NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. The United Farm Workers is the most popular name of the organization. The union became the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in August 1966, after a merging of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) and the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC). The AFL-CIO granted UFWOC an independent charter as the United Farm Workers in February 1972, and the name was formally adopted at the constitutional convention in Fresno, California, in September 1973. To simplify the narrative, I refer to the union as the United Farm Workers (UFW) unless it is necessary to distinguish it from its other iterations.

2. Marshall Ganz, interviewed by the author, March 26, 2008.

3. García, The Gospel of César Chávez, 1. In addition to the books produced during Chavez’s life, all of which are mostly celebratory, see recent books such as Stavans, Cesar Chavez, an Organizer’s Tale; Ferriss and Sandoval, The Fight in the Fields; Griswold del Castillo and García, César Chávez.

4. The term boycott was not coined until the 1880s, in Ireland, but the act of preferential purchasing extends back to the antislavery movement. See Glickman, Buying Power, 2.

5. For a discussion of contemporary uses of the boycott, see Frank, Buy American.

6. Glickman contends, “Consumer activism lacks the signature victory that we associate with such social movements as abolitionism, organizer labor, women’s suffrage, temperance, and Civil Rights” (Buying Power, 2). The labor contracts signed by the UFW in 1970, however, are one such “signature victory” achieved by means of a boycott.

7. For a discussion of early consumer boycotts, see Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work.

8. An exception to this rule is the UFW’s predecessor, the National Farm Labor Union (NFLU). In 1948, they pursued a secondary boycott of DiGiorgio products to accompany a strike in the fields. I discuss the NFLU boycott briefly in chapter 1, but for a thorough history of the union and its boycott, see Street, “Poverty in the Valley of Plenty.”

9. Friedland and Thomas, “Paradoxes of Agricultural Unionism in California,” 57; Fletcher and Gapasin, Solidarity Divided, 32–33. For a definition of social movement unionism in another context, see Johnston, Success While Others Fail, 28–30.

10. Newton-Matza, “Boycott,” 171–74.

11. Consumers considered lettuce much more important to their diets and chose not to conform to boycotts of that product as much. Wine was also boycotted; however, wine producers tended to be less resistant to negotiations with the UFW.

12. Growers saw their profits the same way Christians regard holy days set by the ever-shifting Easter Sunday: no matter when or where it occurs, a feast would not be denied. Ernest Hemingway also called his glorious time as a young man in Paris in the 1920s “a moveable feast,” by which he meant that the experience would always stay with him regardless of his age. Ernest Hemingway, A Moveable Feast (New York: Scribner’s, 1964).

13. Michael Pollan, for example, has raised awareness about the ills of an industrialized and globalized food system, yet, oddly, farm workers figure as minor characters in his crisis. His book titles alone—Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual; In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto; and, of course, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (and the “Young Readers Edition” with the subtitle The Secrets behind What You Eat)—signal his primary interest in appealing to consumers for the benefit of consumers. Fortunately, scholars have begun to deepen the study of food politics to include farm workers. Similarly, some students have connected with farm labor organizations to build support for labor and immigration reform. For new studies on the United Farm Workers, see Bardacke, Trampling Out the Vintage; Pawel, The Union of Their Dreams; Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins; Shaw, Beyond the Fields. On the turn toward a greater consciousness of worker rights in food politics, see DuPuis and Goodman, “Should We Go ‘Home’ to Eat?” Students have embraced the Coalition of Immokalee Workers’ “Campaign for Fair Food” to bring justice to tomato pickers in Florida, see www.ciw-online.org. Similar student-worker coalitions have been created since the heyday of the UFW with Pineros y Campesinos Unidos Noroeste (Treeplanters and Farm Workers Northwest United, or PCUN) in the Pacific Northwest and the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC) throughout the Midwest and the Southeast. See Garcia and Sifuentez, “Social Movement Unionism and the ‘Sin Fronteras’ Philosophy in PCUN.” Finally, the Southern Poverty Law Center has released two studies that have contributed to a focus on farm worker justice: Injustice on Our Plates and Close to Slavery.

14. In subsequent years, Chavez and UFW advocates expanded the appeal to include the harmful effects of pesticides on consumers, but the overall goal remained focused on achieving justice for farm workers. Here, I use the term producer as a reference to the farm workers who literally produced the food we eat.

15. Jeremy Varon, Bringing Home the War: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).

16. Clayborne Carson, In the Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s, 2nd edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945–2006, 3rd edition (Jackson: University of Mississippi, 2007).

17. Laura Pulido, Black, Brown, Yellow and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006); Ian Haney López, Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004).

18. Special Organizing Meeting, November 24, 1976, Miscellaneous UFW Audiovisual Boxes, Tape 8, ALUA.

19. Here, I am thinking of the model created by the Bracero Archive History Project. See www.braceroarchive.org. This book also touches on Chavez’s relationship with the Chicano movement, although David Gutiérrez’s Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity remains the authoritative treatment of that subject. My focus is on the relationship between Chavez and the volunteers on the grape boycott.

CHAPTER ONE

1. International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 12.

2. Street, “Poverty in the Valley of Plenty.”

3. Ibid., 30–31.

4. Ibid., 36–37.

5. Andres, “Power and Control in Imperial Valley, California,” 202.

6. Smith, “A Study of Social Stratification in the Agricultural Sections of the U.S.,” 498, 508–9.

7. Garcia, A World of Its Own, 174–77; García y Griego, “The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States,” 45–85. See also braceroarchive.org.

8. Garcia, A World of Its Own, 174–88; Vargas, Labor Rights Are Civil Rights, 278; Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 127–66.

