R Cookbook by Long, J.D. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Welcome to the R Cookbook, 2nd Edition

The Recipes A Note on Terminology Software and Platform Notes Other Resources Conventions Used in This Book Using Code Examples O’Reilly Online Learning How to Contact Us Acknowledgments

1. Getting Started and Getting Help

Downloading and Installing R

Problem Solution

Windows macOS Linux or Unix

Discussion See Also

Installing RStudio

Problem Solution Discussion

Starting RStudio

Problem Solution Discussion

Entering Commands

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Exiting from RStudio

Problem Solution

Windows and most Linux distributions macOS

Discussion See Also

Interrupting R

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Viewing the Supplied Documentation

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting Help on a Function

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Searching the Supplied Documentation

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting Help on a Package

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Searching the Web for Help

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding Relevant Functions and Packages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Searching the Mailing Lists

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Submitting Questions to Stack Overflow or Elsewhere in the Community

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

2. Some Basics

Printing Something to the Screen

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Setting Variables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Listing Variables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Deleting Variables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Vector

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Computing Basic Statistics

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating Sequences

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Comparing Vectors

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Selecting Vector Elements

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Performing Vector Arithmetic

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting Operator Precedence Right

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Typing Less and Accomplishing More

Problem Solution Discussion

Creating a Pipeline of Function Calls

Problem Solution Discussion

Avoiding Some Common Mistakes

Problem Discussion

Forgetting the parentheses after a function invocation Mistyping “<-” as “<(space)-” Incorrectly continuing an expression across lines Using = instead of == Writing 1:n+1 when you mean 1:(n+1) Getting bitten by the Recycling Rule Installing a package but not loading it with library or require Writing lst[n] when you mean lst[[n]] or vice versa Using & instead of &&, or vice versa; same for | and || Passing multiple arguments to a single-argument function Thinking that max behaves like pmax, or that min behaves like pmin Misusing a function that does not understand data frames Using a single backslash (\) in Windows paths Posting a question to Stack Overflow or the mailing list before searching for the answer

See Also

3. Navigating the Software

Getting and Setting the Working Directory

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a New RStudio Project

Problem Solution Discussion

Saving Your Workspace

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Viewing Your Command History

Problem Solution Discussion

Saving the Result of the Previous Command

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Displaying Loaded Packages via the Search Path

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Viewing the List of Installed Packages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Accessing the Functions in a Package

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Accessing Built-in Datasets

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing Packages from CRAN

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Installing a Package from GitHub

Problem Solution Discussion

Setting or Changing a Default CRAN Mirror

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Running a Script

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Running a Batch Script

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Locating the R Home Directory

Problem Solution Discussion

Customizing R Startup

Problem Solution Discussion

Setting options Reproducibility Startup sequence

See Also

Using R and RStudio in the Cloud

Problem Solution Discussion

4. Input and Output

Entering Data from the Keyboard

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Printing Fewer Digits (or More Digits)

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Redirecting Output to a File

Problem Solution Discussion

Listing Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Dealing with “Cannot Open File” in Windows

Problem Solution Discussion

Reading Fixed-Width Records

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading Tabular Data Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading from CSV Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Writing to CSV Files

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading Tabular or CSV Data from the Web

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading Data from Excel

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Writing a Data Frame to Excel

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading Data from a SAS File

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading Data from HTML Tables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Reading Files with a Complex Structure

Problem Solution Discussion An Example

Reading from MySQL Databases

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Accessing a Database with dbplyr

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Saving and Transporting Objects

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

5. Data Structures

Vectors Lists Mode: Physical Type Class: Abstract Type Scalars Matrices Arrays Factors Data Frames Tibbles Appending Data to a Vector

Problem Solution Discussion

Inserting Data into a Vector

Problem Solution Discussion

Understanding the Recycling Rule

Problem Discussion

Creating a Factor (Categorical Variable)

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Combining Multiple Vectors into One Vector and a Factor

Problem Solution Discussion

Creating a List

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Selecting List Elements by Position

Problem Solution Discussion

Selecting List Elements by Name

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Building a Name/Value Association List

Problem Solution Discussion

Removing an Element from a List

Problem Solution Discussion

Flattening a List into a Vector

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Removing NULL Elements from a List

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Removing List Elements Using a Condition

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Initializing a Matrix

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Performing Matrix Operations

Problem Solution Discussion

Giving Descriptive Names to the Rows and Columns of a Matrix

Problem Solution Discussion

Selecting One Row or Column from a Matrix

Problem Solution Discussion

Initializing a Data Frame from Column Data

Problem Solution Discussion

Factors in data frames

Initializing a Data Frame from Row Data

Problem Solution Discussion

Factors in data frames

See Also

Appending Rows to a Data Frame

Problem Solution Discussion

Selecting Data Frame Columns by Position

Problem Solution Discussion

List expressions Matrix-style subscripting

See Also

Selecting Data Frame Columns by Name

Problem Solution Discussion

List expressions Matrix-style subscripting

See Also

Changing the Names of Data Frame Columns

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Removing NAs from a Data Frame

