexical reduplication
4.2.1. Inherent plurality and other semantic fields
4.2.2. Expressive formations
5. Reduplication, word-formation and the languages of Europe
Acknowledgements
6. References
26. Word-creation
Abstract
1. Definition: word-creation versus word-formation
2. Creative techniques
2.1. Word-creation without a linguistic input: phonetic symbolism
2.2. Modification of an existing source form: shortening and alienation
2.3. Extra-grammatical word-formation: blending and extra-grammatical derivation
3. Functions of word-creation
4. Word-creation in a cross-linguistic perspective
4.1. Products of word-creation
4.2. Creative techniques
5. References
27. Allomorphy
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. General overview
2.1. Generalities
2.2. Stem allomorphy and affix allomorphy
2.3. Primary vs. secondary allomorphs
3. Conditions of allomorphy
3.1. Phonological conditioning
3.2. Morpho(pho)nological conditioning
3.3. Morphological conditioning
3.4. Predominant lexical conditioning
3.5. Suppletive allomorphy
4. Exclusion of zero allomorphs
5. Word-creation
5.1. Backformation and popular etymology
5.2. Blending
5.3. Abbreviatory devices
6. Conclusion
7. References
III. Units and processes in word-formation II: Special cases
28. Affective palatalization in Basque
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Sound substitutions
3. Affective palatalization and sound change
4. Semantic evolution
5. Productivity
6. Child-directed speech
7. Hypocoristic formation
8. Affective palatalization in the allocutive conjugation
9. Other types of sound symbolism in Basque
10. References
29. Parasynthesis in Romance
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Problems concerning the delimitation of parasynthesis
2.1. Meaning
2.2. Actual and possible words
2.3. Binarism
3. Parasynthetic verbs in Romance languages
3.1. The infinitive ending: derivational or inflectional?
3.2. The role of the prefix
3.3. Parasynthesis and circumfixation
4. Are there any other types of parasynthetic formations?
4.1. Parasynthetic adjectives
4.2. Parasynthesis in compounding
5. References
30. Affix pleonasm
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The definitional scope of pleonasm
3. Pleonasm in language
4. Types of affix pleonasm
5. Why affix pleonasm?
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
6. References
31. Interfixes in Romance
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. To be or not to be an interfix
2.1. The presuffixal interfix
2.2. The presuffixal interfix is not a (real) suffix
2.3. The presuffixal interfix is not an infix
2.4. Interfix plus suffix vs. suffix variants
2.5. Base + interfix vs. base allomorphy and epenthesis
3. Interfixes: What? Why? Where?
3.1. The morphemic approach
3.2. The phonological approach
3.3. The morphophonological approach
3.4. The lexical approach
4. Conclusions
5. References
32. Linking elements in Germanic
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Linking elements in German
2.1. A classification of linking elements in German
2.1.1. Form and inventory of linking elements in German
2.1.2. Status of linking elements: (un-)productive and (non-)paradigmatic
2.2. Function of linking elements in German
2.2.1. Linking element -s in German
2.2.2. Syllabic linking elements in German
2.2.3. “Common” functions of linking elements in German
3. Linking elements in other Germanic languages
3.1. Systematic aspects
3.2. Distributional and functional aspects
3.2.1. Linking-s
3.2.2. Other linking elements
4. Conclusions
5. References
33. Synthetic compounds in German
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The term “synthetic compound” and its German equivalent“Zusammenbildung”
3. Classification
4. Analysis
4.1. Synthetic compounds as phrase-based
4.2. Synthetic compounds as verbal (nexus) compounds
4.3. Noun-based synthetic compounds
5. Synthetic compounds in other languages
6. References
34. Verbal pseudo-compounds in German
Abstract
1. Word-formation, morphology, syntax
2. Verb movement and word structure in German
3. Finite verbs that do not move
3.1. Conflicting licensing requirements on particles and prefixes
3.2. Inconsistent structure
3.3. Phonological constraints
3.4. Some essentials
4. Meaning and structure of verbal pseudo-compounds
5. Morphological structure, meaning and (im-)mobility
5.1. Non-compositional meaning and verb-movement
5.2. Compositional meaning and verb non-movement
6. Consequences
7. Conclusion
8. References
35. Particle verbs in Germanic
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Morpho-syntactic properties of particle verbsin the German ic languages
2.1. German, Yiddish, Dutch, Afrikaans
2.2. English, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese
2.3. Danish and Swedish
3. Approaches to the morpho-syntax of particle verbs in the Germanic languages
Acknowledgements
4. References
36. Particle verbs in Romance
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Morpho-syntactic properties
3. Semantic properties
4. Aspectual properties
5. Particle verbs in Medieval Romance languages
6. Variation among contemporary Romance particle verbs
7. Contemporary distribution of particle verbs in Romance
