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Index
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
The periods of the Celtic languages
1 The Historical background to the Celtic Languages
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Celtic as an Indo-European language
1.2 Continental Celtic
1.2.1 Gaul
1.2.2 Northern Italy
1.2.3 The Iberian peninsula
1.3 Insular Celtic
1.3.1 Britain and Brittonic
1.3.2 Ireland and Goidelic
1.4 The distinctive features of Celtic languages
1.4.1 Phonology
1.4.1.1 Long vowels and diphthongs
1.4.1.2 Loss of /p/
1.4.1.3 IE /gw/ > /b/
1.4.1.4 IE */r/, and */ļ/ > Celtic /ri/ and /li/
1.4.2 Morphology and syntax
1.4.2.1 Nominal inflection
1.4.2.2 The verbal system
1.4.2.3 Possession
1.5 The distinctive features of Goidelic and Brittonic
1.5.1 P and Q Celtic
1.5.2 Word accent
1.6 The inter-relationship of the Celtic languages
1.7 The Italo-Celtic hypothesis
2 The Goidelic languages
2.0 Introduction
2.1 The sources
2.1.1 Irish
2.1.2 Scottish Gaelic
2.1.3 Manx
2.2 General features of the Goidelic languages
2.2.1 Lenition and mutations
2.2.2 The initial accent and its consequences
2.2.3 Other sound changes
2.2.3.1 Long vowels and diphthongs
2.2.3.2 Vowel affection
2.2.3.3 Palatalization
2.2.3.4 Tense and lax resonants and ' Mac Neill' s Law'
2.2.4 Nominal declension and the loss of final syllables
2.2.5 The chronology of early Irish sound changes and Latin loanwords
2.2.6 The verbal system
2.2.6.1 The tenses and moods of the early Irish verb
2.2.6.2 Absolute and conjunct verbal inflection
2.2.6.3 Deponents, impersonals and passives
2.2.6.4 Relative clauses
2.2.6.5 The verbs 'to be'
2.2.6.6 Middle Irish developments
2.3 Scottish Gaelic and Manx developments
2.3.1 Phonology
2.3.2 Morphology
3 Irish
3.1 Types of Irish
3.1.1 Dialects
3.1.2 The survival of Irish
3.2 Phonology
3.2.1 The framework of the phonology
3.2.2 Stress patterns
3.2.3 Consonant clusters and epenthesis
3.2.4 Raising, lowering and paradigmatic variation
3.2.5 Palatalization
3.3 The nominal system
3.3.1 Gender
3.3.2 The case system
3.3.3 Number
3.3.4 Determination and definiteness
3.3.4.1 The article
3.3.4.2 Demonstratives
3.3.4.3 Possessive adjectives and pronouns
3.3.5 Adjectives
3.3.6 Pronouns
3.3.7 Numerals
3.4 The verbal system
3.4.1 The forms of the verb
3.4.2 The verbs'to be'
3.4.3 Tenses, aspect and auxiliary verbs
3.4.4 Impersonals and passives
3.5 Syntax
3.5.1 Word order
3.5.2 Pre-sentential particles
3.5.2.1 Negatives
3.5.2.2 Interrogatives
3.5.2.3 Declaratives
3.5.3 Subordination
3.5.3.1 Reported speech
3.5.3.2 Relative clauses
3.5.4 Theoretical treatments of Irish syntax
4 The Brittonic languages
4.0 Introduction
4.1 The sources
4.1.1 Welsh
4.1.2 Cornish
4.1.3 Breton
4.2 General features of the Brittonic languages
4.2.1 Lenition and mutations
4.2.2 Other sound changes
4.2.2.1 Long vowels and diphthongs
4.2.2.2 Vowel affection
4.2.2.3 Brittonic /s/ and /i/
4.2.3 The penultimate accent, its shift and the consequences
4.2.4 The new quantity system
4.2.5 Loss of final syllables
4.2.6 The verbal system
4.2.7 Compound prepositions
