Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
accountability reporting: in 1990s, 123–25; access reporting compared to, 9–12, 141–45; complexities explained to mass audience in, 8–9; on Enron, 157–58; experimentation with, 306; forms of, 9; Herman and Chomsky’s critique, 106–7; long-form narrative in, 66, 82, 91, 95, 99, 289; Murdoch vs., 291–97; no substitute for, 135–37, 311; political right attack of, 123; productivity requirements increase vs., 251–52; regulation relationship with, 200, 210; regulatory investigations and actions, 171; shareholder-defense stories, 46–47, 144–45; threats to, 291–97; on white-collar law enforcement, 288. See also exposure journalism; investigative journalism
ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), 269; Ameriquest denounced by, 231; Ameriquest’s public relations and, 235
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 108
advertising: Forbes and rich advertisers, 75; Herman and Chomsky on news organizations and, 106–7; media industry revolution and, 7, 242; newspaper industry and rise of, 111–12; in Ochs’s New York Times, 49; railroads and, 45; in Wall Street Journal, 54
after-the-fact explanations, 157–58
Agee, Mary Cunningham, 88
Age of Reform (Hofstadter), 24
Alden Global Capital, 308
Allegheny International, 89, 90
All the Devils Are Here (McLean and Nocera), 237, 325n11
All the President’s Men, 113
Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act (1982), 169
Amalgamated Copper Company, 57
American Federation of Labor, 79
American International Group, 10, 203, 275
American Mortgage Association, 201
American Nightmare (Lord), 252
American Railroad Journal, The, 46
“America: What Went Wrong?” (Barlett and Steele), 119–21, 123–24
Ameriquest Mortgage, 206, 250, 311; ACORN and, 231, 235; boiler-room culture, 213–14, 230–36, 279–80; deception and hard-sell, 213–14; relentless against LA Times, 237–38
Ames, Albert Alonzo (“Doc”), 30
Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now. See ACORN
Atlantic Monthly Magazine, 22, 110
Aurora Loan Services, 261
“Banking on Misery” (Hudson), 230
Barbarians at the Gate (Burrough and Helyar), 92
Battle for Public Opinion, The (Lang and Lang), 118
Beck, Jeffrey (“Mad Dog”), 92–93
Betrayal of the American Dream, The (Barlett and Steele), 124
“Big Ones Get Away, The” (Cook), 110
Blackwell’s Island Insane Asylum for Women, 108
Bly, Nellie (Elizabeth Cochrane), 108
Bonaparte, Charles J., 208
Born to Steal: When the Mafia Hit Wall Street (Weiss), 234–35
“Borrowing Trouble” (Hudson), 105
Bourdieu, Pierre: field theory of, 141–42; social silences theory, 220, 224; Tett’s application of power dynamics theory, 219–20
Bourke-White, Margaret, 70, 71
Brass Check, The (Sinclair), 140
bribery and cover-ups: bribery-like practice of spinning, 126; between buyers and brokers, 277–78; during Grant’s administration, 107; by Wal-Mart, 289
Bridgewater (New Jersey) Courier-News, 115
Brown, Catherine (mother), 211–12
Bryan, William Jennings, 24
Bull! A History of the Boom, 1982–1999 (Mahar), 147
Bush, George W., 13, 208; Ameriquest’s donations to reelection of, 231–32; deregulatory regime of, 250; in “The Reckoning,” 275
Businessweek, 74–75, 76, 86, 157, 246, 257, 278; adjustable-rate mortgage story in, 254–56; Buckley against, 89; Citigroup coverage in, 264–65; on companies’ manipulation of earnings, 126; ethnic caricatures, 287–88; as investigative watchdog, 327n5; Lehman Brothers story in, 260–61; Milken cover story of, 90; story types in, 96–99; style of, 89–90; subprime reports by, 206
Canton (Ohio) Daily News, 110
Carolina Business News Initiative, 242
Center for Responsible Lending, 273
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., 46
Chapters of Erie and Other Essays (Adams), 108
Chase Financial Funding, 204
Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy, 52
Chicago Civic Convention, 24