7.1. Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese
7.2. French
7.3. Rhaeto-Romance varieties and dialects of Northern Italy
7.4. Standard Italian and other dialects of Italy
7.5. Romanian
8. References
37. Particle verbs in Hungarian
Abstract
1. The status of verbal particles and particle verbs
2. Defining the verbal particle, and the verbal particle stock
3. Becoming a verbal particle: grammaticalization processes
4. The meaning and functions of verbal particles
4.1. Aspectual meaning
4.2. Aktionsart meaning
4.3. Lexical meaning − compound-like function
5. Presence or absence of verbal particles in the sentence
6. Patterns of particle verbs
7. The syntactic behavior of particle verbs
8. Outlook for the future
9. References
38. Noun-noun compounds in French
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Definitions and restrictions
3. Classification
3.1. Headedness
3.2. Subordinative units
3.2.1. Attributive units
3.2.2. Relational units
3.3. Coordinative compounds
3.4. Intermediate units
3.5. Exceptions
4. Grammatical characteristics
5. The status of French [NN]N compounds
6. References
39. Verb-noun compounds in Romance
Abstract
1. Introduction: a productive exocentric strategy
2. The semantic spectrum of nominal verb-noun compounds
3. Adjectival verb-noun compounds and the unitary output hypothesis
4. Non-lexical verb-noun compounds and the border with syntax
5. Constraints on V and N and “peripheral” formations
6. Formal details: interlinguistic differences within Romance
6.1. The V stem
6.2. The internal N plural
6.3. The plural of the whole compound
6.4. Interaction with other morphological domains
7. References
40. Co-compounds
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The meaning, use and form of co-compounds
3. Co-compounds in Europe and elsewhere
4. Co-compounds as context-dependent and context-renewing units
5. Co-compounds and construction morphology
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
6. References
41. Multi-word units in French
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Functions of multi-word units and domains of description
2.1. Functions of multi-word units
2.2. Domains of description
3. Classes of multi-word units
3.1. Nominal sequences
3.2. Verbal sequences
3.3. Adjectival sequences
3.4. Adverbial sequences
3.5. Prepositional and conjunctive sequences
3.6. Determinative sequences
3.7. Multi-word interjections
3.8. Other types of unit
4. Multi-word sequences at the crossroads of linguistic preoccupations
Acknowledgements
5. References
42. Multi-word expressions and univerbation in Slavic
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. General overview
2.1. Czech studies
2.2. Slovak studies
2.3. Polish studies
2.4. Russian studies
2.5. Bulgarian studies
2.6. Contrastive studies
2.7. Conclusions
3. Univerbation in contemporary Czech, Slovak and Polish
3.1. Conception and delimitation of univerbation
3.2. Different views on the units underlying univerbation
3.3. Different views on the range of procedures leading to univerbation
3.4. Univerbation by derivation and composition
4. Multiverbation
5. References
43. Compounds and multi-word expressions in Slavic
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Relations between modifier and head in the traditional Slavic compounds
2.1. N+N-compounds
2.2. Synthetic compounds
3. Relations between modifier and head in combinations of relational adjectives and nouns
3.1. General overview
3.2. Relational adjectives: possibilities and restrictions
4. Types of compounds without a linking vowel and their adjectival competitors
4.1. Compounds without a linking vowel
4.2. Compounds with clipped modifiers
4.3. Multi-word expression or compound?
4.3.1. On the notion of “analytical adjectives” in Russian studies
4.3.2. Observations on further Slavic languages
5. Derivatives from multi-word expressions (RA+N) and denominal derivatives
6. Conclusion
7. References
44. Paradigmatically determined allomorphy: the “participial stem” from Latin to Italian
Abstract
1. Bases in lexeme-formation
1.1. Stems
1.2. Multiple stems
1.3. Names for stems
2. Latin inflectional and derivational processes based on the third stem
2.1. Latin processes based on the third stem in Aronoff’s analysis
2.2. Traditional analyses for these processes
2.3. Other processes possibly based on the third stem
2.4. 4th declension masculine nominalizations
2.5. Feminine agent nouns in -rīx
2.6. Adjectives in -īvus
2.7. Adjectives in -ōrius
2.8. Adverbs in -im
2.9. Adjectives in -bilis
2.10. An alternative analysis
2.11. Denominal derivatives
3. Italian reflexes of the Latin processes based on the third stem
3.1. Popular vs. learned Italian derivatives
3.2. -ione
3.3. Scalise’s analysis
3.4. Thornton’s and Bisetto’s analyses
3.5. Comparison of analyses
3.6. Recent -ione derivatives
3.7. Recent derivatives in -ore, -ivo and -orio
3.8. Recent derivatives in -ura
3.9. Derivatives in -bile
3.10. Derivatives in -trice
3.11. Derivatives homophonous with the feminine form of the past participle
3.12. Denominal derivatives
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
5. References
← Prev
Back
Next →
← Prev
Back
Next →