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Index
Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1 Through the Lens of Science
The Social Sciences The Social World Seen Through the Lens of Science The Scientific Method
Concepts Theories Research Steps of the Scientific Method The Scientific Spirit: Skepticism, Objectivity, Relativity
The Social Science Disciplines
Anthropology Economics Geography History Political Science Psychology Sociology
Research Methods in the Social Sciences
Sample Survey Case Study Participant Observation The Experiment Statistical Analysis The Scientific Method in the Social Sciences
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 2 In the Beginning …
The Beginnings of Life The Emergence of the Theory of Evolution
A Revolution in Thought: Darwin and His Theory Natural Selection The Role of Heredity
Genetics
Population Genetics: Factors for Change
The Long Trek: Human Evolution
Split between Chimpanzee and Human Lines
Modern Humans: The Road to Homo Sapiens Agriculture: Cultivation and Domestication The Evolution of Human Nature
Biological Foundations
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 3 Culture: Product and Guide to Life in Society
Culture: Concept and Importance
Biological Predispositions to Culture The Birth of Culture Cultural Evolution and Sociobiology
What, Then, Is Culture? The Symbolic Nature of Culture
The Necessity of Sharing Symbols
Language: The Most Important System of Symbols
Does Language Create Reality?
The Content of Culture
Material Culture Nonmaterial Culture
The Components of Nonmaterial Culture: Cognitive and Normative
The Normative System Categories of Norms: Folkways, Mores, Taboos, and Laws The Need for Social Control Sanctions Overt and Covert, Real and Ideal Norms Traits, Complexes, and Institutions
Pivotal Institutions Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity Cultural Differences and Universals
Subcultures and Countercultures
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 4 Groups: From Two to Millions
How is the Social System Organized and Structured?
Elements of Social Structure: Statuses and Roles Statuses: Ascribed and Achieved
The Multiplicity of Statuses and Roles
Real and Ideal Roles Conflict, Strain, and Confusion in Roles
Groups
Group Size
Primary and Secondary Groups
Additional Classification of Groups
Society
Classification of Societies Classification According to Chief Mode of Subsistence Industrial Societies Classification According to Social Organization
Interaction and Social Processes Formal Organizations
Formal Organizations and Institutions Distinguished Characteristics of Formal Organizations Types of Formal Organizations
Bureaucracy
Dynamic Quality and Informal Side of Bureaucracy
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 5 Becoming a Person: The Birth of Personality
Personality
Personality: A Social Product on a Biological Basis Heredity and Environment: Nature versus Nurture
Becoming Human: Socialization
Goals and Functions of Socialization
Theories of Socialization
The Looking-Glass Self: Cooley The Self in Society: Mead
The Self and the Unconscious: Freud The Transitional Self: Erikson Developmental Theories: Piaget Moral Development: Kohlberg Agents of Socialization
The Family The School Day Care Centers The Peer Group Nature versus Nurture The Media Occupational Groups Reverse Socialization Resocialization
Some Conclusions The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 6 Deviance and Criminality: The Need for Social Control
Deviance The Relative Nature of Deviance
Functions of Deviance
Explaining Deviance
Early Biological Explanations
Biological Explanations of Deviance
Treatment of Personality Disorders
Psychological Explanations of Deviant Behavior Sociological Explanations of Deviance
Social Integration and Anomie: A Functionalist View Merton’s Classification of Deviant Behavior Cultural Transmission (Differential Association): Interactionist Perspective Labeling Theory
Crime: Deviance That Hurts
Classification of Crimes Social Order Crimes or Crimes against Morality
Crime Statistics: How Much Crime, and Who Commits It?