Christianson, K. Scott, 117
Citigroup, 11, 158, 195, 200–209, 211–18, 238, 250, 280, 281; FTC and, 210; journalist blind eye to, 264–66; public exposure of, 184–89, 193, 251, 311
Cleland, Thomas Maitland, 70
Cleveland Plain-Dealer, 309
closed-folder closings, 215
“Clouds Sighted Off CDO Asset Pool” (Tett), 222
Cochrane, Elizabeth (“Nellie Bly”), 108
“Color of Money, The” (Dedman), 172
Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 42
Community Reinvestment Act (1977), 171–72, 230
Condé Nast Portfolio, 286
Consumer Bankers Association, 239
contextual journalism, 90, 91
Cosmopolitan Magazine, 29
Crash of 2008: battle over narrative of, 228–30; FCIC on, 47, 229, 230, 250, 275; GSE mortgages role in, 229–30; news business crisis coinciding with, 1, 3, 7; Tett on, 241; “Worst Crisis since ’30s, with No End Yet in Sight,” 285
credere (to believe), 221
credit-default swaps (CDSs), 258, 259, 280; as principle instrument, 221–23; role in Crash of 2008, 228
Curtis, J. Montgomery, 117
“Cutting to Kill” (Tarbell), 34, 54
Davenport, Russell (“Mitch”), 72
Den of Thieves (Stewart), 92
Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (DIDA) (1980), 169
Depression and New Deal, 66–67, 72–78; rule capping bank rates on deposits, 146; Glass-Steagall Act, 169, 216–18; prime-mortgage and subprime loans formed during, 167; reshaping mortgage business, 167, 216; Wall Street Journal reaction, 63
deregulation, 250; 1970s inflation impacting, 168–69; Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act, 169; Black on, 189–90, 237; Community Reinvestment Act, 171–72, 230; Depository Institution Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, 169; Glass-Steagall Act repealed, 169, 216–18; Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 169; Housing and Urban Development Act, 167; Hudson’s investigation of, 105; net-capital rule changed, 218; Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, 168; Riegle-Neal Interstate banking and Branching Efficiency Act, 169; RTC’s credit enhancements, 176; Truth in Lending Act, 168
derivatives market, 257–58, 282; Loomis’s coverage of, 125; outsiders’ perspective, 212, 218–25; Tett’s iceberg memos about, 220
digital journalism: on accountability reporting, 8–9; business press affected by, 7, 14–15; comparison of news sources, 304; future of, 14–15; new wave of, 299–303
Dow Jones & Company, 12, 62, 95, 154, 243–51; Murdoch’s takeover of, 273, 295–96; rise of business-news market, 47–53; The Wall Street Journal: The Story of Dow Jones and the Nation’s Business Newspaper (Wendt), 38, 50
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 50, 147
Downie, Leonard, Jr., 253
Drexel Burnham Lambert, 92, 155
Economy of Abundant Beauty, An: Fortune Magazine and Depression America (Augspurger), 72
Encore Credit Corporation, 238
European Securitization Forum, 221
Evolution of American Investigative Journalism (Aucoin), 107
exposure journalism: Ameriquest and, 206, 213–14, 230–38, 250, 279–80, 311; Associates/Citigroup and, 184–89, 251, 311; Bear Stearns and, 128–30; on Crowley, 110; in decline, 249; espionage network in, 34–36; evolution of, 26, 107–8; Faludi’s “The Reckoning,” 131–36, 248, 275, 306, 322n49; FAMCO and, 196–97; Fleet Financial Group and, 165–69, 176, 177–83, 311; “The Giant Pool of Money” documentary, 278–80; Lord tracing path of MBS market, 226–28; Morgenson’s, 10, 91, 128–29, 275, 286; no substitute for, 135–37, 311; Tarbell’s classic, on Standard Oil, 18–21, 31–37; threats to, 291–97. See also accountability reporting
Fannie Mae, 4, 6; buying and packaging prime mortgages, 171; role in Crash of 2008, 228–29; transformation of, 167
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 248, 277, 278
Federal Reserve Act (1913), 60
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 198, 200, 204–5, 207, 250; Ameriquest customer complaints to, 232; Citigroup settlement with, 193, 210, 251, 311
