[Gutenberg 23321] • The Choctaw Freedmen and the Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy by Flickinger, Robert Elliott -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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The Choctaw Freedmen THE Choctaw Freedmen

AND

The Story of OAK HILL INDUSTRIAL ACADEMY ALICE LEE ELLIOTT MEMORIAL

ROBERT ELLIOTT FLICKINGER

ILLUSTRATED BY 100 ENGRAVINGS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. GENERAL FACTS

II. OAK HILL INDUSTRIAL ACADEMY III. THE PRESBYTERY AND SYNOD IV. THE BIBLE IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION PART I

GENERAL FACTS

RELATING TO THE INDIANS OF INDIAN TERRITORY, THE CHOCTAW FREEDMEN AND PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF MISSIONS FOR FREEDMEN.

I INDIAN TERRITORY

EARLY HISTORY OF THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES—OPENING OF INDIAN TERRITORY—OKLAHOMA—CLEAR CREEK, OAK HILL, VALLIANT.

II INDIAN SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES

BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR.—EFFECTS OF THE CIVIL WAR.—TRANSFER OF THE FREEDMEN'S WORK.—THE INDIANS MAKE PROGRESS TOWARD CIVILIZATION.—WHEELOCK ACADEMY.—SPENCER ACADEMY.—DOAKSVILLE AND FORT TOWSON.

III

THE BIBLE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN CIVILIZATION AND EDUCATION

THE BIBLE A POWER IN THE FORMATION OF CHARACTER.—THE ARCHITECT GREATER THAN THE CATHEDRAL.—THE BIBLE THE BASIS OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM.—VALLEY OF DIAMONDS.—IMPORTANCE OF CHRISTIAN TEACHERS.

THE AMERICAN NEGRO

RELIGIOUS INSTINCT.—LOYAL AND PATRIOTIC.—THE FREEDMAN.—HOMELESS AND ILLITERATE WHEN EMANCIPATED.—FIRST SCHOOLS DURING THE CIVIL WAR.—FREE NEGROES AND COLLEGE GRADUATES.—50th ANNIVERSARY.

THE PROBLEM OF THE FREEDMAN

DIFFERENT STANDPOINTS.—REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS.—13th, 14th AND 15th AMENDMENTS.—NEGRO SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES.—DISFRANCHISEMENTS.—RESULTS CONTRARY TO EXPECTATION.—PROVIDENTIAL LEADING OF JOSEPH, ISRAEL, NEHEMIAH AND DANIEL SUGGESTIVE.—A DIVINE MISSION.—THE FREEDMAN'S FRIENDS.—FRIENDLY COUNSELS.—THE GOLDEN RULE.

VOICES FROM THE BLACK BELT

VII

UPLIFTING INFLUENCES

FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT.—AN HISTORIC COMPARISON. I. THE CHOCTAW FREEDMEN II. THE EUROPEANS AND AMERICANS III. THE REFORMATION

VIII

THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.

IT EMPHASIZES THE BIBLE AS FUNDAMENTAL IN EDUCATION.—A ZEALOUS MISSIONARY ORGANIZATION.—AS CATHOLIC IN SPIRIT AS THE GOSPEL.

THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF MISSIONS FOR FREEDMEN.

ORGANIZED IN 1865.—- WOMEN ENLISTED IN 1884.—BOARDING SCHOOLS.—TRAINS CHRISTIAN LEADERS.—WORTHY OF GENEROUS SUPPORT AND ENDOWMENT. WOMEN ENLISTED IN 1884 TRAINS CHRISTIAN LEADERS WORTHY OF GENEROUS SUPPORT AND ENDOWMENT

SPECIAL BENEFACTORS.

GEORGE PEABODY.—JOHN F. SLATER.—DANIEL HAND.—EMILINE CUSHING.—ANNA T. JEANES.—CAROLINE PHELPS STOKES.—JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER.—NEGRO PHILANTHROPISTS. NEGRO PHILANTHROPISTS

PART II

OAK HILL INDUSTRIAL ACADEMY

THE NATIVE OAK HILL SCHOOL

1876-1886

CHURCH ORGANIZED JUNE 29, 1869.—SUNDAY SCHOOL IN 1876.—SCHOOL HOUSE, 1878.—OLD LOG HOUSE, 1884.—APPEAL FOR ACADEMY. THE OAK HILL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH THE NATIVE OAK HILL SCHOOL OLD LOG HOUSE APPEAL FOR OAK HILL SLAVERY AMONG INDIANS

XII

ERA OF ELIZA HARTFORD 1886-1888.

