The Structure of Evolutionary Theory by Gould, Stephen Jay -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Defining and Revising the Structure of Evolutionary Theory

Theories Need Both Essences and Histories The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: Revising the Three Central Features of Darwinian Logic Apologia Pro Vita Sua

A TIME TO KEEP A PERSONAL ODYSSEY

Epitomes for a Long Development

LEVELS OF POTENTIAL ORIGINALITY AN ABSTRACT OF ONE LONG ARGUMENT

Part One The Essence of Darwinism and the Basis of Modern Orthodoxy: An Exegesis of the Origin of Species

A Revolution in the Small Darwin as a Historical Methodologist

ONE LONG ARGUMENT THE PROBLEM OF HISTORY A FOURFOLD CONTINUUM OF METHODS FOR THE INFERENCE OF HISTORY

Darwin as a Philosophical Revolutionary

THE CAUSES OF NATURE'S HARMONY

Darwin and William Paley Darwin and Adam Smith

THE FIRST THEME: THE ORGANISM AS THE AGENT OF SELECTION THE SECOND THEME: NATURAL SELECTION AS A CREATIVE FORCE

The requirements for variation Gradualism The adaptationist program

THE THIRD THEME: THE UNIFORMITARIAN NEED TO EXTRAPOLATE; ENVIRONMENT AS ENABLER OF CHANGE

Judgments of Importance

Seeds of Hierarchy

Lamarck and the Birth of Modern Evolutionism in Two-Factor Theories

THE MYTHS OF LAMARCK LAMARCK AS A SOURCE LAMARCK'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY: SOURCES FOR THE TWO PARTS

The first set: environment and adaptation The second set: progress and taxonomy Distinctness of the two sets

LAMARCK'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY: THE HIERARCHY OF PROGRESS AND DEVIATION ANTINOMIES OF THE TWO-FACTOR THEORY

An Interlude on Darwin's Reaction No Allmacht without Hierarchy: Weismann on Germinal Selection

THE ALLMACHT OF SELECTION WEISMANN'S ARGUMENT ON LAMARCK AND THE ALLMACHT OF SELECTION THE PROBLEM OF DEGENERATION AND WEISMANN'S IMPETUS FOR GERMINAL SELECTION SOME ANTECEDENTS TO HIERARCHY IN GERMAN EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

Haeckel's descriptive hierarchy in levels of organization Roux's theory of intracorporeal struggle

GERMINAL SELECTION AS A HELPMATE TO PERSONAL SELECTION GERMINAL SELECTION AS A FULL THEORY OF HIERARCHY

Hints of Hierarchy in Supraorganismal Selection: Darwin on the Principle of Divergence

DIVERGENCE AND THE COMPLETION OF DARWIN'S SYSTEM THE GENESIS OF DIVERGENCE DIVERGENCE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF NATURAL SELECTION THE FAILURE OF DARWIN'S ARGUMENT AND THE NEED FOR SPECIES SELECTION

The calculus of individual success The causes of trends Species selection based on propensity for extinction

POSTSCRIPT: SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF THE “DELICATE ARRANGEMENT”

Coda

Internalism and Laws of Form: Pre-Darwinian Alternatives to Functionalism

Prologue: Darwin's Fateful Decision Two Ways to Glorify God in Nature

WILLIAM PALEY AND BRITISH FUNCTIONALISM: PRAISING GOD IN THE DETAILS OF DESIGN LOUIS AGASSIZ AND CONTINENTAL FORMALISM: PRAISING GOD IN THE GRANDEUR OF TAXONOMIC ORDER AN EPILOG ON THE DICHOTOMY

Unity of Plan as the Strongest Version of Formalism: The Pre-Darwinian Debate

MEHR LICHT ON GOETHE'S LEAF GEOFFROY AND CUVIER

Cuvier and Conditions of Existence Geoffroy's formalist vision The debate of 1830: foreplay and aftermath

RICHARD OWEN AND ENGLISH FORMALISM: THE ARCHETYPE OF VERTEBRATES

No formalism please, we're British The vertebrate archetype: constraint and nonadaptation Owen and Darwin

Darwin's Strong but Limited Interest in Structural Constraint

DARWIN'S DEBT TO BOTH POLES OF THE DICHOTOMY DARWIN ON CORRELATION OF PARTS THE “QUITE SUBORDINATE POSITION” OF CONSTRAINT TO SELECTION

The Fruitful Facets of Galton's Polyhedron: Channels and Saltations in Post-Darwinian Formalism

Galton's Polyhedron Orthogenesis as a Theory of Channels and One-Way Streets: The Marginalization of Darwinism