9. “Contract Mexican Nationals in California Agriculture, 1964,” San Joaquin Valley Farm Labor Collection, Fresno State University, Special Collections.

10. Ibid., 17–20.

11. Ibid., 23–24. One employer, Gillian’s, maintained a camp for braceros but abandoned this option due to the cost of housing (29). Jack Wolff, owner of Giffen Ranch, operated ten labor camps housing 10,000 people four to five years prior to the study, though he divested from it in favor of mechanization (49). The authors of the report concluded, “Growers prefer contracts to large scale labor camps” (54).

12. Ibid., 30.

13. Ibid., 44.

14. Ibid., 12.

15. Ibid., 62.

16. Ibid., 13.

17. Garcia, “Cain contra Abel.”

18. Miguel Figueroa, interviewed by the author, Riverside, California, March 25, 2008.

19. Ibid.; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Mexican Americans and the Administration of Justice in the Southwest, 3.

20. Miguel Figueroa interviewed by the author.

21. Galarza, Strangers in Our Fields. For reaction to Strangers in Our Fields, see García y Griego, “The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States,” 69.

22. Galarza, Strangers in Our Fields, and Merchants of Labor. For perspective on Galarza’s career as an activist, see Pitti, The Devil in Silicon Valley, 136–47; Loza, “Braceros on the Boundaries.” For the best discussion on the termination of the program and its legacy, see García y Griego, “The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States,” 69–75; Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors, 152–60.

23. “Western Water,” MacNeil/Lehrer Report, January 3, 1978; “The Imperial Gadfly,” Upland Courier, February 2, 1978; “Dogged Doctor Refuses to Give Up Case against Big Farmers,” Los Angeles Times, June 22, 1980; 60 Minutes, CBS, January 14, 1973, transcript, Ben Yellen Papers (MSS 193), Mandeville Special Collections, UCSD. For information on how Paul Taylor supported Yellen, see Taylor, “Mexican Migration and the 160-Acre Water Limitation,” 734–35.

24. Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by the author, January 11, 2010.

25. Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 149–50.

26. Padilla interview.

27. Ibid.

28. Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 146–48. “Gilbert Padilla, 1962–1980,” Farm Worker Movement Documentation Project (FMDP).

29. Dolores Huerta, interviewed by Margaret Rose, 41.

30. Ibid., 44.

31. Ibid., 8, 23.

32. Ibid., 24–26, 29.

33. Ibid., 21.

34. Padilla interview.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 153; Padilla interview.

40. Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 154–55.

41. Letter from Fred Ross [to “Carl”] about hiring Gilbert Padilla, July 16, 1963, FMDP.

42. “Gilbert Padilla 1962–1980,” FMDP; Padilla interview.

43. “Wayne ‘Chris’ Hartmire, 1962–1989,” FMDP.

44. “Gilbert Padilla, 1962–1980,” FMDP; Gilbert Padilla to Artie Rodriguez, president, UFW, AFL-CIO, July 23, 2008, Padilla’s private collection (also reprinted in Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 174).

45. “Wayne ‘Chris’ Hartmire, 1962–1989,” FMDP.

46. “Jim Drake, 1962–1978,” FMDP.

47. Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 170. As a member of the CSO staff in Stockton, Padilla had witnessed two Irish Catholic priests, Father Thomas McCullough and Father John Duggan, organize farm workers under the Agricultural Workers Association, but backed away from the enterprise when their efforts ran afoul of the archdiocese in San Francisco.

48. Padilla interview.

49. Letter from Fred Ross [to “Carl”] about hiring Gilbert Padilla, January 16, 1963, FMDP.

50. Padilla interview.

51. Ibid.

52. “Jim Drake, 1962–1978,” FMDP; Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 188.

53. Padilla interview.

54. “LeRoy Chatfield 1963–1973”; “Rent Strike,” FMDP.

55. Louis Krainock to Larry Itliong, February 13, 1961, UFW Larry Itliong Collection, Box 2-4, ALUA; “Ceiling on the Employment of Foreign Workers,” A. J. Norton to U.S. Department of Labor, June 1, 1962, Larry Itliong Collection, Box 2-4, ALUA.

56. Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by the author, August 19, 2009.

57. Cesar Chavez, “Eulogy for Fred Ross,” October 17, 1992, in Stavans, Cesar Chavez, an Organizer’s Tale, xiv.

58. Ferriss and Sandoval, The Fight in the Fields, 82.

59. Alex A. Esclamado, obituary of Larry Dulay Itliong, Philippine News, February 12–18, 1977, UFW Larry Itliong Collection, Box 1, Folder 12, ALUA.

60. Ferriss and Sandoval, The Fight in the Fields, 86.

61. Padilla interview, January 11, 2010.

62. Ibid.

63. Ferriss and Sandoval, The Fight in the Fields, 86; Padilla interview, January 11, 2010.

64. Padilla interview, January 11, 2010; Ferriss and Sandoval, Fight in the Fields, 88.

65. Padilla interview, January 11, 2010.

66. Ibid.

67. Pawel, The Union of Their Dreams, 27.

CHAPTER TWO

1. Jerry Brown, interviewed by the author, January 16, 2009.

2. Ibid.

3. Jim Drake, “Two Unpublished Manuscripts,” FMDP, 6.

4. Rudy Reyes to Leroy Chatfield, June 4, 2003, in FMDP.

5. Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by author, August 19, 2008, Fresno, California.

6. Hijinio Rangel, untitled essay, FMDP, 1–2.

7. Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom.

