Native Nations of North America · An Indigenous Perspective by Talbot, Steve -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Native Nations of North America An Indigenous Perspective My Friend Jack Reminiscences Foreword An Indigenous Paradigm 1 Introduction The Indigenous Contribution and Perspective

The Native American Cultural Heritage

Population and Language Food Production and Agriculture Medicine Other Contributions Hidden Heritage

America’s First Ecologists? The Indigenous Research Paradigm

Native Studies Departments and Programs

Chapter Review

Discussion Questions

Suggested Readings References

4 Spiritual Genocide Lakota Sioux and the Meaning of Wounded Knee

The Context of Oppression Chapter Overview Theory: The Doctrine of Christian Nations Teton Sioux Society and Culture

Political Organization Social Organization

Lakota Religion

Spiritual Power The Sacred Pipe The Seven Sacred Rites

Early History of The Teton Sioux

Political Relations (1806–50) Political Relations After 1850

Behind The 1890 Massacre at Wounded Knee

Battle of the Greasy Grass Americanization and Control Policies Reservation Life

The Ghost Dance Religious Movement

Sitting Bull’s Assassination The Killing Fields at Wounded Knee

Early Reservation Life (1880s–1936)

Economic Life Political and Social Life Religion

Reservation Life After 1936

World War II and Relocation

Return To Wounded Knee

The 1973 Occupation Civil War Rages On Shoot-Out at the Jumping Bull Residence

Healing Through Spirituality Theory Revisited Conclusion: The Meaning of Wounded Knee Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

5 Relocation As Ethnic Cleansing The Navajo-Hopi “Land Dispute”

Chapter Overview Theoretical Considerations The Navajos

Origin and Culture Navajo Life Today Spiritual Life Social Organization

Navajo Political History

Pueblo Influences, Spanish Relations The Anglo-American Era Ethnic Cleansing The Navajo Reservation (1878–1934) Sheep as a Way of Life Tribal Government World War II and Postwar Reservation Life Today

The Hopis

Early History and Origins Social Organization Spiritual Culture

Hopi Political History

The Mexican Era Anglo-American Rule Causes of Hopi Disputes World War I and the Depression Indian Reorganization Act World War II and Postwar

Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute

Relocation Resistance at Big Mountain Conflict and Litigation

Theory Revisited Summary and Conclusions Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

6 The Birth, Death, and Resurrection of The Cherokee Nation

Chapter Overview Theoretical Analysis and Concepts Traditional Culture

Social Organization Political Organization Spiritual Culture

Early Political Relations Culture Change The Cherokee Diaspora The Louisiana Purchase Evolution of The Cherokee State Oppression by the State of Georgia The Trail of Tears

The Hitchcock Mission

Indian Territory

Internal Conflicts Cherokee Golden Age

The Civil War Postwar Reconstruction

Poverty and Exploitation

After Statehood

Relocation and Termination

Reemergence of The Cherokee Nation

Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma Eastern Band of Cherokee United Keetoowah Band (UKB)

Theory and Analysis Conclusion Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

7 Criminalization of The Indian Northwest Fishing Rights and the Case of David Sohappy

Chapter Overview Theory: Criminalization of The Indian Indian-White Relations in The Pacific Northwest

The Early Years Indigenous Peoples Western Washington Oregon

Salmon as A Way of Life

Treaties and Fish The 1960s Fish-Ins The Boldt Decision The Columbia River Basin

The Case of David Sohappy2 Dams and Fish Theory Revisited Conclusion Postscript: The “New Salmon”

Ethnic (Indigenous) Cleansing The Controversy Backlash Myths and Stereotypes Conclusion

Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

8 Internal Colonization Native Hawaiians and the Sovereignty Movement

UA MAU KE EA O KA ‘AˉINA I KA PONO Chapter Overview Analytical and Theoretical Concepts Culture and Society in Old Hawai‘i

Spiritual Life Economic Organization Social Organization The Kapu System

History of Conquest and Dispossession

The Discovery Kamehameha I Early Economic Enterprises Depopulation Liholiho and Ka‘ahumanu Christian Missionaries Land Dispossession: The Māhele Sugar and Ethnic Segmentation Reciprocity and Annexation King Kalākaua and the Bayonet Constitution Lili‘uokalani and the Seizure of Hawai‘i