MISCONCEPTIONS AND RELATIVE FREQUENCIES THEODOR E1MER AND THE OHNMACHT OF SELECTION ALPHEUS HYATT: AN ORTHOGENETIC HARD LINE FROM THE WORLD OF MOLLUSKS C. O. WHITMAN: AN ORTHOGENETIC DOVE IN DARWIN'S WORLD OF PIGEONS

Saltation as a Theory of Internal Impetus: A Second Formalist Strategy for Pushing Darwinism to a Causal Periphery

WILLIAM BATESON: THE DOCUMENTATION OF INHERENT DISCONTINUITY HUGO DE VR1ES: A MOST RELUCTANT NON-DARWINIAN

Dousing the great party of 1909 The (not so contradictory) sources of the mutation theory The mutation theory: origin and central tenets Darwinism and the mutation theory De Vries on macroevolution

RICHARD GOLDSCHMIDT'S APPROPRIATE ROLE AS A FORMALIST EMBODIMENT OF ALL THAT PURE DARWINISM MUST OPPOSE

Pattern and Progress on the Geological Stage

Darwin and the Fruits of Biotic Competition

A GEOLOGICAL LICENSE FOR PROGRESS THE PREDOMINANCE OF BIOTIC COMPETITION AND ITS SEQUELAE

The rule of biotic competition Wedging and the causes of extinction The geological extension of wedging The validation of progress Sequelae

Uniformity on the Geological Stage

LYELL'S VICTORY IN FACT AND RHETORIC CATASTROPHISM AS GOOD SCIENCE: CUVIER'S ESSAY DARWIN'S GEOLOGICAL NEED AND KELVIN'S ODIOUS SPECTRE

A question of time (too little geology) A question of direction (too much geology)

The Modern Synthesis as a Limited Consensus

Why Synthesis? Synthesis as Restriction

THE INITIAL GOAL OF REJECTING OLD ALTERNATIVES R. A. FISHER AND THE DARWINIAN CORE J. B. S. HALDANE AND THE INITIAL PLURALISM OF THE SYNTHESIS J. S. HUXLEY: PLURALISM OF THE TYPE

Synthesis as Hardening

THE LATER GOAL OF EXALTING SELECTION'S POWER INCREASING EMPHASIS ON SELECTION AND ADAPTATION BETWEEN THE FIRST (1937) AND LAST (1951) EDITION OF DOBZHANSKY'S GENETICS AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES THE SHIFT IN G. G. SIMPSON'S EXPLANATION OF “QUANTUM EVOLUTION” FROM DRIFT AND NONADAPTATION (1944) TO THE EMBODIMENT OF STRICT ADAPTATION (1953) MAYR AT THE INCEPTION (1942) AND CODIFICATION (1963): SHIFTING FROM THE “GENETIC CONSISTENCY” TO THE “ADAPTATIONIST” PARADIGM WHY HARDENING?

Hardening on the Other Two Legs of the Darwinian Tripod

LEVELS OF SELECTION EXTRAPOLATION INTO GEOLOGICAL TIME

From Overstressed Doubt to Overextended Certainty

A TALE OF TWO CENTENNIALS ALL QUIET ON THE TEXTBOOK FRONT

Adaptation and natural selection Reduction and trivialization of macroevolution

Segue to Part Two Part Two Species as Individuals in the Hierarchical Theory of Selection

The Evolutionary Definition of Individuality

AN INDIVIDUALISTIC PROLEGOMENON THE MEANING OF INDIVIDUALITY AND THE EXPANSION OF THE DARWINIAN RESEARCH PROGRAM

Criteria for vernacular individuality Criteria for evolutionary individuality

The Evolutionary Definition of Selective Agency and the Fallacy of the Selfish Gene

A FRUITFUL ERROR OF LOGIC HIERARCHICAL VS. GENIC SELECTION

The distinction of replicators and interactors as a framework for discussion Faithful replication as the central criterion for the gene-centered view of evolution Sieves, plurifiers, and the nature of selection: the rejection of replication as a criterion of agency Interaction as the proper criterion for identifying units of selection The internal incoherence of gene selectionism Bookkeeping and causality: the fundamental error of gene selectionism Gambits of reform and retreat by gene selectionists

Logical and Empirical Foundations for the Theory of Hierarchical Selection

LOGICAL VALIDATION AND EMPIRICAL CHALLENGES

R. A. Fisher and the compelling logic of species selection The classical arguments against efficacy of higher-level selection Overcoming these classical arguments, in practice for interdemic selection, but in principle for species selection

EMERGENCE AND THE PROPER CRITERION FOR SPECIES SELECTION

Differential proliferation or downward effect? Shall emergent characters or emergent fitnesses define the operation of species selection?