8. Marshall Ganz, interviewed by the author, March 26, 2008.

9. Ibid.; Mike Miller, “The Farmworkers and Their Allies in the Early to Mid-1960s,” FMDP, 3.

10. “Some Facts on the New Grape Boycott, September, 1973,” UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 33-10, ALUA.

11. Letter to Boycott Committees from Mike Miller and Jim Drake, December 17, 1965, National Farm Workers Ministry Collection, Part I, Box 25-9, ALUA.

12. Meister and Loftis, A Long Time Coming, 143–44.

13. James Woolsey, “Statement of Schenley Industries, Inc.,” California Senate Fact Finding Committee on Agriculture, Delano, July 20, 1966, 7 in Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins, 303n166.

14. Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins, 158.

15. Ibid., 159.

16. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 190–95.

17. The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee was shortened to the United Farm Workers when the AFL-CIO granted it an independent charter in 1972 and the union ratified it in February 1973. For the sake of continuity, I use the acronym UFW before and after the change in title.

18. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 197.

19. Ibid.; Chris Hartmire, interviewed by the author, September 2, 2008.

20. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 208. Dunne, The Story of the California Grape Strike, 171–73; Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins, 226.

21. Quoted in Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins, 159–60.

22. Zaninovich and Thomas, Turmoil in the Vineyards, 4–7.

23. Ibid., 8.

24. Ibid.; Bruce Obbink, interviewed by the author, August 21, 2008.

25. Quoted in Zaninovich and Thomas, Turmoil in the Vineyards, 9.

26. Street, Photographing Farmworkers in California, 196–237. For more on SCFC and Zaninovich, see Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins, 151; Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 159.

27. Marshall Ganz interview.

28. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 136. Marshall Ganz explains that the union, now under the AFL-CIO, spent hours deliberating on the direction of the movement after the defeat of Perelli-Minetti. Bill Kircher favored further organizing among winery workers to consolidate their victory over all California vintners, but the majority of UFW leaders favored a campaign against table grape growers, because many workers had come from those plantations and had seen little in the way of progress since the beginning of the struggle. Ganz, Why David Sometimes Wins, 227–28.

29. Of their 12,170 acres, Giumarra owned 6,430 in the Delano district, dedicated to table grape cultivation (Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 136).

30. Ibid., 143.

31. Ibid., 34.

32. Ibid., 128–29.

33. Drake, FMDP, 14.

34. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 183.

35. Jessica Govea, interviewed by William Taylor, July 21, 1976, William Taylor Collection, Oral History Tape 211 (Audio Visual), ALUA.

36. Jerry Brown interview.

37. Ibid.

38. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 204–5.

39. Dolores Huerta, quoted in ibid., 205.

40. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 207.

41. Noé G. Garcia, who worked for Safeway as a butcher for more than thirty-five years, said that the reference to “Slave-way” was common within his family and used frequently among fellow workers. Interviewed by author, May 24, 2008.

42. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 206. Brown found that six of Safeway’s directors sat on executive boards for twelve major agricultural producers, including three who served as board members for J. G. Boswell Company and Kern County Land Company, both of which were targets of UFW strikes.

43. Nick Jones, interviewed by William Taylor, July 24, 1976, 22, William Taylor Collection, Box 1, Folder 1, ALUA.

44. Jerry Brown interview.

45. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 210.

46. Nick Jones interview, 19, 21, William Taylor, Box 1, Folder 1, ALUA.

47. Chris Hartmire, interviewed by the author, September 2, 2008.

48. “California Table Grape Industry, Study of Boycott Effect—1968 & 1969 Seasons,” March 1970, Chapter 6, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 34, Folder 32, ALUA.

49. Jerry Brown interview.

50. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 218–19. Because a poor crop in 1967 had reduced total shipments well below the norm for the table grape industry, 1966 became the benchmark. Therefore, 1966 shipment totals represented a much truer condition of the market.

51. Jerry Brown interview.

52. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 198.

53. Ibid., 201.

54. Jerry Brown interview.

CHAPTER THREE

1. Elaine Elinson, “UFW Memoir: The UFW Grape Boycott in Europe,” FMDP, n.d., 10.

2. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 214–15. Brown reported that table grape growers sent 65 percent of their harvest, or 10 percent more table grapes from 1966 to 1968, to be crushed for wine and juice production.

3. “Sales at Record High, Grape Growers Claim,” Los Angeles Times, June 25, 1969

4. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 235. Growers paid the public relations firm $1 million per year.

5. Ibid., 236–38.

6. Chavez to Ganz, March 9, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-25, ALUA.

7. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 202.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., 211.

10. Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 18, 2008, 30; Cohen, “Gringo Justice.”

11. Hijinio Rangel testimonial, FMDP, 2.

12. Ibid., 3.

13. “Grower Quits Grape Group, Hits Reports,” Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1969.

14. Marshall Ganz, interviewed by the author, March 26, 2008; Jerry Brown, interviewed by the author, January 16, 2009.

15. Brown, “The United Farm Workers Grape Strike and Boycott,” 217.

16. Jessica Govea to Chavez, February 4, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA.

17. Shaw, Beyond the Fields, 30; Mark Day essay, FMDP, 5.

18. Juanita Brown to Marshall Ganz, December 31, 1969, UFW Marshall Ganz Collection, Box 6, Folder 8, ALUA.

19. Jessica Govea to Cesar Chavez, February 4, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA; Marshall Ganz to Juanita Brown, January 7, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA; Marshall Ganz to Larry Itliong, January 27, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA.

20. Marshall Ganz to Juanita Brown, January 7, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA, 3.

21. Ibid., 4.

22. Jerry Brown interview.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Mark Silverman essay, FWDP, 2.

26. Jessica Govea to Larry Itliong, February 10 and February 13, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA; Marshall Ganz to Juanita Brown, January 7, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA.