Financial Chronicle, The, 45
Financial Corporation of America, 89
financial democratization, 154
Financial News Network, 149
First Alliance Mortgage Company (FAMCO), 201, 204, 277;-Chisick settlement, 198; Lehman Brothers with, 196; New York Times exposé on, 196–97
First Jersey Securities, 89, 234
Fisk, Jim (“Diamond Jim”), 108
fixed interest rates, misinformation about, 213–14
Fleet/Norstar Financial Group, 165–69
Forbes, B. C. (“Bertie”), 75, 76
Fortune Magazine, 2, 12, 68–99, 125–26, 151, 157, 245, 254, 263, 265–67; as investigative watchdog, 327n5
Freddie Mac (Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation), 4, 6, 167, 169, 228–29
French and Indian War, 107
Frenzied Finance (Lawson), 57
Friedman Billings & Ramsey, 197
Gaussian copula function, 220
“Gestation Period of a Llama, The” (Vaughn), 296–97
“Giant Pool of Money, The,” 278–80
Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The (Larsson), 39
Goldman Sachs, 3, 10, 159, 264, 266, 274, 275, 280, 281, 286
government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), 229–30; Wall Street banks allowed to bypass, 167–68
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999), 169
Grant, Ulysses S., 51, 107
Greenlining Institute, 235
Green Tree Financial, 192, 212
GT Interactive Software Corporation, 126
Hambrecht & Quist LLC, 126
Harper’s Bazaar Magazine, 22, 110
Henry Havemeyer Sugar Trust, 18
Here Comes Everybody (Shirky), 299
Historical Statistics of the United States, 42
History of Railroads and Canals of the United States, 46
History of the Standard Oil Company, The (Tarbell), 18–21, 31–37
Hitchens, Christopher, 144
Hogate, Kenneth C. (“Casey”), 76, 80
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) (1975), 239
Housing and Urban Development Act (1968), 167
“How ‘Subprime’ Killed ‘Predatory’” (Longobardi), 173
How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 108
HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S.), 198, 207;-Justice Department report, 174, 175–76
Hudson, Michael, 5–6, 13, 100–105, 118, 201–11, 251, 264, 277, 281; investigating from bottom up, 212–218; linking low-rent operators to Wall Street, 184–89; Lord and, 230;-Reckard muckraking series, 232–38; Wall Street investigation by, 268–73
H. V. and H. W. Poor Co., 47
I. F. Stone’s Weekly, 111
“Inside the Great American Bubble Machine” (Taibbi), 286
Institutional Investor, 138
interest rates, misinformation about, 213–14
International Association of Publishers’ Employees Local 1096, 246
International Monetary Fund, 257, 268
Internet: bubble, 126–28, 157, 242, 262; news-gathering websites, 290; news-media business revenue siphoned by, 7; Tech Wreck, 13, 153, 155, 242, 290
investigative journalism, 171, 289; in business journalism, 106–7; CNBC on, 156; comparison of major newspapers, 327n5; in decline, 249; disappearance of, 199–200; high-profile libel cases vs., 123; Hudson and, 105, 184–89, 212–18, 232–37, 268–73; by late 1970s, 115–16; Levin-Coburn report, 229, 275–78; limits of, in 1990s and 2000, 126; muckraking in, 28–30, 109–18; Murdoch vs., 291–97; news bureaucracies’ resistance to, 121–22; progressivism fueled by, 24–25; regulators use of, 208; scoops vs., 156–57, 246–48, 247, 249; story counts at Wall Street Journal, 246–48, 247, 249; subprime abuse examples, 205–6; two types of, 34; after Watergate scandal, 113–14; after World War I, 109–12. See also accountability reporting; muckraking/muckrakers
investigative reporters’ trade group (IRE), 115–16
Investigative Reporting and Editing (Williams), 117, 118
Investment Dealers Digest, 195–96
journalists: Great Story, 9, 11–12, 66, 91, 93, 310–11; left-liberal, 110; nonmainstream, 1–2; ownership impacting, 245; right-wing attack on, 123; Shirky on amateur, 303; watchdog, 1, 4, 7–11, 121, 200, 210, 224, 250, 260, 289, 327n5. See also specific types of journalism
Journal of Occurrences (Adams), 107
