An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art by Facos, Michelle -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Halftitle Title Copyright Contents List of Figures Acknowledgments Introduction 1. A Time of Transition

Social Critique Moral Reform Monarch as Model Era of Change Age of Discovery Grand Tour Antiquity Becomes Fashionable Neoclassical Style Calm Grandeur in Dante Conclusion

2. Classical Influences and Radical Transformations

Neoclassicism in Britain Neoclassicism Becomes Popular The Elgin Marbles Homer Illustrations Political Instability in France D’Angiviller’s Reform Program Roman Virtue Neoclassical Eroticism Neoclassical Sculpture Neoclassicism in Denmark and the German States Conclusion

3. Re-presenting Contemporary History

Legitimizing Contemporary History Painting of Contemporary History in France Political Instability New Hero for a New Republic Equestrian Portraits: Rulers on Horseback Neoclassicism Made Ridiculous Legitimizing Bonaparte Transgressive History Painting Representing Republican Values Establishing Museums Conclusion

4. Romanticism

Origins and Characteristics Burke’s Sublime Blake and the Imagination Nature Mysticism Goya: Ambiguity and Modernism Abnormal Mental States Sculpture Escape to the National Past: England Medievalism in France: Troubadour Style Medievalism in the German States The Nazarenes Conclusion

5. Shifting Focus: Art and the Natural World

New Attitudes Toward Nature Academic Landscape Tradition Nature and the Sublime The Picturesque Turner: From Convention to Innovation Constable: Conservative Nostalgia Naturalism and Tourism Friedrich: Patriotism and Spirituality Feminization of Nature Hudson River School American West Conclusion

6. Colonialism, Imperialism, Orientalism

Documenting Distant Lands and Peoples Colonial Citizens Picturing Slavery Native Americans: Ideal or Foe? Orientalism Emerges Orient Imagined Delacroix’s Orientalism Orientalist Sculpture International Exhibitions Conclusion

7. New Audiences, New Approaches

Modernism, Urbanization, Instability Bourgeois Morality and the Separation of Spheres Biedermeier and the Emergence of Middle-Class Culture Biedermeier Portraiture Biedermeier Cityscapes Biedermeier Peasant Painting Biedermeier Landscape Biedermeier History Painting Golden Age in Denmark Biedermeier in Russia Mid-Century America Victorian Painting Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Municipal Art Associations Conclusion

8. Photography as Fact and Fine Art

“Invention” of Photography Documenting Current Events Social Reform Photography and Science Portraiture Landscape Travel Photography as a Fine Art Pictorialism and New Technologies Conclusion

9. Realism and the Urban Poor

Contrasting Responses to 1848 Urban Migration Social Unrest Alcoholism Female Suicide Middle-Class Working Women Poor Working Women Prostitution Documenting Work Idealized Labor Oppressed Workers Reforming the Poor Conclusion

10. Imagined Communities: Views of Peasant Life

Peasant Identity Peasant Imagery Before 1848 Courbet’s Burial: More than Just a Funeral Academically Acceptable Peasant Images Powerful Peasants: Heroic or Threatening? Pitiable Peasants Idealized Peasants Grim Realities Conclusion

11. Crisis in the Academy

The Importance of Titles History Painting and Autobiography: Courbet The Situation of Women Artists Salon of 1863 and Salon des Refusés Salon of 1865 Sculpture and Politics Foreign Artists in Paris Art Academies in Austria and the German States Menzel and Academic Realism World’s Fairs Conclusion

12. Impressionism

Truth Haussmannization New Paris Flâneurs and Boulevardiers Experimentation Old Paris Bourgeois Leisure Café Society Suburban Industry Suburban Leisure Natural and Acquired Identities Gare Saint Lazare Seaside Resorts Beaches, Bathing, and Hygiene Cézanne and Postimpressionism The Macchiaioli Conclusion

13. Symbolism

Symbolist Precursors Animate Nature Music Music and Genius Rodin: Abstract Ideas in Human Form Pessimistic Withdrawal Women: Angels or Whores? Imagination Out of Control Virgin Mothers Social Pessimism Memory and Degeneration Gauguin: Seeking But Never Finding Van Gogh: Expressing Nature Genius and Creativity Beyond the Five Senses Conclusion

14. Individualism and Collectivism

Artists’ Colonies Pont Aven Worpswede Skagen Artist Organizations Society of Independent Artists The Nabis Rose + Croix Les XX National Identity France: Monet’s Cathedrals Russia Serbia Poland Finland Hungary Conclusion

Epilogue: Looking Toward the Twentieth Century Glossary Bibliography Index

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