HIERARCHY AND THE SIXFOLD WAY

A literary prologue for the two major properties of hierarchies Redressing the tyranny of the organism: comments on characteristic features and differences among six primary levels

The Grand Analogy: A Speciational Basis for Macroevolution

PRESENTATION OF THE CHART FOR MACROEVOLUT1ONARY DISTINCTIVENESS THE PARTICULARS OF MACROEVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION

The structural basis Criteria for individuality Contrasting modalities of change: the basic categories Ontogenetic drive: the analogy of Lamarckism and anagenesis Reproductive drive: directional speciation as an important and irreducible macroevolutionary mode separate from species selection Species selection, Wright’s Rule, and the power of interaction with directional speciation Species-level drifts as more powerful than the analogous phenomena in microevolution The scaling of external and internal environments Summary comments on the strengths of species selection and its interaction with other macroevolutionary causes of change

Punctuated Equilibrium and the Validation of Macroevolutionary Theory

What Every Paleontologist Knows

AN INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE TESTIMONIALS TO COMMON KNOWLEDGE DARWINIAN SOLUTIONS AND PARADOXES

The paradox of insulation from disproof The paradox of stymied practice

The Primary Claims of Punctuated Equilibrium

DATA AND DEFINITIONS

Microevolutionary links

MACROEVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS

Tempo and the significance of stasis Mode and the speciational foundation of macroevolution

The Scientific Debate on Punctuated Equilibrium: Critiques and Responses

CRITIQUES BASED ON THE DEFINABILITY OF PALEONTOLOG1CAL SPECIES

Empirical affirmation Reasons for a potential systematic underestimation of biospecies by paleospecies Reasons for a potential systematic overestimation of biospecies by paleospecies Reasons why an observed punctuational pattern might not represent speciation

CRITIQUES BASED ON DENYING EVENTS OF SPECIATION AS THE PRIMARY LOCUS OF CHANGE CRITIQUES BASED UPON SUPPOSED FAILURES OF EMPIRICAL RESULTS TO AFFIRM PREDICTIONS OF PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

Claims for empirical refutation by cases Empirical tests of conformity with models

Sources of Data for Testing Punctuated Equilibrium

PREAMBLE THE EQUILIBRIUM IN PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM: QUANTITATIVELY DOCUMENTED PATTERNS OF STASIS IN UNBRANCHED SEGMENTS OF LINEAGES THE PUNCTUATIONS OF PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM: TEMPO AND MODE IN THE ORIGIN OF PALEOSPECIES

The inference of cladogenesis by the criterion of ancestral survival The “dissection” of punctuations to infer both existence and modality

PROPER AND ADEQUATE TESTS OF RELATIVE FREQUENCIES: THE STRONG EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

The indispensability of data on relative frequencies Relative frequencies for higher taxa in entire biotas Relative frequencies for entire clades Causal clues from differential patterns of relative frequencies

The Broader Implications of Punctuated Equilibrium for Evolutionary Theory and General Notions of Change

WHAT CHANGES MAY PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM INSTIGATE IN OUR VIEWS ABOUT EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS AND THE HISTORY OF LIFE?

The explanation and broader meaning of stasis Punctuation, the origin of new macroevolutionary individuals, and resulting implications for evolutionary theory

PUNCTUATION ALL THE WAY UP AND DOWN? THE GENERALIZATION AND BROADER UTILITY OF PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM (IN MORE THAN A METAPHORICAL SENSE) AT OTHER LEVELS OF EVOLUTION, AND FOR OTHER DISCIPLINES IN AND OUTSIDE THE NATURAL SCIENCES

General models for punctuated equilibrium Punctuational change at other levels and scales of evolution Punctuational models in other disciplines: towards a general theory of change

Appendix: A Largely Sociological (and Fully Partisan) History of the Impact and Critique of Punctuated Equilibrium

THE ENTRANCE OF PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM INTO COMMON LANGUAGE AND GENERAL CULTURE AN EPISODIC HISTORY OF PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

Early stages and future contexts Creationist misappropriation of punctuated equilibrium Punctuated equilibrium in journalism and textbooks

THE PERSONAL ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL REACTION

The case Ad Hominem against punctuated equilibrium An interlude on sources of error The wages of jealousy

The Integration and Adaptation (Structure and Function) in Ontogeny and Phylogeny: Historical Constraints and the Evolution of Development

Constraint As a Positive Concept

TWO KINDS OF POSITIVITY

An etymological introduction The first (empirical) positive meaning of channeling The second (definitional) positive meaning of causes outside accepted mechanisms

HETEROCHRONY AND ALLOMETRY AS THE LOCUS CLASSICUS OF THE FIRST POSITIVE (EMPIRICAL) MEANING: CHANNELED DIRECTIONALITY BY CONSTRAINT