Journal Register Company, 242, 300
J. P. Morgan Steel Trust, 18, 25
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 72
Kennedy, Joseph P., II, 180
Klan Unmasked, The (Kennedy), 110
Knickerbocker News-Union Star, 117
Knickerbocker Trust Company, 55–56
Knox College, Illinois, 21
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), 131–32
LaFalce-Sarbanes Predatory Lending Consumer Protection Act, 198
LaGuardia, Fiorello H., 62
Landbank Equity Corporation, 102
Landmark Communications, 105
left-liberal journalists, 110
“Legitimate Greatness of the Standard Oil Company, The” (Tarbell), 36
Lehman Brothers Inc.: Aurora Loan Services, 261; BNC Mortgage, 238, 261, 271; failure of, 3, 238–40, 260–63, 266, 271–72, 280, 285; relationship with predatory lending, 195–200; skewed compensation structures, 278; in Sorkin’s Too Big to Fail, 162–63
Lippmann, Walter, 1, 6, 8, 14
Lomas Financial Corporation, 191–93
London Financial Guide, 49
London Royal Exchange, 49
Long Term Capital Management hedge fund, 192, 257
Los Angeles Times, 7, 89, 281, 288, 291; Hudson-Reckard’s series on Ameriquest, 232–38; long-form stories in decline at, 249; news staff cuts, 242–43; as watchdog, 327n5
Louisville Courier-Journal, 115
MacLeish, Archibald, 68, 70
Magowan, Doris Merrill, 132–33
Manufacturing Consent (Herman and Chomsky), 106–7
“Matter of Urgency, A” (Thomson), 284, 294
Media Monopoly, The (Bagdikian), 298
Men Who Are Making America (Forbes, B.), 75
Merchants of Misery: How Corporate America Profits from Poverty, 188
Merrill Lynch, 159, 195, 266, 274, 280, 281; First Franklin owned directly by, 238; Fortune’s coverage of, 125–26; news stories on, 96–99; public relations and personality of, 2–3; skewed compensation structures, 278
Michaels, James W., 87, 88
Mollenhoff, Clark R., 103, 118
Money and Investing staff (M&I), 268
More They Told Barron (Barron), 60
mortgage-backed securities (MBS) market, 168–70, 195, 268, 280; flying blind, 240; Lord tracing path of, 226–28; Salomon Brothers pioneering residential, 212
mortgages: adjustable-rate, 254–56; boiler-room hard-sell of, 213–14, 230–36, 279–80; FAMCO and, 196–98, 212, 272, 277; Fannie Mae buying and packaging prime, 171; Freddie Mac, 4, 6, 167, 169, 228–29; GSE-, 229–30; Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, 239; New Deal reshaping of, 167, 216; Salomon Brothers securitizing of nonconventional, 168; understanding “risks,” 252; view of subprime, 254; Wall Street Journal on, 205–6, 209
muckraking/muckrakers: business journalism abandonment of, 267–68; business journalism compared to, 20, 40, 57–58; demise and reemergence of, 109–12; goes mainstream, 111–18; Hudson-Reckard’s series on Ameriquest, 232–38; as journalism of exposure, 26; mainstream media among, 12–13; mixed reputation of, 28–30; as moralists, 21; progressivism fueled by, 24–25; Roosevelt’s coining of, 8, 28–29; thoroughly absorbed into mainstream, 120–21; Tichi on, 19; as true watchdog, 8–9; Year of the Muckrake, 114
Murdoch, Rupert, 59, 245, 273, 289–90; on accountability reporting, 8; accountability reporting vs., 291–97; on New York Times, 284
NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations), 152
Nashville Tennessean, 114
National Arts Club, New York, 37
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (1933), 78
National Public Radio (NPR), 280–81
Nazi-controlled businesses, 110
networked-journalism, 299
New Orleans Times-Picayune, 307–8
News Corporation, 154, 273, 295, 296; Fox Network and cable news, 245; Guardian’s revelations about, 297; Wall Street Journal bought by, 245, 293
New York Associated Press, 41
New York Clearing House, 55
New York Daily News, 206–7
New York Evening Post, 23
New York Public Library, 28
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 47, 51, 52, 62, 98, 268; Bartiromo live from, 149, 151, 158–59; bond funds vs. stock funds, 147–48