THE HEROIC PIONEER.—FEBRUARY 14, 1886.—BOARDING SCHOOL, APRIL 15th, 1886.—PRISCILLA G. HAYMAKER.—NEW SCHOOL BUILDING IN 1887.—ANNA E. CAMPBELL. HEROIC PIONEER FEBRUARY 14, 1886 A BOARDING SCHOOL PRISCILLA G. HAYMAKER ANNA E. CAMPBELL

XIII

EARLY REMINISCENCES

ELIZA HARTFORD.—PRISCILLA G. HAYMAKER.—ANNA E. CAMPBELL.—THE NIGHT SCHOOL.—HARDSHIPS AT OAK HILL. TEACHING ELIZABETH WASHING A "FEELIN' MEETIN'" BOTHERSOME "BREDDERIN" HARD WORK AND MISERABLE LIVING BETSY BOBBET MISS HAYMAKER'S EVENTFUL JOURNEY. MISS CAMPBELL'S TRIP FROM CLARKSVILLE. MISS HARTFORD'S NIGHT SCHOOL. MATTHEW FINDING HIS OPPORTUNITY HARDSHIPS AT OAK HILL.

XIV

EARLY TIMES AT FOREST.

FOREST CHAPEL.—LIFTING THE COLLECTION.—PRIMITIVE MID-WEEK MEETINGS. FOREST CHAPEL. LIFTING THE COLLECTION PRIMITIVE MID-WEEK MEETINGS

ERA OF JAMES F. McBRIDE 1888-1892

GIRL'S HALL IN 1889.—ADDITIONAL SCHOOL ROOM.—McBRIDE DIES JAN. 29, 1892—MRS. McBRIDE. ERA OF SUPT. McBRIDE GIRLS' HALL MRS. J. F. McBRIDE

XVI

ERA OF REV. EDWARD G. HAYMAKER 1892-1904

A TERM ANNOUNCEMENT.—BOYS' HALL 1893.—LAUNDRY AND SMOKEHOUSE, 1895—MR. AND MRS. HAYMAKER.—MRS. McBRIDE.—OTHER HELPERS.—ANNA AND MATTIE HUNTER.—MRS. M. E. CROWE.—PRAYING FOR WATER.—APPEAL FOR HOSPITAL.—CARRIE E. CROWE. ERA, 1892-1904. BOYS' HALL MR. AND MRS. HAYMAKER OTHER HELPERS. ANNA F. and MATTIE HUNTER MRS. M. E. CROWE. PRAYING FOR WATER APPEAL FOR HOSPITAL CARRIE E. CROWE.

XVII

BUDS OF PROMISE 1884 to 1904.

FAVORED YOUTHFUL CHOCTAW FREEDMEN.

XVIII

CLOSED IN 1904

XIX

REOPENING AND ORGANIZATION 1905.

TWO-FOLD ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKERS.—NEW FEATURES—CHARACTER BUILDING.—VISIT OF MRS. V. P. BOGGS. TWO FOLD ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKERS VOICE CULTURE. CHARACTER BUILDING NEW FEATURES VISIT OF MRS. V. P. BOGGS, SECRETARY SUCCESSION OF HELPERS.

THE PROSPECTUS IN 1912

SCHOOL AND WORK PERIODS.—FARM WORK.—IMPROVEMENT WORK.—SAWING WOOD A PICNIC. SCHOOL AND WORK PERIODS THE WOOD SUPPLY THE FARM WORK IMPROVEMENT WORK SAWING WOOD, A PICNIC

XXI

OBLIGATION AND PLEDGES.

OBLIGATION.—ENDEAVOR.—SELP-HELP STUDENTS.—TEMPERANCE.—THE INTOXICATING CUP.—PRESIDENT LINCOLN.—PRESIDENT HARRISON. I. THE STUDENT'S OBLIGATION II. CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR PLEDGE III. PLEDGE OF SELF-HELP STUDENTS IV. TOTAL ABSTINENCE PLEDGE GOD HELPING ME