Problem Solution Discussion

Excluding Columns by Name

Problem Solution Discussion

Combining Two Data Frames

Problem Solution Discussion

Merging Data Frames by Common Column

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Converting One Atomic Value into Another

Problem Solution Discussion

Converting One Structured Data Type into Another

Problem Solution Discussion

Special considerations for matrices

See Also

6. Data Transformations

Applying a Function to Each List Element

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Applying a Function to Every Row of a Data Frame

Problem Solution Discussion

Applying a Function to Every Row of a Matrix

Problem Solution Discussion

Applying a Function to Every Column

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Applying a Function to Parallel Vectors or Lists

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Applying a Function to Groups of Data

Problem Solution Discussion

Creating a New Column Based on Some Condition

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

7. Strings and Dates

Classes for Dates and Times See Also Getting the Length of a String

Problem Solution Discussion

Concatenating Strings

Problem Solution Discussion

Extracting Substrings

Problem Solution Discussion

Splitting a String According to a Delimiter

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Replacing Substrings

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating All Pairwise Combinations of Strings

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting the Current Date

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Converting a String into a Date

Problem Solution Discussion

Converting a Date into a String

Problem Solution Discussion

Converting Year, Month, and Day into a Date

Problem Solution Discussion

Getting the Julian Date

Problem Solution Discussion

Extracting the Parts of a Date

Problem Solution Discussion

Creating a Sequence of Dates

Problem Solution Discussion

8. Probability

Names of Distributions Getting Help on Probability Distributions See Also Counting the Number of Combinations

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating Combinations

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating Random Numbers

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating Reproducible Random Numbers

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating a Random Sample

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating Random Sequences

Problem Solution Discussion

Randomly Permuting a Vector

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Calculating Probabilities for Discrete Distributions

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Calculating Probabilities for Continuous Distributions

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Converting Probabilities to Quantiles

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Plotting a Density Function

Problem Solution Discussion

9. General Statistics

Null Hypotheses, Alternative Hypotheses, and p-Values Confidence Intervals See Also Summarizing Your Data

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Calculating Relative Frequencies

Problem Solution Discussion

Tabulating Factors and Creating Contingency Tables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing Categorical Variables for Independence

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Calculating Quantiles (and Quartiles) of a Dataset

Problem Solution Discussion

Inverting a Quantile

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Converting Data to z-Scores

Problem Solution Discussion

Testing the Mean of a Sample (t-Test)

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Forming a Confidence Interval for a Mean

Problem Solution Discussion

Forming a Confidence Interval for a Median

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing a Sample Proportion

Problem Solution Discussion

Forming a Confidence Interval for a Proportion

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing for Normality

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing for Runs

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Comparing the Means of Two Samples

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Comparing the Locations of Two Samples Nonparametrically

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing a Correlation for Significance

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing Groups for Equal Proportions

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Performing Pairwise Comparisons Between Group Means

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing Two Samples for the Same Distribution

Problem Solution Discussion

10. Graphics

The Illustrations Notes on ggplot2 Basics “Long” Versus “Wide” Data with ggplot Graphics in Other Packages Creating a Scatter Plot

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Adding a Title and Labels

Problem Solution Discussion

Adding (or Removing) a Grid

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Applying a Theme to a ggplot Figure

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Scatter Plot of Multiple Groups

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Adding (or Removing) a Legend

Problem Solution Discussion

Plotting the Regression Line of a Scatter Plot

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Plotting All Variables Against All Other Variables

Problem Solution Discussion

Creating One Scatter Plot for Each Group

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Bar Chart

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Adding Confidence Intervals to a Bar Chart

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Coloring a Bar Chart

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Plotting a Line from x and y Points

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Changing the Type, Width, or Color of a Line

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Plotting Multiple Datasets

Problem Solution Discussion

Adding Vertical or Horizontal Lines

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Boxplot

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating One Boxplot for Each Factor Level

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Histogram

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Adding a Density Estimate to a Histogram

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Normal Quantile–Quantile Plot

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating Other Quantile–Quantile Plots

Problem Solution Discussion

Plotting a Variable in Multiple Colors

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Graphing a Function

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Displaying Several Figures on One Page

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Writing Your Plot to a File

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

11. Linear Regression and ANOVA

ANOVA Example Data See Also Performing Simple Linear Regression

Problem Solution Discussion

Performing Multiple Linear Regression

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Getting Regression Statistics

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Understanding the Regression Summary