The two structural themes of internally set channels and ease of transformation as potentially synergistic with functional causality by natural selection: increasing shell stability in the Gryphaea heterochronocline Ontogenetically channeled allometric constraint as a primary basis of expressed evolutionary variation: the full geographic and morphological range of Cerion uva

THE APTIVE TRIANGLE AND THE SECOND POSITIVE MEANING: CONSTRAINT AS A THEORY-BOUND TERM FOR PATTERNS AND DIRECTIONS NOT BUILT EXCLUSIVELY (OR SOMETIMES EVEN AT ALL) BY NATURAL SELECTION

The model of the aptive triangle Distinguishing and sharpening the two great questions An epitome for the theory-bound nature of constraint terminology

Deep Homology and Pervasive Parallelism: Historical Constraint as the Primary Gatekeeper and Guardian of Morphospace

A HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE UNDERAPPRECIATED IMPORTANCE OF PARALLELISM FOR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

A context for excitement A terminological excursis on the meaning of parallelism

A SYMPHONY IN FOUR MOVEMENTS ON THE ROLE OF HISTORICAL CONSTRAINT IN EVOLUTION: TOWARDS THE HARMONIOUS REBALANCING OF FORM AND FUNCTION IN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

Movement one, Statement: deep homology across phyla: Mayr's functional certainty and Geoffroy's structural vindication. Movement two, Elaboration: parallelism of underlying generators: Deep homology builds positive channels of constraint Movement three, Scherzo: Does evolutionary change often proceed by saltation down channels of historical constraint? Movement four, Recapitulation and Summary: Early rules and the inhomogeneous population of morphospace: Dobzhansky's landscape as primarily structural and historical, not functional and immediate.

The Integration of Constraint and Adaptation (Structure and Function) in Ontogeny and Phylogeny: Structural Constraints, Spandrels, and the Centrality of Exaptation in Macroevolution

The Timeless Physics of Evolved Function

STRUCTURALISM'S ODD MAN OUTSIDE D'ARCY THOMPSON'S SCIENCE OF FORM

The structure of an argument The tactic and application of an argument The admitted limitation and ultimate failure of an argument Odd Man In (D'Arcy Thompson's structuralist critique of Darwinism) and Odd Man Out (his disparagement of historicism) An epilog to an argument

ORDER FOR FREE AND REALMS OF RELEVANCE FOR THOMPSONIAN STRUCTURALISM

Exapting the Rich and Inevitable Spandrels of History

NIETZSCHE'S MOST IMPORTANT PROPOSITION OF HISTORICAL METHOD EXAPTATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF QUIRKY FUNCTIONAL SHIFT: THE RESTRICTED DARWINIAN VERSION AS THE GROUND OF CONTINGENCY

How Darwin resolved Mivart’s challenge of incipient stages The two great historical and structural implications of quirky functional shift How exaptation completes and rationalizes the terminology of evolutionary change by functional shifting Key criteria and examples of exaptation

THE COMPLETE VERSION, REPLETE WITH SPANDRELS: EXAPTATION AND THE TERMINOLOGY OF NONADAPTIVE ORIGIN

The more radical category of exapted features with truly nonadaptive origins as structural constraints Defining and defending spandrels: a revisit to San Marco Three major reasons for the centrality of spandrels, and therefore of nonadaptation, in evolutionary theory

The Exaptive Pool: The Proper Conceptual Formula and Ground of Evolvability

RESOLVING THE PARADOX OF EVOLVABILITY AND DEFINING THE EXAPTIVE POOL THE TAXONOMY OF THE EXAPTIVE POOL

Franklins and Miltons, or inherent potentials vs. available things Choosing a Fundamentum Divisionis for taxonomy: an apparently arcane and linguistic matter that actually embodies a central scientific decision Cross-level effects as Miltonic spandrels, not Franklinian potentials: the nub of integration and radical importance

A CLOSING COMMENT TO RESOLVE THE MACROEVOLUTIONARY PARADOX THAT CONSTRAINT ENSURES FLEXIBILITY WHEREAS SELECTION CRAFTS RESTRICTION

Tiers of Time and Trials of Extrapolationism, With an Epilog on the Interaction of General Theory and Contingent History

Failure of Extrapolationism in the Non-Isotropy of Time and Geology

THE SPECTER OF CATASTROPHIC MASS EXTINCTION: DARWIN TO CHICXULUB THE PARADOX OF THE FIRST TIER: TOWARDS A GENERAL THEORY OF TIERS OF TIME

Fractal iconoclasm scaled down The nonfractal tiering of time

An Epilog on Theory and History in Creating the Grandeur of This View of Life Bibliography Illustration Credits Footnotes Index About This P2P ePub Edition

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