XXII

BIBLE STUDY AND MEMORY WORK

AIMS IN BIBLE STUDY.—SELF-CONTROL.—TRAINING THE MEMORY AND VOICE.—DIVINE TRUTH THE NEED OF ALL.—ONE BOOK IN THE HOME.—COMMITTED TO MEMORY.—THE BIBLE ONLY IN SUNDAY SCHOOL.—A LIFE-LONG GOLDEN TREASURE.—A FOUNTAIN OF BLESSING.—UPLIFTING POWER IN NEW HEBRIDES. TRAINING THE MEMORY DIVINE TRUTH THE NEED OF ALL ONE BOOK IN THE HOME COMMITTED TO MEMORY THE BIBLE ONLY IN THE SUNDAY SCHOOL A LIFE-LONG GOLDEN TREASURE A BEAUTIFUL TRIBUTE A FOUNTAIN OF BLESSINGS UPLIFTING POWER IN NEW HEBRIDES' ISLANDS

XXIII

DECISION DAYS

CHRISTMAS.—WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY.

XXIV

THE SELF-HELP DEPARTMENT

FOOLISH NOTIONS.—A PROMISING GIRL.—THOUGHTLESS BOYS.—THOUGHTFUL YOUNG PEOPLE.—VACATION WORKERS.—JAMESTOWN COLLEGE.—SUPPORT OF SELF-SUPPORTING STUDENTS.—HOW IT WORKS.—ENLARGEMENT AND PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT.—SELF-SUPPORT MEANS INDEPENDENCE.—PARK COLLEGE. A PROMISING GIRL THOUGHTLESS BOYS THOUGHTFUL YOUNG PEOPLE VACATION WORKERS JAMESTOWN COLLEGE SUPPORT OF SELF-SUPPORTING STUDENTS HOW IT WORKS ENLARGEMENT AND PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT SELF-SUPPORT MEANS INDEPENDENCE PARK COLLEGE A SUGGESTION TO PARENTS

XXV

INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

A TRAINING PERIOD.—INDEPENDENT HOMES.—DOMESTIC TRAINING.—HIGHLAND PARK COLLEGE.—BOOKER T. WASHINGTON.—SAM DALY. INDEPENDENT HOMES DOMESTIC TRAINING HIGHLAND PARK COLLEGE BOOKER T. WASHINGTON SAM DALY

XXVI

PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS.

PAINTING BOYS HALL.—SURFACE DRAINAGE.—ORCHARD IN 1906.—HOG HOUSES.—SHEDS FOR HAY AND THE STOCK HOGS.—OAK BRIDGES.—TEMPORARY BOYS HALL.—ADDITION TO THE ACADEMY.—GOOD FENCES AROUND THE CAMPUS.—GARDEN, STOCK YARD AND CULTIVATED FIELDS.—ELLIOTT HALL.—PULLING STUMPS. BUILDINGS TEMPORARY BOYS' HALL ELLIOTT HALL LATER IMPROVEMENTS PULLING STUMPS WALL OF ELLIOTT HALL WORKING ACCORDING TO RULE

XXVII

ELLIOTT HALL

THE GIRLS HALL LOST AND REPLACED.—OLD LOG HOUSE—DAVID ELLIOTT.—ALICE LEE ELLIOTT. LOSS OF THE GIRLS HALL DAVID ELLIOTT ALICE LEE ELLIOTT ENDOWMENT

XXVIII

UNFAVORABLE CIRCUMSTANCES

LOSS OF HELPERS AND BUILDINGS.—BOLL WEEVIL.—STATEHOOD CHANGES.—EFFICIENT SERVICE REQUIRED.—INFERENCES.—BURDENS AND FRIENDS. THE BOLL WEEVIL STATEHOOD CHANGES EFFICIENT SERVICE REQUIRED INFERENCES BURDENS AND FRIENDS SPECIAL ADDRESSES

XXIX

BUILDING THE TEMPLE

AN EXERCISE FOR CHILDREN'S DAY, ILLUSTRATED BY A TEMPLE AND AN ARCH. AN EXERCISE FOR CHILDREN'S DAY OPPORTUNITY FOR DECISION THE ARCH EXPLANATORY REFERENCES

XXX

MAXIMS AND SUGGESTIONS

RELATING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GOOD CHARACTER AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF GOOD SUCCESS—NUGGETS FROM SHORT TALKS TO THE STUDENTS ON FRIDAY EVENINGS. HOW SOME MEN ACHIEVED GREATNESS OAK HILL BE'S WIT AND HUMOR

XXXI

RULES, MOTTOES AND COURSE OF STUDY WALL MOTTOES

I. OAK HILL MOTTO II. RULE OF ORDER IT REQUIRES THAT EVERYONE: ENDEAVOR BENEDICTION III. ESSENTIALS TO SUCCESS IV. BUSY DAY