Problem Discussion See Also

Performing Linear Regression Without an Intercept

Problem Solution Discussion

Regressing Only Variables That Highly Correlate with Your Dependent Variable

Problem Solution Discussion

Performing Linear Regression with Interaction Terms

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Selecting the Best Regression Variables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Regressing on a Subset of Your Data

Problem Solution Discussion

Using an Expression Inside a Regression Formula

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Regressing on a Polynomial

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Regressing on Transformed Data

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding the Best Power Transformation (Box–Cox Procedure)

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Forming Confidence Intervals for Regression Coefficients

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Plotting Regression Residuals

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Diagnosing a Linear Regression

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Identifying Influential Observations

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing Residuals for Autocorrelation (Durbin–Watson Test)

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Predicting New Values

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Forming Prediction Intervals

Problem Solution Discussion

Performing One-Way ANOVA

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating an Interaction Plot

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding Differences Between Means of Groups

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Performing Robust ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis Test)

Problem Solution Discussion

Comparing Models by Using ANOVA

Problem Solution Discussion

12. Useful Tricks

Peeking at Your Data

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Printing the Result of an Assignment

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Summing Rows and Columns

Problem Solution Discussion

Printing Data in Columns

Problem Solution Discussion

Binning Your Data

Problem Solution Discussion

Finding the Position of a Particular Value

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Selecting Every nth Element of a Vector

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding Minimums or Maximums

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating All Combinations of Several Variables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Flattening a Data Frame

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Sorting a Data Frame

Problem Solution Discussion

Stripping Attributes from a Variable

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Revealing the Structure of an Object

Problem Solution Discussion

Timing Your Code

Problem Solution Discussion

Suppressing Warnings and Error Messages

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Taking Function Arguments from a List

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Defining Your Own Binary Operators

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Suppressing the Startup Message

Problem Solution Discussion

Getting and Setting Environment Variables

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Use Code Sections

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Executing R in Parallel Locally

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Executing R in Parallel Remotely

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

13. Beyond Basic Numerics and Statistics

Minimizing or Maximizing a Single-Parameter Function

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Minimizing or Maximizing a Multiparameter Function

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Calculating Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Problem Solution Discussion

Performing Principal Component Analysis

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Performing Simple Orthogonal Regression

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding Clusters in Your Data

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Predicting a Binary-Valued Variable (Logistic Regression)

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Bootstrapping a Statistic

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Factor Analysis

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

14. Time Series Analysis

Other Representations

ts (base distribution) tsibble package

Date Versus Datetime See Also Representing Time Series Data

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Plotting Time Series Data

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Extracting the Oldest or Newest Observations

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Subsetting a Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Merging Several Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion

Filling or Padding a Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion

Lagging a Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion

Computing Successive Differences

Problem Solution Discussion

Performing Calculations on Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Computing a Moving Average

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Applying a Function by Calendar Period

Problem Solution Discussion

Applying a Rolling Function

Problem Solution Discussion

Plotting the Autocorrelation Function

Problem Solution Discussion

Testing a Time Series for Autocorrelation

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Plotting the Partial Autocorrelation Function

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Finding Lagged Correlations Between Two Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion

Detrending a Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion

Fitting an ARIMA Model

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Removing Insignificant ARIMA Coefficients

Problem Solution Discussion

Running Diagnostics on an ARIMA Model

Problem Solution Discussion

Making Forecasts from an ARIMA Model

Problem Solution Discussion

Plotting a Forecast

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Testing for Mean Reversion

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Smoothing a Time Series

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

15. Simple Programming

Choosing Between Two Alternatives: if/else

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Iterating with a Loop

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Defining a Function

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Local Variable

Problem Solution Discussion

Choosing Between Multiple Alternatives: switch

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Defining Defaults for Function Parameters

Problem Solution Discussion

Signaling Errors

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Protecting Against Errors

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating an Anonymous Function

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Collection of Reusable Functions

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Automatically Reindenting Code

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

16. R Markdown and Publishing

Creating a New Document

Problem Solution Discussion

Adding a Title, Author, or Date

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Formatting Document Text

Problem Solution See Also

Inserting Document Headings

Problem Solution Discussion

Inserting a List

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Showing Output from R Code

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Controlling Which Code and Results Are Shown

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Inserting a Plot

Problem Solution Discussion

Inserting a Table

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Inserting a Table of Data

Problem Solution Discussion

Inserting Math Equations

Problem Solution Discussion

Generating HTML Output

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating PDF Output

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating Microsoft Word Output

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Generating Presentation Output

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Creating a Parameterized Report

Problem Solution Discussion See Also

Organizing Your R Markdown Workflow

Problem Solution

Use RStudio Projects Name directories intuitively Create an R package for reused logic Keep R Markdown focused on content, and source logic

See Also

Index

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