Recidivism The Death Penalty
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 7 The Great Divide: Ranking and Stratification
Social Differentiation, Ranking, and Stratification Stratification Theoretical Views on Stratification
Structural-Functionalist Perspective Conflict Perspective
Dimensions of Stratification: Class, Status, and Power
Class Status Power
Systems of Stratification
The Closed Society: Caste The Estate System The Open Society: Class System
Determining Social Class: Occupational Prestige and Socioeconomic Status Social Classes in the United States
The Upper Classes The Middle Class The Working Class The Poor The Homeless
Social Class and Its Consequences Social Mobility
The Upwardly Mobile: Who Are They? Social Mobility in the United States Income Inequality Global Inequality
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 8 Minority Status: Race and Ethnicity
Majority-Minorities Relations: Defining the Terms Common Characteristics of Minorities The Making of Pluralist Society
Ideologies Regarding the Treatment of Minorities
Majority and Minorities: Processes of Coexistence In the Way: Obstacles to Pluralism
Prejudice Why Are We Prejudiced? Discrimination Racism
Racial Minorities
Native Americans Asian Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans
Ethnic and Religious Minorities
Catholics Jewish Americans
The New Face of America The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 9 Minority Status: Age, Gender, and Sexuality
The Aging Society
Theoretical Framework Ageism Lifestyles of the Elderly
Women: Differentiation According to Gender
Biological Facts Cultural Differences
The Cultural Construction of Gender
Traditional Gender Roles Gender Scripts Male Dominance Theories of Gender Role Development Agents of Gender Socialization Discrimination Against Some Forms of Sexuality Homosexuality Explanatory Theories of Homosexuality Transgender Sexually Transmitted Diseases
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 10 From the Plow to the Computer: Change, Collective Behavior, and Social Movements
Society and Change
Levels of Change
Processes of Social and Cultural Change
Social Change: Planning, Reform, Revolution Cultural Change: Innovation and Diffusion The Sources of Change Technology Results of the First Technological Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
Inventions and Discoveries of the Industrial Revolution Industrialism Technology and Social Change
Modernization
Learning to Be Modern
Collective Behavior
Crowds Masses Publics and Public Opinion Public Opinion and the Mass Media Propaganda and Censorship
Social Movements
Types of Social Movements Reformist and Revolutionary Movements Factors Encouraging Revolutionary Movements Terrorism
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 11 Population, Urbanization, and Environment
Demographic Processes: Dynamics of Population Change
Birthrates Death Rates Migration Immigration Internal Migration
Characteristics and Composition of a Population
Sex Ratio Age Structure
Population Around the World
Malthus and Marx Demographic Transition Zero Population Growth Population Policies
The Urban Society
Urbanization Urbanism American Cities Suburbia The Impact of the Consumer Culture on the Growth of Suburbia Suburbia and Social Class
Metropolitanization and Megalopolis
Megalopolis
The Urban Crisis Attempts to Reclaim the City
Urban Renewal The Future of Cities
The Natural Environment
The World We Live In The Ecosystem Disruption of Ecosystems
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 12 Pivotal Institutions: Marriage and the Family
The Basic Institution: The Family
Family Forms Kinship Systems Family Functions
Marriage
Limitations on Marriage Love and Marriage in America The Stages of Marriage: Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction The Role of Power in Marriage Changing Marital Patterns
Divorce
Remarriage Consequences of Divorce: Wounds That Do Not Heal
The New American Family
Forms of the New American Family
Some Unintended Effects of the Changing American Family
Child Care Family Violence Teenage Pregnancy
In Sum The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 13 Pivotal Institutions: Religion and Education
The Great Religions of the World Religion in the Social Sciences
Religion as Social Integration A Functionalist View of Religion A Conflict View of Religion
Religion and Social Control
The Institutional Context Common Features of Religions Science and Religion
Religion in America
Religiosity in America
Education
The Functionalist View of Education The Conflict View of Education
Characteristics of American Education
School as a Cure-All for Social Problems Education, Class, and Race Schools for All, but Not All for Schools Some Contemporary Issues in Higher Education
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 14 Government: The Institution and the Theories and Ideologies That Underlie It
The Institution of Government Government and Politics
The Purpose of Government The Functions of Government
Political Power: Legitimacy and Authority
Legitimacy Authority Types of Legitimate Authority
The State
Theoretical Views of the State The Nation–State Nationalism
The Ideologies Behind the Nation–State
The Role of Ideology Political Ideology
Autocratic Ideologies
Authoritarianism Totalitarianism Totalitarianism of the Right: Fascism and Nazism Totalitarianism of the Left: Communism Communism and the USSR Communism in China
Democratic Ideologies: Democracy
Democratic Capitalism
Socialism
Democratic Socialism
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 15 The Government of the United States of America
The Constitutional Convention What Is a Constitution?