RULES AND REGULATIONS

I. STUDENTS II. MEETINGS AND CHORES III. WORK AND THINGS FORBIDDEN FIRE PRECAUTIONS TO PARENTS (1) SALUTE TO THE FLAG THE STUDENTS GOODBYE

THE COURSE OF STUDY

I. PRIMARY DEPARTMENT II. INTERMEDIATE DEPARTMENT III. GRAMMAR DEPARTMENT IV. HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT TEACHING IN SUNDAY SCHOOL ANALYSIS APPLICATION

XXXII

SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS

SAVINGS OR WAGES INVESTMENTS

XXXIII

SUMMER NORMALS AND CHAUTAUQUA

LICENTIATES CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY THE FIRST CHAUTAUQUA

XXXIV

GRACES AND PRAYERS

GRACE AT MEALS HELPFUL FORMS OF PRAYER ANOTHER ONE A PRAYER FOR THE AGED

XXXV

PRESBYTERIAL MEETINGS AND PICNICS

OAK HILL IN 1905.—NOT A BUCKET.—GOING TO PRESBYTERY.—ENTERTAINMENT FOR EVERYBODY. NOT AN OAK HILL BUCKET EVERYBODY GOES TO PRESBYTERY GOING TO PRESBYTERY ENTERTAINMENT FOR EVERYBODY

XXXVI

FARMERS INSTITUTES

1905-1912 FOREST CHURCH.—OAK HILL.—SHORT COURSE IN 1912.—ISAAC JOHNSON.—EMANCIPATION DAY. SECOND OAK HILL INSTITUTE SHORT COURSE IN 1912 ISAAC JOHNSON EMANCIPATION DAY

XXXVII

THE APIARY

A DOUBLE SWARM A MODEL HOG HOUSE OLD LOG HOUSE PAINTING SEED CORN IMPROVED

XXXVIII

THE OAK HILL AID SOCIETY

AND OTHER CONTRIBUTING SOCIETIES AND INDIVIDUALS. THE OAK HILL AID SOCIETY LAND FUNDS CONTRIBUTED LOCALITY OF DONORS DONORS TO THE GENERAL SUPPORT

XXXIX

TRIBUTES TO THE WORKERS

AHRENS.—EATON.—CLAYPOOL.—WEIMER.—WOLCOTT.—HALL.—DONALDSON.—BUCHANAN. MARY A. FLICKINGER BERTHA LOUISE AHRENS ADELIA M. EATON MRS. JOHN CLAYPOOL MARY I. WEIMER MISS JO LU WOLCOTT MALINDA A. HALL MARY A DONALDSON SOLOMON H. BUCHANAN STUDENT WORKERS

CLOSING DAY, 1912

ELLIOTT HALL DEDICATED.—CONCERT.—RESOLUTIONS.—STUDENTS AFFECTION.—FAREWELL NOTE. CLOSING DAY, 1912 ELLIOTT HALL DEDICATED CLOSING CONCERT RESOLUTIONS A TOKEN OF AFFECTION AND REGARD FROM THE STUDENTS FRUIT BULLETIN FAREWELL

PART III HISTORY

PRESBYTERY OF KIAMICHI SYNOD OF CANADIAN

XLI

THE PRESBYTERY OF KIAMICHI

CONSTITUTED IN 1896.—ORGANIZED AT GRANT.—BOUNDARY ENLARGED IN 1907.—REPORT IN 1913.—GROWTH, 1868 TO 1913.—DEARTH OF MINISTERS.—FAVORITE SONS.—NEW ERA. CONSTITUTED BY SYNOD ORGANIZED AT GRANT BOUNDARY ENLARGED ANNUAL REPORT IN 1913 SUCCESSION OF STATED CLERKS EXHIBIT OF GROWTH, 1868 TO 1913 DEARTH OF MINISTERS FAVORITE SONS BECOME MINISTERS NEW ERA REQUIRES THAT PREACHERS BE TEACHERS

XLII

HISTORIES OF CHURCHES

BEAVER DAM CHURCH NEW HOPE CHURCH AT FROGVILLE ST. PAUL CHURCH, EAGLETOWN MOUNT GILEAD CHURCH, LUKFATA

XLIII

PARSON CHARLES W. STEWART

DOAKSVILLE, 1823-1896. PERIOD OF SLAVERY, 1823-1866 PERIOD OF FREEDOM, 1866-1896 CIRCUIT OF CHURCHES CHARACTERISTICS AS A PREACHER