27. Ganz to Itliong, February 10, 1970; Govea to Itliong, February 13, 1970, UFW Montreal Boycott Office, Box 3, File “Delano Correspondence #5,” ALUA.

28. Jessica Govea to Cesar Chavez, June 4, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-25, ALUA.

29. Peter Standish to Cesar Chavez, June 4, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-25, ALUA.

30. Ibid.

31. Govea to Chavez, June 4, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-25, ALUA.

32. Standish to Chavez, June 4, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-25, ALUA.

33. Elaine Elinson, interviewed by the author, December 8, 2009.

34. Ibid.

35. Brown to Elinson, October 8, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

36. Ibid.

37. The Port, December 19, 1968; “Grape Boycott Reaches Europe with Girl’s Aid,” Los Angeles Times, January 20, 1969; “Hon vädjar i Sverige: Bojkotta USA—druvor!,” Aftonbladet (Sweden), 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

38. Elaine Elinson interview.

39. Govea to Chavez, December 3, 1969, UFW Marshall Ganz Collection, Box 6-17, ALUA; Govea to Chavez, March 4, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-25, ALUA.

40. Elaine Elinson interview.

41. Brown to Elinson, January 21, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

42. Elaine Elinson interview.

43. Brown to Elinson, October 8, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

44. Ibid.

45. Elinson essay, FMDP, 2.

46. Brown to Elinson, December 7, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

47. Elinson essay, FMDP, 4.

48. Brown to Elinson, December 24, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

49. Brown to Elinson, October 19, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA; Brown to Elinson, October 31, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

50. Brown to Elinson, October 31, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

51. Ibid.; Elinson essay, FMDP, 3.

52. Brown to Elinson, October 31, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA. Historically, Britain had imported table grapes from Spain and South Africa, but after World War II, U.S. imports of fresh produce dramatically cut into this business.

53. Elinson essay, FMDP, 3.

54. Ibid., 5.

55. Ibid., 2.

56. Brown to Elinson, November 18, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

57. Elinson essay, FMDP, 6–7.

58. Chavez to Victor Reuther, January 5, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

59. Brown to Elinson, December 7, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

60. TGWU, “Resolution, Support of Grape Workers Strike,” UFW Office of the President, Part I, Box 75-9, ALUA.

61. Brown to Elinson, December 17, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA; Don Watson, interviewed by the author, June 15, 2009.

62. Brown to Elinson, December 17, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

63. Elinson essay, FMDP, 5.

64. Don Watson interview; Elaine Elinson interview.

65. Chavez to Victor Reuther, January 5, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

66. Elaine Elinson essay, FMDP, 7.

67. Elaine Elinson interview.

68. Brown to Elinson, November 20, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

69. Elinson essay, FMDP, 7.

70. Brown to Elinson, January 10, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

71. Brown to Elinson, January 14, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

72. Aftonbladet, January 12, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

73. Elinson essay, FMDP, 9. Svenska Lantarbetareforbundet is the farmers union in Sweden.

74. Brown to Elinson, January 21, 1969, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

75. Brown to Elinson, December 17, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

76. Elinson essay, FMDP, 9.

77. Haber to Chavez, June 9, 1970, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-28, ALUA.

78. Elaine Elinson interview.

79. Brown to Elinson, December 7, 1968, UFW Administration Files Collection, Box 26-33, ALUA.

80. Senator Walter Mondale, U.S. Senate Hearings (pesticides), August 1, 1969, “Statement of Jerome Cohen,” Cohen Papers, Amherst College; Cohen, “Gringo Justice,” 19.

81. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 243–44.

82. Marshall Ganz interview.

83. Ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 246.

86. Marshall Ganz interview.

87. Ibid.; Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 246–48.

CHAPTER FOUR

1. Nixon White House Tapes, March 1972, audiotape 698-2, National Archives, Washington, DC. Transcribed by the author.

2. “Teamsters President Proposes Alliance with Growers Group,” Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1972.

3. Friedland and Thomas, “Paradoxes of Agricultural Unionism in California,” 57. Friedland and Thomas call it a “paradox” when, in fact, it is an irony.

4. Marshall Ganz, interviewed by the author, March 26, 2008. Ganz explained, “Our moments of greatest vulnerability were our moments of greatest success.”

5. David Harris, “The Battle of Coachella Valley,” Rolling Stone, September 13, 1973.

6. “Chavez’ Union Scores Major Farm Victory,” Los Angeles Times, June 7, 1970 and “Battle between Teamsters and Chavez Looms,” Los Angeles Times, August 5, 1970.

7. “Battle between Teamsters and Chavez Looms,” Los Angeles Times, August 5, 1970; Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 257–59.

8. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 259–60.

9. Ibid., 261.

10. Ibid., 262.

11. Harris, “The Battle of Coachella Valley,” 6.

12. Fujita-Rony, American Workers, Colonial Power.

13. Scharlin and Villanueva, Philip Vera Cruz, 31.

14. Ibid., 49.

15. Ron Taylor, “Chavez Aide Quits, Raps ‘Brain Trust,’” Fresno Bee, October 15, 1971; Larry Itliong Papers, Box 1-12; Letter to Larry Itliong from Bill Kircher, November 15, 1971, Larry Itliong Papers, Box 1-12, ALUA.

