[Living Earth 01] • Oceans and Oceanography by Publishing, Britannica Educational -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Ocean

Relative Distribution of the Oceans

Hypsometry

Major Subdivisions of the Oceans Origin of Ocean Waters Composition of Seawater

Dissolved Inorganic Substances Dissolved Organic Substances Effects of Human Activities

The Physical Properties of Seawater

Salinity Distribution Horse Latitudes Temperature Distribution Thermal Properties Density of Seawater and Pressure Optical Properties Acoustic Properties

Chemical Evolution of the Oceans

The Early Oceans The Transition Stage The Modern Oceans

Chapter 2: Ocean Basins

Sea Level Exploration of the Ocean Basins

Seasat

Deep-Sea Sediments

Sediment Types Sedimentation Patterns

Evolution of the Ocean Basins Through Plate Movements

Island Arcs

Ocean Basin Features

Abyssal Hills Continental Margins Continental Rises Continental Shelves Continental Slopes Deep-Sea Trenches Oceanic Crust Oceanic Plateaus Oceanic Ridges

Chapter 3: Circulation and Waves

The Circulation of the Ocean Waters Distribution of Ocean Currents Causes of Ocean Currents

Pressure Gradients Coriolis Effect Frictional Forces Geostrophic Currents Density Currents in the Oceans Ekman Layer

Wind-Driven Circulation

Equatorial Currents The Subtropical Gyres The Subpolar Gyres Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Thermohaline Circulation Waves of the Sea

Surface Gravity Waves Tsunamis Seiche Waves and Internal Waves

Ocean Tides

Tide-Generating Forces Tidal Bores

Chapter 4: The Climatic and Economic Impacts of the Oceans

Seasonal and Interannual Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions The Link Between Ocean Surface Temperature and Climate Anomalies Formation of Tropical Cyclones

Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Ocean Waters Influence on Atmospheric Circulation and Rainfall

The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Systems

The Gulf Stream The Kuroshio Current The Poleward Transfer of Heat

El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Climatic Change

The El Niño Phenomenon The Southern Oscillation

Economic Aspects of the Oceans

Medium for Transportation and Communications Source of Food and Water Energy Resources Source of Minerals and Other Raw Materials Deepwater Disaster

Waste Disposal and Other Related Actions

Chapter 5: Oceanography

Ancient Oceanography

The Discovery of the Hydrologic Cycle The Initial Studies of the Tides

Early Oceanography

The Rise of Subterranean Water Evaporation from the Sea

Oceanography in the 19th Century Oceanography in the 20th Century

Ocean Circulation, Currents, and Waves Ocean Bathymetry Bathymetry Water Resources and Seawater Chemistry Desalinization, Tidal Power, and Minerals from the Sea Marine Geology

Undersea Exploration

Basic Elements of Undersea Exploration Dead Reckoning Methodology and Instrumentation Nansen Bottle Sonar

Conclusion

Chapter 6: Marine Explorers and Oceanographers

Alexander Agassiz Prince Albert I of Monaco Robert Ballard Jacques-Yves Cousteau Robert S. Dietz Vagn Walfrid Ekman Richard H. Fleming Bjørn Helland-Hansen Columbus O’Donnell Iselin Matthew Fontaine Maury Walter Munk Sir John Murray Fridtjof Nansen Jacques Piccard Francis P. Shepard Henry Melson Stommel Georg Wüst

Appendix Glossary Bibliography Index

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