New York Times, 2, 3, 8, 10, 56–57, 114, 272, 284; Bank of New York probe by, 128; Citigroup coverage by, 205; FAMCO exposé, 196–97; on General Motors, 84; on Gutfreund/Salomon Brothers, 94; investigative assets of, 289; long-form stories in decline at, 249; McClure’s circulation compared to, 20; Morgenson’s story on AIG bailout, 10, 91, 128–29, 275, 286; Ochs on, 49; on railroad bonds, 45; shares plummeting, 245; Tammany Hall exposé by, 107
“Nine to Nowhere” (Horwitz), 124
Northern Securities Company, 25, 51, 52
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), 4, 250; Spitzer’s battle with, 203–4, 207, 237
Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), 4, 198, 250
Oppel, Richard A., Jr., 205
Organization Man, The (Whyte), 94
Osborne Chromatic Gravure Company, 70
Other Side, The (Harrington), 111
Peterson, Christopher, 311
Philip Armour Beef Trust, 18
Phillips, David Graham, 24
Piece of the Action, A: How the Middle Class Joined the Money Class (Nocera), 146
Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 28
Pinkerton, Stewart, 75, 87, 88
Pixar Animated Studios, 126
Playbook newsletter/blog, 104
Poor, Henry Varnum (father), 46–47
Pope Manufacturing Company, 22
Port Arthur (Texas) News, 115
Power and the Money, The (Dealy), 53, 96
Predators’ Ball (Bruck), 92
predatory lending: “How ‘Subprime’ Killed ‘Predatory,’” 173; Hudson’s investigation, 268–73; Hudson’s linking of low-rent operators to Wall Street, 184–89; LaFalce-Sarbanes Predatory Lending Consumer Protection Act, 198; Lehman Brothers and, 261; loan-sharking and, 102, 167, 170–71; Miss Cash mascot, 102, 166, 170, 212, 232, 270; news coverage of, 327n5; political figures denouncing, 197–98; problem of defining, 173–75; states’ battle against, 202–3; World Financial Center as site of protest against, 194–95. See also subprime lending
Providence Journal, 48, 112
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick (Harris), 107
racism and lending patterns: Boston Globe reporting on, 165–69, 177–83; Charlotte Observer reporting on, 239; “The Color of Money,” 172; conventional loans vs., 105; Delta Funding on, 207; equity stripping aimed at African American families, 165–66; inner-city foreclosure rate spike, 200–201; redlining, 172
radicalization, financial, 193
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) (1974), 168
recession, early 1990s: S&L debacle of late 1980s, 176–77; subprime lending after, 175–76
Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC), 176
Resource Northeast Inc., 165–69
Richmond News Leader, 103
Richmond Times-Dispatch, 103
Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (1994), 169
“Right to Work, The” (Baker), 30
right-wing, accountability reporting attacked by, 123
Robertson Stephens Inc., 126–27
Rockefeller, William (brother), 38
“Safe Car You Can’t Buy, The” (Nader), 110
Salomon Brothers, 92; New York Times on, 94; pioneering residential MBS, 212; securitizing and trading non-conventional mortgages, 168
San Jose Mercury News, 116
Scharff, Edward E., 63, 142
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 231
securitization: conduits and top AAA ratings, 168; Eisman’s report on Lomas Financial, 191–93; reporting on, 327n5; subprime retail sales and, 169–70
Senate Banking Committee, 62
Shaking the Foundations (Shapiro), 110
“Shame of Minneapolis” (Steffens), 30
“Shame of the Cities” (Steffens), 30
Shepard, Stephen B., 89, 157
Shiller, Robert J., 41, 156
Siddall, John M., 27, 208
Silent Spring (Carson), 111
Singleton, William Dean, 300
social silences theory, 220, 224
Southern Exposure, 6, 265
South Improvement Company, 27
Standard & Poor’s Rating Services, 47, 203, 246; credit enhancements, 176; securitization conduits and top AAA ratings from, 168
Standard Statistics Bureau, 47
Steffens, Lincoln, 20, 22, 23, 29, 30; C. Adams echoed in work of, 108
Stewart, James B., 91, 92
“Story of a Great Monopoly, The” (Lloyd), 108–9