4.3 The inter-relationship of the neo-Brittonic languages
4.3.1 Phonology
4.3.2 Morphology
4.3.3 The Brittonic family tree revisited
5 Welsh
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Types of Welsh
5.1.1 Modern literary Welsh
5.1.2 Modern Welsh dialects
5.1.3 Cymraeg Byw and standard spoken Welsh
5.2 Phonology
5.2.1 The framework of the phonology
5.2.2 The central vowel /ə/
5.2.3 Final consonantal clusters
5.2.4 Phonology and grammatical alternations
5.2.5 Theoretical treatments of Welsh phonology
5.3 The nominal system
5.3.1 Gender
5.3.2 Number
5.3.3 Determination
5.3.3.1 The article
5.3.3.2 Demonstratives
5.3.3.3 The 'genitive' construction
5.3.3.4 Possessive adjectives and pronouns
5.3.4 Adjectives
5.3.5 Personal pronouns
5.3.6 Numerals
5.4 The verbal system
5.4.1 The forms of the verb
5.4.2 The verb bod 'to be'
5.4.3 Tenses, aspect and auxiliary verbs
5.4.4 Passives
5.5 Syntax
5.5.1 Word order
5.5.2 Pre-sentential particles
5.5.2.1 Negatives
5.5.2.2 Interrogatives
5.5.2.3 Declaratives
5.5.3 Subordination
5.5.3.1 Reported speech
5.5.3.2 Relative clauses
5.5.4 Theoretical treatments of Welsh syntax
6 The orthographies of the Celtic languages
6.1 Orthography and phonology
6.2 The scripts of Continental Celtic
6.2.1 Greek
6.2.2 Celtiberian
6.2.3 The Lugano script of northern Italy
6.2.4 Latin
6.3 The scripts of Insular Celtic
6.3.1 Ogam
6.3.2 Latin
6.3.2.1 British
6.3.2.2 Welsh
6.3.2.3 Breton
6.3.2.4 Cornish
6.3.2.5 Irish
6.3.2.6 Scottish Gaelic
6.3.2.7 Manx
7 Lenition and mutations: phonetics, phonology and morphology
7.0 Introduction
7.1 The phonological data
7.2 The grammatical function of the initial mutations
7.2.1 Nouns
7.2.1.1 Feminine nouns
7.2.1.2 Masculine nouns
7.2.1.3 Case forms in Goidelic
7.2.2 Numerals
7.2.3 Possessive pronouns and adjectives
7.2.4 The negative particle
7.2.5 Provection
7.2.6 Initial vowels
7.3 Mutations in the consonantal system
7.4 Theories of lenition and spirantization
7.4.1 Jackson and Greene
7.4.2 Harvey
7.4.3 P. W. Thomas and Sims-Williams
7.4.4 Martinet and Koch
7.5 The grammaticalization of the mutations
7.6 Modern mutations and functional load
8 Verbal nouns, verbs and nouns
8.1 Verbs, nouns and verbal adjectives
8.2 Formal characteristics of verbal nouns
8.3 Syntactical characteristics of verbal nouns
8.3.1 Nominal features
8.3.1.1 Modification by article and adjective
8.3.1.2 Modification by noun and pronoun
8.3.1.3 Modification by prepositions
8.3.1.4 Gender and declension
8.3.1.5 Verbal noun as subject or object of a of a verb
8.3.1.6 Neutral to active/passive distinctions
8.3.2 Verbal features
8.3.2.1 Modification by adverb
8.3.2.2 Periphrastic auxiliary verbs and aspect
8.3.2.3 Verbal nouns in subordinate clauses
8.3.2.4 Replacement of finite verb in co-ordinated strings
8.4 Verbal noun: verb or noun?
8.5 Verbal nouns and infinitives: the historical background
9 Word order in the Celtic languages
9.0 Introduction
9.1 The evidence
9.1.1 Continental Celtic
9.1.2 Insular Celtic
9.1.2.1 Goidelic
9.1.2.2 Brittonic
9.2 The historical background
References
Index
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