16. Letter to Bill Kircher from Larry Itliong, March 30, 1972, Itliong Papers, Box 1-12, ALUA.

17. Letter to Sid Valledor from Larry Itliong, December 20, 1971, Itliong Papers, Box 1-2, ALUA. Itliong wrote, “Brother Philip and I have never hit it right although God knows I try my best to adjust myself to gain his trust and confidence.… When I said I will quit UFWOC, because I felt that our cababayans [Filipino country men] were not being given a fair shake in the Union, do you know that brother Philip, said in that meeting ‘good riddance.’” Itliong’s defection did not sit well with Vera Cruz, nor did Itliong’s support of the Teamsters during the mid-1970s nor his support for the Marcos regime in the Philippines.

18. Vera Cruz commented, “The union wanted the Filipinos there—their membership, their presence, looked good for the union.… But Cesar and the others weren’t willing to put the same time and money into organizing the Filipinos as they did with the Mexicans.” Scharlin and Villanueva, Philip Vera Cruz, 91–92.

19. Doug Adair, interviewed by the author, January 10, 2006.

20. Rey Huerta, interviewed by the author, January 6, 2006.

21. Ibid.

22. Doug Adair interview.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. “The Anglo Army behind Cesar Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, April 6, 1972; Fujita-Rony, “Coalitions, Race, and Labor.” For growers’ perspective on Filipino defections, see Zaninovich and Thomas, Turmoil in the Vineyards, 71–73.

29. Many Filipinos who expressed discontent with the UFW also voiced their opposition to the Teamsters. In 1974 Lemuel F. Ignacio, a Filipino farm worker organizer, wrote to Reverend Phil Park, who had reiterated the popular perception that the Filipinos preferred the Teamsters over the UFW. Copying the letter to his friend Larry Itliong, Ignacio wrote, “Your statement [that] ‘most of the Pilipino farm workers are now a part of [the] teamsters’ is gravely wrong. Pilipino farm workers believe in the union but are presently lukewarm to both the UFWA and the teamsters. The concept of organizing is very real and rich in their history in this country. In the 1930s there was an independent union of Pilipino agricultural workers.” Letter to Reverend Phil Park from Lemuel F. Ignacio (Larry Itliong cc’d), October 31, 1974, Larry Itliong Papers, Box 1-4, ALUA.

30. “Comparison of Health and Welfare Plans of Teamsters and United Farm Workers of America,” n.d., UFW Information and Research, Part I, Box 31-1, ALUA.

31. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 26–28.

32. “The Anglo Army behind Cesar Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, April 6, 1972.

33. “Cesar Chavez—Out of Sight but Still in Fight,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1972; “The Anglo Army behind Cesar Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, April 6, 1972.

34. “Chavez Union Starts New Boycott,” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 1971; “Heublein Offer to Acquire 80% of United Vinters Approved,” Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1968; “Chavez Union Opens Worldwide Boycott against Wine Firm,” Los Angeles Times, August 10, 1971; “Chavez, Wine Firm Set Up Company Hiring Hall in Pact,” Los Angeles Times, August 19, 1971.

35. “Growers Will OK Farm Unions in Policy Change, Official Says,” Los Angeles Times, January 20, 1971.

36. Ibid.

37. “Two Salinas Valley Growers Prepared to Sign with Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1970; “Chavez Signs 3rd Big Salinas Grower: Pic N’ Pac Contract Ends National Boycott Activities,” Los Angeles Times, October 10, 1970.

38. Marshall Ganz interview.

39. “Teamster Boycott Hits Lettuce Picked by Chavez’ Union,” Los Angeles Times, February 9, 1971; “Chavez Signs Nation’s Largest Independent Lettuce Producer,” Los Angeles Times, April 24, 1971.

40. “The New Rules of Play,” Time, March 8, 1968.

41. “Reagan Acts in N.Y. Grape Boycott Threat,” Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1968; “Boycott of Grapes Has Failed, Reagan Says,” Los Angeles Times, October 5, 1968.

42. Alistair Cooke, “Harvesting the Grapes of Wrath,” The Guardian, December 28, 1967.

43. “Voters Hand Stern Rebuttal to Costly Proposition Drives,” Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1972.

44. Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 18, 2008. Cohen explained, “I’m right out of law school. I don’t know a goddamn thing, right, and I told [Cesar] that when he said, quit. You know, I was griping about CRLA not being able to do a damn thing and he said, ‘Well, just come and work for us.’ And I said, ‘I don’t know anything.’ … And he said, ‘I don’t know anything either. We’ll learn it together.’”

45. Jeffrey Kahn, “Ronald Reagan Launched Political Career Using Berkeley Campus as a Target,” UC Berkeley News, June 8, 2004.

46. Harris, “The Battle of Coachella Valley,” 35.

47. Peter M. Flanigan organized New Yorkers for Nixon and directed Volunteers for Nixon-Lodge during Nixon’s unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign. In 1968, Flanigan served as Nixon’s deputy campaign manager and initially served as an assistant to the president in 1969. In January 1972, he became the assistant to the president for international economic affairs. The following month, Nixon named him executive director of the Council on International Economic Policy. NARA, White House Special Files, Staff Member Office Files, “Peter M. Flanigan.”

48. “Agriculture: Biggest Growth Industry in the U.S.,” Business Week, April 28, 1973, 71.

49. Announced on August 15, 1971, NEP leaned heavily toward an activist, interventionist government that appropriated many of the policy recommendations of the Democrats and made possible Nixon’s victory in 1972. Matusow, Nixon’s Economy, 14–16.