Storytelling Step by Step: A Guide to Better Feature Writing (Blundell), 91
subprime lending, 325n11; borrowers qualified for prime loans despite, 236; business press coverage of, 13–14; Businessweek on, 206; Citibank’s, 6; collapse of, 285; as Depression and New Deal innovation, 167; Eisman on, 165, 191–93; as exercise in salesmanship, 172; Forbes on, 206; foreclosures due to, 201–2; jump after early-1990s recession, 175–76; loan-sharking and, 102, 167, 170–71; Lord tracing path of, 226–28; precision of terminology, 175; retail sales and securitization, 169–70; Runnells on, 102–3; Wall Street Journal on, 205–6, 209. See also predatory lending
Swift Meatpacking Plant, 71
“Take Care When the Sweet Taste of CDS Starts to Turn Sour” (Tett), 222
Tammany Hall political machine, 107
Tarbell, Ida Minerva, 7, 9, 12, 22–23, 39, 54–55, 77, 85, 108–9, 141, 208; on Barron, 64; espionage network exposé, 34–36; fact gathering by, 27–28; The History of the Standard Oil Company, 18–21, 31–37; legacy of, 37, 197; with McClure’s, 17–37; on Roosevelt’s coinage of “muckraker,” 29
Teapot Dome Scandal, 61, 110
television: Bartiromo live from NYSE, 149, 151, 158–59; CNBC, 3, 13, 66, 149–58, 285; in comparison of news sources, 303–4, 304; Landmark Communications, 105; ownership and journalism, 245; stock market coverage, 152, 156
Tett, Gillian, 14, 241; advantage of outsider’s perspective, 212, 218–25
They Told Barron (Barron), 60
Times Literary Supplement, 123–24
Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of How Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System—and Themselves (Sorkin), 10, 161–64
Transamerica Financial, 192
Treasury Department, U.S., 198
Tribune Company, leveraged buyout of, 292–93
Truth in Lending Act (TILA) (1968), 168
United States Steel Corporation, 73
Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 111
usury laws, state repeal or loosening of, 168–69
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 108
Wall Street banks, 1, 4, 96, 213–14; allowed to bypass GSE, 167–68; business journalism view of, 263–64; financialization era, 217–18; Hudson investigation of, 268–73; Hudson’s linking low-rent operators to Wall Street, 184–89; Lord’s discovery of, as MBS funding source, 226–28; misleading corporate clients, 127; net-capital rule changed, 218; Occupy Wall Street protest against, 195; spinning and bribing by, 126; traditional underwriting overrun by hard selling, 13, 213–18. See also deregulation
Wall Street Journal, 2, 12, 13, 20, 42, 50–59, 62–65, 79–83, 91–99, 114, 267, 293; in 1960s and 70s, 116; ad recession impacting, 243–44; CDO report in, 258–60; culture shift at, 245; Depression-era, 66–67; Enron coverage, 157–58; General Motors blacklisting of, 84; on Household Finance, 5; housing bubble article in, 254; as investigative watchdog, 327n5; on Lehman Brothers, 261–63; M&A department at, 138–39; mortgage industry role, 209; rise of, 85; Starkman at, 160–61; story counts at, 246–48, 247, 249; subprime mortgage stories by, 205–6; Tarbell’s installments covered by, 21
Wall Street Journal, The: The Story of Dow Jones and the Nation’s Business Newspaper (Wendt), 38
Washington Merry-Go-Round (Pearson), 110–11
Washington Post, 34; cut backs at, 288; as investigative watchdog, 327n5; long-form stories in decline at, 249; losses at, 291; news staff cuts, 242–43; Watergate probe, 113–14
watchdog reporting, 1, 4, 121, 200, 210, 224, 250, 260, 289; comparison of, 327n5; in decline, 249; muckraking as true, 7–11; threats to, 291–97
Wealth Against Commonwealth (Lloyd, H.), 35, 108–9
white-collar law enforcement, 288
Whitney Museum of American Art, 70
Winans, Christopher, 87, 88, 90
“Workers Say Lender Ran ‘Boiler Rooms’” (Hudson and Reckard), 233
World War II, press complacency after, 111
“Worst Crisis since ’30s, with No End Yet in Sight,” 285
You Can’t Print That! (Seldes), 111