The World Since 1945 by Bell, P.M.H. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover HalfTitle Title Contents List of maps List of illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction

Note

Prologue: A New Era in International Politics

1 The Second World War and its consequences

The war in Europe The war in the Pacific and East Asia The politics of the Grand Alliance The Yalta Conference, 4–11 February 1945 The Second World War and the shaking of the European empires Long-term consequences of the war Notes

2 The beginnings of the post-war world

Victors and vanquished International organizations of states Economic organization: The Bretton Woods Conference, July 1944 Notes

Part One: The Cold War, 1945–62

3 The antagonists

The Soviet Union and the United States at the end of the Second World War Condemned to enmity? Notes

4 The beginning of the Cold War: From Potsdam to the Marshall Plan, 1945–7

The Council of Foreign Ministers, 1945–7 Germany and the German Question The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe The United States reacts, 1946–7 The concept of containment Notes

5 From the Prague coup to the North Atlantic Treaty, 1948–9

Cominform and Czechoslovakia, 1947–8 The Berlin blockade, 1948–9 The Brussels and North Atlantic Treaties, 1948–9 The two Germanies and the Soviet–Yugoslav split Reflections on the beginnings of the Cold War Notes

6 From Korea to Hungary, 1949–56

The Korean War, 1950–3 Western Europe and the German Question, 1948–53 The opening of the Eisenhower presidency The death of Stalin and crisis in East Germany Germany and Austria, 1954–7 Khrushchev, the ‘Secret Speech’ and the Hungarian rising, 1956 Notes

7 The Berlin and Cuba crises, 1957–62

Berlin crisis, first phase: 1958–60 Khrushchev and Kennedy, 1960–1: The Bay of Pigs and the Vienna summit The Berlin Wall and the end of the Berlin crisis, 1961–2 The Cuban missile crisis, 1962 The Cold War at the end of 1962 Notes

Reflection: The Cold War in its early phases

Notes

Part Two: Decolonization and Wars of Succession, 1945–62

8 The Middle East, 1945–62

Oil in the Middle East, 1946–56 The end of the Palestine mandate: Israel and the Arabs, 1947–9 The Arab states and Arab nationalism Outside powers and the Middle East The Suez crisis, 1956 The Middle East after the Suez crisis, 1957–62 Notes

9 Transformation in Asia, 1945–62

The Chinese revolution and its consequences The Sino-Soviet split The recovery of Japan, 1945–62 India and Pakistan The French war in Indo-China and the American road to Vietnam South-East Asia: Indonesia and Malaysia Notes

10 The new Africa, 1945–62

The Maghreb: French North Africa The Algerian War of Independence Sub-Saharan Africa The Congo crisis South Africa and apartheid The new Africa: African unity and conflicts Notes

11 The Afro-Asian movement and non-alignment, 1955–61

The Bandung Conference The significance and consequences of Bandung Notes

12 Latin America in the world, 1945–73

Latin American contradictions The United States and Latin America Intervention in Guatemala, 1954 The challenge of Cuba, 1959–62 A half-hearted alliance, 1961–73 Latin America in search of alternatives Notes

Reflection: The ‘Third World’

Notes

Part Three: Détente Between the Superpowers, 1963–80

13 Cold War and détente, 1963–9

The coming of détente The background to Soviet policy, 1963–8 The background to US policy: The shadow of Vietnam Soviet–American relations, 1963–7 The Prague Spring and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968 The United States and Vietnam, 1968: The year of crisis Nixon and a new start in American foreign policy, 1969 Notes

14 The high tide of détente, 1969–75

The problems of the superpowers The stages of détente and the end in Vietnam, 1971–4 The end in Vietnam Détente and American–Soviet summit meetings, 1972–4 The fall of Nixon and the slowdown of détente Détente in Europe: Germany, 1969–73 The Helsinki process The results of détente Notes

15 The end of détente, 1976–80

Strategic arms: Limitation and new competition The Soviet Union and Africa: Détente under strain The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and its consequences, 1979–80 The balance sheet, 1975–80: The end of détente Notes

Reflection: The essence of détente

Notes

Part Four: The Changing World Order, 1960s–1990s

16 The Arab–Israeli conflict, 1963–82

The Six-Day War, 5–10 June 1967 Interlude and attempt at compromise, 1967–70 The October War, 1973 The Egypt–Israel peace treaty, 1979 The dissolution of Lebanon, 1975–82 Bleak prospects Notes

17 The geopolitics of oil, 1973–91

Conditions for the oil shock The oil weapon in action, 1973 Consequences of the oil shock: The consumers The Iranian revolution, 1979 The strategic significance of Saudi Arabia Desert Storm Notes

18 The rise of Asia, c.1962–1990s

Japan: An economic superpower Socialism with Chinese characteristics Taiwan and Korea Political change in South-East Asia India and Pakistan Asia in the balance Notes

19 Turmoil in Africa, c.1962–1990s

African aspirations African problems African conflicts Nigeria–Biafra, 1967–70 Chad The Horn of Africa: Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea Angola: A war of succession Western Sahara: A war of succession and a wall of sand From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe South Africa The African malaise Notes

20 Latin America in world affairs, 1970s–1990s

The debt crisis: Causes and international consequences Argentina and the Falklands/Malvinas crisis Latin America and the ‘third wave’ of democracy American intervention in Latin America Notes

Reflection: Where is Europe?

Notes

Part Five: The Ending of the Cold War

21 Renewed Cold War, 1980–5

The enigma of Ronald Reagan The Soviet paradox Confrontation in the Third World Euro-missiles and the Strategic Defence Initiative Soviet–American relations in the early 1980s Notes

22 Gorbachev and Reagan, 1985–8

The advent of Gorbachev The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan The Geneva and Reykjavik summits The Washington Treaty and the Moscow summit The great transformation Notes

23 Three years that shook the world, 1989–91

The year 1989: Landslide The year 1990: Balancing on a tightrope The year 1991: The end of the Soviet Union and the end of an era Notes

Reflection: The Cold War in retrospect

Notes

Part Six: After the Cold War

24 Global issues

Demographic trends Global economic shifts Heating up Global injustices Global governance Notes

25 Nationalism, political conflict and war in Europe

Democracy and nationalism The break-up of Yugoslavia An ever-more contentious union NATO rises Bear-baiting? Crimean war Notes

26 The wounded hegemon

The shock of 9/11 Iraq Drone strikes Land for war Iran The pivot Notes

27 Democracy and human rights

Mapping democracy Bitter spring Burma and China Shocking the conscience of mankind Two cheers for democracy Notes

Guide to further reading

General: World histories and books on international history The Second World War The Cold War and US–Soviet relations: General Cold War: First phase, to 1962 Cold War: Second phase, 1963–91 (détente, new Cold War, end) The United States in world politics: 2001–15 Europe The Middle East Asia Africa Latin America War, strategy and intelligence International organizations Ideas and beliefs International economic policy

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