50. Samuel Rosenberg, American Economic Development since 1945, 198–99

51. “Nixon Proposal Slows Action on Farm Legislation,” Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1969. Chavez charged that Nixon had “entered into an unholy alliance with Reagan and Senator Murphy to destroy our movement.” During his election campaign, Nixon opposed the grape boycott and the UFWOC. He mistakenly called it “illegal,” claiming, “We have laws on the books to protect workers who wish to organize. We have a National Labor Relations Board to impartially supervise the election of collective bargaining agents and to safeguard the rights of organizers.… The law must be applied equally to all.” The UFWOC pointed out that farm workers were, in fact, excluded from the NLRA. “Nixon’s Stance on Grape Boycott,” Los Angeles Times, September 20, 1968; “Nixon’s Opposition to Grape Boycott May Help Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, September 25, 1968.

52. “Farm Union Discloses Soaring Grape Purchases for Vietnam,” Los Angeles Times, June 6, 1969.

53. Memorandum from Charles Colson to President Nixon regarding meeting with Frank (Fitz) Fitzsimmons, March 30, 1972. Nixon Files, Charles W. Colson, Box 24, Conversation No. 698-2, NARA.

54. Unidentified “Teamster leader,” quoted in Brill, The Teamsters, 82.

55. “Teamsters’ Ties to Mafia—and to White House,” Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1973; Brill, The Teamsters, 101.

56. “Teamsters’ Ties to Mafia—and to White House,” Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1973. According to one anonymous FBI agent, “This whole thing of the Teamsters and the mob and the White House is one of the scariest things I’ve ever seen. It has demoralized the bureau. We don’t know what to expect out of the Justice Department.”

57. “Possible Mafia-Teamsters Link Got Lost in Watergate Shuffle,” Sacramento Bee, June 22, 1975; “U.S. Said to Bar Bugging on Teamsters-Mafia Link,” New York Times, April 29, 1973; Brill, The Teamsters, 104.

58. Brill, The Teamsters, 105. Another version of this scheme is recounted in Summers and Swan, The Arrogance of Power, 398–99. Quoting a 1981 Time magazine article, Summers and Swan write, “[In a purported 1972] meeting between Nixon and Fitzsimmons in one of the private rooms of the White House, [Attorney General] Kleindienst had been summoned to the session and ordered to review all investigations pending against the Teamsters and to make sure that Fitzsimmons and his allies were not hurt. The meeting supposedly occurred after Nixon’s 1972 re-election campaign, to which the Teamsters contributed an estimated $1 million.” Summers interviewed Harry Hall, an IRS agent tracking Fitzsimmons’s nefarious investments, in 1997. According to Hall, Fitzsimmons arranged for $500,000 to go to Nixon through his former campaign advisor, Murray Chotiner.

59. Summers and Swan, The Arrogance of Power, 399; “Teamsters’ Ties to Mafia—and to White House,” Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1973; Harris, “The Battle of Coachella Valley,” 33.

60. Brill, 101. Fresno Bee, December 8, 1972, A1, A4.

61. Westgate, June 18, 1973.

62. Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 18, 2008.

63. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 294.

64. “Labor Votes Fund for Chavez Union,” New York Times, May 10, 1973; Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, September 14, 2009.

65. Jerry Cohen interview, September 14, 2009. He mentioned that the lettuce boycott “was never really successful.”

66. “Some Facts on the New Grape Boycott, September, 1973,” UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 33-10, ALUA.

67. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 275.

68. Jerry Cohen interview, August 18, 2008.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid.

71. Friedland and Thomas, “Paradoxes of Agricultural Unionism in California,” 59.

72. Ibid.

73. Zaninovich and Thomas, Turmoil in the Vineyards, 76–78.

74. Ibid., 61. Friedland and Thomas, “Paradoxes of Agricultural Unionism in California,” argue that this organizational strategy was the legacy of a Trotskyite faction among Minnesota Teamsters that took over the union during the 1930s and was carried through to the era of the farm worker movement by Jimmy Hoffa.

75. Harry Bernstein, “Duel in the Sun: Union Busting, Teamster Style,” Progressive, July 1973, 20. Also quoted in Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 326.

76. “Farm Union Halts Picketing; Rites Held for Striker,” Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1973; Fight for Our Lives (documentary film, The United Farm Workers, 1974).

77. “Teamsters Open Massive Drive to Eliminate Chavez Farm Union,” Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1974.

78. Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 327.

79. Congressional Budget Office, “Agricultural Export Markets and the Potential Effects of Export Subsidies,” June 1983, www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/50xx/doc5024/doc03-Entire.pdf (accessed September 26, 2011).

CHAPTER FIVE

1. Sarat and Scheingold, Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, 2. For history related to cause lawyers in the UFW, see specifically Gordon, “A Movement in the Wake of a New Law.”

2. Sandy Nathan, quoted in an interview with Jacques Levy, September 25, 1975, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577.

3. Ibid.

4. Inaugural Address, Edmund G. “Jerry” Brown, January 6, 1975, http://governors.library.ca.gov/addresses/34-Jbrown01.html.

5. Cesar Chavez, “Why the Farm Labor Act Isn’t Working,” Los Angeles Times, November 17, 1975. Chavez declared the ALRA a “good law,” but explained that collusion between growers and Teamsters was undermining it.

6. Sec. 1140, ALRA, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 538.

7. Ibid. For more on the creation and impact of ALRA, see Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies.”

8. “Assembly Sends Farm Bill to Brown for Signing: Brown’s Farm Labor Bill Wins Final Approval,” Los Angeles Times, May 30, 1975; Brown, quoted in Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 296.

9. Jerry Goldman, quoted in an interview with Jacques Levy, September 25, 1975, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 35.

10. Ibid.

11. “Dawn of a New Era for Farm Workers,” Los Angeles Times, May 30, 1975.