The Colonial Context Hawai‘i Under Colonial Rule (1900–59)

The Big Five Impact on Culture and Traditions A Hawaiian Homeland Politics and Ethnicity

Neocolonialism Under Statehood

The Tourist Industry Poor Quality of Life

Contemporary Struggle for Hawaiian Sovereignty

Assault on the Native Environment The Military Occupation The Aloha Industry Hawaiian Language Revival The Haole Backlash The Akaka Bill

Theory Revisited Conclusion

Self-Determination and Decolonization Models for Sovereignty?

Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

9 First Nations Contemporary Indigenous Issues in Canada

Theoretical Perspectives History and Status of Canada’s First Nations: A Profile

Language and Cultural Areas Indians Inuit Métis

Recent Events

The Right to Recapture Indigenous Language The Lobster War, the Marshall Decision, and Emerging Canadian First Nations’ Treaty Rights “We Are Sorry”: Winning Compensation for Residential School Abuses Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Sexual Abuse Louis Riel Native Litigation Métis Hunting Rights: The Powley Case Governance and Land Rights International Indigenous Sovereignty

Environmental Issues

The Innu and Cree: North Looking South The Crees and Hydro-Quebec’s Electric Dreams Mercury Contamination and Fish Crees and Inuit Oppose James Bay II The Innu Battle: A Sulfide Mine The Pimicikamak Cree of Manitoba: Imperiled by Hydropower The Inuit: Dioxin and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants

Environmental Toxicity in The Arctic

POPs, PCBs, and Dioxins Inuit Infants: “A Living Test Tube for Immunologists”

The Lubicon CREE: Land Rights and Resource Exploitation

Oil and Gas Exploitation Logging Lubicon Land

The DENE: Decimated By Uranium Mining Redress for Colonialism Revisited: Concluding Thoughts Addendum: Idle No More Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

10 Experiment in “Red Capitalism” Oil versus Alaska Native Land and Subsistence Rights

Chapter Overview Theoretical Perspectives The Indigenous Peoples of Alaska

Eskimos Unangan Indians

The $200 Billion Dollar Theft

A Demographic and Economic Profile

Discovery in The Twentieth Century

Russian Fur Trade Whalers Reindeer Herding Gold Rush Other Economic Changes Trapping

Early Attempts to Settle The Land Question

Tlingit-Haida Land Claims Settlement Summary

World War II and The Early Postwar Period Developments Since World War II

Statehood Oil Discovery at Prudhoe Bay Filing Native Land Claims Native Declaration of Independence Land Freeze The Oil Pipeline Role of the State of Alaska Related Events at the National Level Ecology Hearings

The Land Claims Settlement: Who Owns Alaska? Failure of The Corporate Model

The 1991 Amendments

Does “Red Capitalism” Work? The Threat to Native Subsistence

Global Warming and Environmental Pollution

Subsistence Rights: The Struggle Continues Conclusion: Theoretical Concepts Revisited Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

11 The Trouble with Stereotypes Native Nations and the Urban Tradition

Chapter Overview Analytical Concepts Ancient Urbanism

Centers of Urbanism and Cultural Development

Urbanism in Mesoamerica

Olmecs Toltecs Mayan City States

Aztecs of Mexico

Historical Background Aztec Social Organization Tenochtitlán Flower Wars Destruction of the Aztecs

Mound Builders of Eastern North America

The First Mound Builders Temple Mound Builders

Contemporary Indian Urbanism in The United States and Canada

Early Urban Indian Research Recent Research Canada

Urban Enclaves

Guadalupe Village Santa Fe Indian Village Piscataway Nation

Political Activism, Alcatraz, and Beyond

The Indian Occupation of Alcatraz Island Administration Historical Context The Crucible of Activism End of the Alcatraz Occupation

Analysis and Conclusions

Ancient Urbanism Contemporary Urbanism

Theory Last Words Chapter Review Discussion Questions Suggested Readings References

Index

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