XLIV

REV. WILEY HOMER

LEARNING THE ALPHABET LEARNING TO READ THE MAN WHO BUILT THE ARBOR A TEACHER, ELDER AND PREACHER THE POWER OF THE BIBLE A COMMISSIONER TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, SIX TIMES A LIFE-LONG LEADER OF THE CHURCH HE FOUNDED HAYSTACK MEETING

XLV

TRIBUTES TO OTHER MINISTERS AND ELDERS

BUTLER.—COLBERT.—GLADMAN.—BRIDGES.—STARKS.—MEADOWS.—AND ELDERS CRITTENDEN.—SHOALS.—FOLSOM.—BUTLER. REV. WILLIAM BUTLER A WINNER OF SOULS REV. RICHARD D. COLBERT REV. SAMUEL GLADMAN REV. THOMPSON K. BRIDGES REV. WILLIAM J. STARKS REV. PLANT SENIOR MEADOWS OAK HILL PIONEERS SIMON FOLSOM ELIJAH BUTLER

XLVI

THE SYNOD OF CANADIAN

FIRST MEETING AT OKLAHOMA.—SECOND AT OAK HILL.—AT GARVIN IN 1912.—AN UNINTENTIONAL INJUSTICE.—GRATEFUL RECOGNITION.—WOMEN'S SYNODICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETY.—DEPENDENT CONDITION OF THE CHURCHES.—UNSYMPATHETIC ISOLATION.—EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.—POPULAR MEETINGS. CONSTITUTED IN 1907 IT IS HEREBY ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FIRST MEETING AT OKLAHOMA SECOND MEETING AT OAK HILL AT GARVIN IN 1912 GRATEFUL RECOGNITION WOMEN'S SYNODICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETY DEPENDENT CONDITION OF THE CHURCHES POPULAR EVENING MEETINGS BENEDICTION

PART IV

THE BIBLE IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL AND NATION

XLVII

THE PUBLIC SCHOOL

AN OUTGROWTH OF THE REFORMATION.—PORTO RICO.—MISSION SCHOOLS.—COLONIAL SCHOOLS.—MASSACHUSETTS AND CONNECTICUT.—NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA.—THE BIBLE, THE STANDARD OF MORALITY.—RISE AND FALL OF INTOLERANCE.—DANIEL WEBSTER.—THE BIBLE, THE FREEDMAN'S BEST BOOK.—THE CHURCH, SUNDAY SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOL.—ENCOURAGING MOVEMENTS. AN OUTGROWTH OF THE REFORMATION PORTO RICO 1898-1913 THE BIBLE AND CHRISTIAN TEACHERS COLONIAL SCHOOLS MASSACHUSETTS CONNECTICUT STATE OF NEW YORK STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF NATIONAL EDUCATION JESUS, THE GREAT TEACHER THE BIBLE, THE STANDARD OF MORALITY RISE AND FALL OF INTOLERANCE NOBLE DEFENSE BY DANIEL WEBSTER THE FREEDMAN'S BEST BOOK THE CHURCH AND SUNDAY SCHOOL MAKE THE PUBLIC, A BIBLE SCHOOL ENCOURAGING MOVEMENTS

XLVIII

A HALF-CENTURY OF BIBLE SUPPRESSION IN A NATION, OR FRANCE, DURING THE PERIOD, 1572 TO 1795.

THEISM, DEISM, PHILOSOPHISM.—APPEAL FOR BREAD.—MORAL AND FINANCIAL BANKRUPTCY.—FIRST POPULAR ASSEMBLY.—REPUBLIC OF FRANCE.—REIGN OF TERROR.—PEOPLE UNPREPARED FOR FREEDOM.—INSURRECTION OF WOMEN.—RESULTS.—LAND OF JOHN CALVIN.—LAFAYETTE.—ROMANISM, BEHIND THE TIMES.—HUMAN REASON, BLIND.—LIGHT, LIFE AND LIBERTY. ATHEISM, DEISM, PHILOSOPHISM APPEAL FOR BREAD MORAL AND FINANCIAL BANKRUPTCY FIRST POPULAR ASSEMBLY REPUBLIC OF FRANCE REIGN OF TERROR PEOPLE UNPREPARED FOR FREEDOM INSURRECTION OF WOMEN RESULTS LAND OF CALVIN AND LAFAYETTE ROMANISM BEHIND THE TIMES HUMAN REASON BLIND LIGHT, LIFE AND LIBERTY

THE END

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