12. Ibid.; Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 297.

13. Levy Papers, ALRA, Box 28, Folder 538.

14. Cohen, June 13, 1975, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 553.

15. Notes on ALRA, Burton-Alatorre Bill, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 536; ALRA, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 538.

16. Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 298.

17. Chavez, June 13, 1975, Levy transcription, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 553.

18. Ibid., 5–6.

19. Ibid., 6–7.

20. Ibid., 6.

21. Ibid., 5–7.

22. Ibid., 16.

23. Interview transcript with Sandy Nathan, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 577.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 57.

27. Jerry Goldman, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 577, 29–30.

28. Ibid., 46.

29. Ibid., 49.

30. Ibid.

31. Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 55.

32. Ellen Greenstone to Levy, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 17–18.

33. Esther Padilla, interviewed by author, January 11, 2010, in Fresno, California, 75.

34. “Terror amid the Tomatoes,” Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1975.

35. Ibid.

36. Jerry Goldman to Levy, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 29.

37. Ellen Greenstone to Levy, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 17.

38. Ibid., 19. Greenstone reported, “For example, on one team of three was a woman who has worked for the UFW. She worked in ’73 and was a farm worker at one time and grew up in the valley and her team labeled her as totally biased.… I heard the two other [agents] talking one night and one woman saying, ‘Well, I just can’t believe that everyone in Salinas goes down to Mexicali every weekend. That’s just impossible for me to believe. No one could do that.’”

39. Ibid., 13.

40. Ibid., 19.

41. Rick Rodriguez, “ALRB to Bear Duke’s Stamp,” Sacramento Bee, December 25, 1985. Also see Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 312.

42. Wells and Villarejo refer to the law as “social reform policy,” which I believe aptly describes both the nature and the intent of the ALRA (“State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 300). If we acknowledge that the legislation is an attempt at social reform, then it requires that we recognize the disorder that the legislation is addressing. I contend that the intent of the law was to rectify years of injustice toward farm workers in California.

43. Ellen Greenstone to Levy, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 19; UFW Documentation Project, online discussion, Glen Rothner, May 24, 2004, FWDP, 66; Case No. 77-CL-7-C, 4 ALRB No. 42, United Farm Workers of America, AFL-CIO and Kelvin Keene Larson, aka K. K. Larson, July 7, 1978, www.alrb.ca.gov/legal_searches/decisions/4_42(1978)ocr.pdf (accessed April 9, 2012).

44. Jerry Goldman to Levy, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 31.

45. Sandy Nathan to Levy, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 45.

46. Greenstone to Levy, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 577, 20.

47. “Union Access to Fields Curbed,” Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1975.

48. Ibid.; “Teamsters Win Major Victory,” Los Angeles Times, September 13, 1975; “UFWA Wins State High Court Ruling,” Los Angeles Times, September 19, 1975; “Enforcement of Farm Law to Be Tightened,” Los Angeles Times, September 30, 1975; “Brown, High Officials Meet on Farm Labor Complaints,” Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1975.

49. June 17, 1975, meeting, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 553, California ALRA, 1975 Notes, 29–33.

50. Elaine Elinson interviewed by the author, December 8, 2009.

51. Levy Transcript, Levy Papers, Box 28, Folder 553, California ALRA, 1975 Notes, 15.

52. “UFWA Leads in Voting on Unions Despite Setbacks,” Los Angeles Times, September 17, 1975.

53. “Brown, Officials Meet on Farm Labor Complaints,” Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1975; “Farm Labor Picture: Will Democracy Blossom?,” Los Angeles Times, December 26, 1975.

54. “Farm Labor Picture: Will Democracy Blossom?,” Los Angeles Times, December 26, 1975.

55. Election Analysis, January 1976, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 561. In the final analysis, according its Annual Report for 1975, the board received 604 election petitions and held 423 elections involving 47,812 voting farm workers.

56. Election Analysis, January 1976, Levy Papers, Box 29, Folder 561.

57. The board began canceling hearings “due to budgetary considerations” as early as January 23, 1976. California Agricultural Labor Relations Board Press Release, 1975–76, Levy Papers.

58. “Farm Labor Picture: Will Democracy Blossom?,” Los Angeles Times, December 26, 1975.

59. “Emergency Aid for Farm Board Denied,” Los Angeles Times, January 28, 1976.

60. “Farm Board Closes Up as Funding Ends,” Los Angeles Times, February 7, 1976.

61. “Farm Violence Erupts Again in Imperial County,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1976.

62. “Chavez Plans Boycott against Big Growers,” Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1976.

63. Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 2–3, 91–93.

64. Ibid.; NEB, June 13, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part II, Box 1-19, 5.

65. “General Counsel of State Farm Labor Board Quits,” Los Angeles Times, April 17, 20, 1976; “Third Member of Farm Board Quits,” Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1976; “Farm Initiative Qualifies for Nov. 2 Ballot,” Los Angeles Times, May 29, 1976. The union acquired 729,965 signatures—more than the 312,000 required under state law. “Report to the U.F.W. Executive Board on the Farm Worker Initiative,” uncatalogued materials, Wayne State University.

66. “UFW Initiative Drive Past Halfway Mark,” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 1976.

67. Esther Padilla interview.

68. “Chavez: Farm Worker Initiative Is Needed to Guard against Abuses,” Los Angeles Times, April 8, 1976.

69. “UFW Initiative Drive Past Halfway Mark,” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 1976.

70. “Who Is Harry Kubo?,” Fresno Bee, February 22, 1976.

71. Susan Sward, “California Agriculture: Campaigns Gear Up on Farm Initiative,” Associated Press, September 15, 1976; “Yes on 14” poster, n.d., UCLA Political Literature Collection.