The Constitutional Convention
The Constitution of the United States
Federalism Constitutional Limits and Obligations How Federalism Has Worked Trend toward Centralization The Impact of the Federal Government
Separation of Powers
How Checks and Balances Work Criticism of the Separation of Powers
The Presidency: The Executive Branch
The Nature of the Presidency The Roles of the President
Congress: The Legislative Branch
The Issue of Representation Congressional Committees The Subordinate Role of Congress
The Supreme Court: The Judicial Branch
The Court System Functions of the Judicial System
The Importance of Limited Government The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember Reference Suggested Readings
Chapter 16 We the People: Democracy in Action
American Democracy How Is America Governed?
Elitism Pluralism Conflict and Consensus A Realistic Democracy
Interest Groups
Functions of Interest Groups Formation and Growth of Interest Groups Lobbyists Political Action Committees Obvious Shortcomings of Interest Groups
Political Parties
Purpose of Political Parties Functions of Political Parties Features of the American Party System Dealignment or Realignment? The Party System in Decline America: Red and Blue?
The High Cost of Campaigning Voting
Factors in Voter Turnout The Nonvoters Peculiarities of American Voting: The Electoral College
Political Opinion Making
Public and Political Opinion Sound Bites
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 17 The Economy: Concepts and History
The Economic Institution
Economic Decision Making Basic Elements of the Economy Factors of Production Economic Choices and Opportunity Costs Limits to Output: The Production Possibilities Frontier Specialization of Labor Trade, Barter, and Money
Contemporary Economic Systems: How Choices Are Made Western Economies in Historical Perspective
The Birth of Capitalism
Aspects of Industrial Capitalism
The Corporate Form of Industrial Organization From Competition to Advertising
Diversification and Multinationalism The Nature of Work in the Industrial Society
Shifting Sectors Professionalization
The Corporate Bureaucracy
The Executive Industrial Workers The Factory System
The American Labor Movement
Collective Bargaining The Labor Movement Today Decline of Unionism
American Labor and the Global Economy The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember References Suggested Readings
Chapter 18 Principles of Economic Behavior: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
The Small Picture and the Large Picture Market Mechanisms
Who Makes Decisions? Who Participates in the Economy? Markets The Circular Flow
Market Forces
Demand and Supply Equilibrium and Price Elasticity
A Macroview
The Public Interest: Socioeconomic Goals Full Employment Desirable Mix of Output High and Equitably Distributed Incomes Reasonable Price Stability Adequate Growth
Instruments of Public Policy: Fiscal and Monetary
The Function of Price and Employment Stabilizers The Federal Budget Fiscal Decision Making
Monetary Policy
Banks Interest Rates Regulating Banks
Incomes Policy Economic Problems and Government Response
Depression or Severe Recession Excessive Demand and Inflation Inflation and Unemployment
Business Cycles
Demand-Side Theories Supply-Side Theories Eclectic Theories Theory and Reality
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember Reference Suggested Readings
Chapter 19 Nation among Nations: Perspectives on International Relations
The State and the Nation Participants in the International System
Non-State Actors Terrorist Groups Other Ways of Classifying States Rich Nations, Poor Nations
Interaction among Nations
Theoretical Perspectives Realism Contemporary Perspectives Neorealism
The Goals of States
The Competition of Objectives
Means of Achieving Goals: Foreign Policy Power
Goals of American Foreign Policy Types of Foreign-Policy Decisions
The Role of Ideology and Morality in Foreign Policy
Morality in Foreign Policy
Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions? Tools of Foreign Policy
The United Nations Foreign Aid Collective Security The Military
Diplomacy and Diplomats
Treaties and Alliances
The Balance-of-Power System
The Bipolar System A New Multipolar World
The Chapter in Brief Terms to Remember Reference Suggested Readings
Appendix Name Index Subject Index
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