72. “Who Is Harry Kubo?” Fresno Bee, February 22, 1976.

73. Citizens for a Fair Farm Labor Law press release, August 6, 1976, Scrapbook April 16, 1975–August 20, 1976, Table Grape Negotiating Committee Papers, Fresno State University; Harry Kubo, interviewed by Sam Suhler, Fresno County Library, October 13, 1978.

74. Kubo interviewed by Sam Suhler, 29. Gilbert Padilla now jokingly says he “organized Kubo” by sending picketers to his property and forcing Kubo to become organized. Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by the author, January 11, 2010.

75. Larry Kubo, interviewed by the author, January 6, 2010; “Who Is Harry Kubo?” Fresno Bee.

76. “Who Is Harry Kubo?,” Fresno Bee.

77. Ibid.; Kubo interviewed by Sam Suhler, 32–33. With additional satellite groups in Stockton, Los Angeles, and San Diego County, the total membership topped out at 2,200 in 1976.

78. “Debate Grows over Farm Labor Proposition: NO,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1976.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. Cesar Chavez letter to supporters, September 1976, UCLA Political Literature Collection.

82. Kubo interviewed by Sam Suhler, 33, 36.

83. Ibid., 16.

84. Ibid., 10.

85. For a history of farming and Japanese Americans in the Central Valley, see Matsumoto, Farming the Home Place.

86. Kubo interviewed by Sam Suhler, 36.

87. Council of California Growers Newsletter, September 20, 1976 and October 4, 1976, Scrapbook April 16, 1975–August 20, 1976, Table Grape Negotiating Committee Papers, Fresno State University.

88. Council of California Growers Newsletter, September 13, 1976 and November 1, 1976, Scrapbook April 16, 1975–August 20, 1976, Table Grape Negotiating Committee Papers, Fresno State University.

89. Coalition for Economic Survival letter to Coalition for Economic Survival Members and Friends, November 2, 1976, UCLA Political Literature Collection.

90. National City Star-News, September 19, 1976, UCLA Political Literature Collection.

91. Flyers, n.d., UCLA Political Literature Collection.

92. “Carter’s Forces Move to Smooth Convention Path: Carter Forces Move to Smooth Convention,” Washington Post, July 14, 1976; “Brown, Tunney Endorse Farm Labor Initiative,” Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1976.

93. “Chavez Vows Farm Workers Will Continue Their Fight,” Fresno Bee, November 3, 1976, Office of the President, Box 55, Folder 20, ALUA; Council of California Growers Newsletter, November 8, 1976, Fresno State University.

94. Council of California Growers Newsletter, November 8, 1976, Fresno State University.

95. “Proposition 14 Foes End with a Deficit,” Fresno Bee, January 19, 1977.

96. Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, 114; Elinson and Yogi, Wherever There’s a Fight, 148–49. HoSang, Racial Propositions, 70–71.

97. In 1983, a congressional committee issued the report Personal Justice Denied, recommending compensation to the victims, and in 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, offering $20,000 in redress to surviving detainees.

98. Poster, n.d., UCLA Political Literature Collection.

99. Ferriss and Sandoval, The Fight in the Fields, 208–9; President’s Report, December 1976, ALUA.

100. Marshall Ganz, interview with the author, March 28, 2008.

101. Gilbert and Esther Padilla, interviewed by the author, January 11, 2010.

102. Sharon Delugach, May 10, 2004, Listserv entry, “RE: PROPOSITION 14,” FWDP, 11–12.

103. Tom Dalzell, May 9, 2004, Listerv entry, “RE: PROPOSITION 14,” FWDP, 6.

CHAPTER SIX

1. Nick Jones interviewed by William Taylor, July 24, 1976, La Paz, California, William Taylor Collection, ALUA.

2. Tramutt’s Report, December 15, 1976, Office of the President, Part II, Box 18-9, ALUA; “Farm Labor Erupts Again in Imperial Valley,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1976; El Malcriado, September 17, 1976, ALUA.

3. Nick Jones interviewed by William Taylor, 30, 35–36.

4. “Nick Jones 1966–1976,” FWDP, 1.

5. Boycott minutes, August 24, 1976, Jones folder, ALUA; Nick Jones to NEB of United Farm Workers of America, September 14, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part II, Box 18-9.

6. Resignation Letter, Nick and Virginia Jones to National Executive Board, November 14, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Box 3-22, ALUA.

7. “Nick Jones 1966–1976,” FWDP, 1.

8. Pawel, The Union of Their Dreams; Shaw, Beyond the Fields; Bardacke, Trampling Out the Vintage; Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies”; Gordon, “A Movement in the Wake of a New Law.”

9. “Teamsters to Withdraw, Leave Field to Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, March 11, 1977; National Executive Board Meeting audiotapes (henceforth referred to as “NEB Meeting”), June 30, 1977, UFW Collections, ALUA.

10. Special Organizing Meeting, November 24, 1976, Miscellaneous UFW Audiovisual Boxes, Tape 8, ALUA.

11. Ibid.; MLK. report, March 14, 1977, on Calexico, audio recording, ALUA; MLK Report to UFW Board of Directors, March 15, 1977, Office of the President, Part II, Box 18-10; Special Organizing Meeting, November 24, 1976, UFW Information and Research, Box 11-10, ALUA.

12. Marshall Ganz, interviewed by the author, March 26, 2008.

13. Ibid.; Special Organizing Meeting, November 24, 1976, UFW Information and Research, Box 11-10, ALUA.

14. Marshall Ganz interview.

15. Ibid.

16. Miami Boycott Staff to Cesar Chavez, December 13, 1976, and Claudia Shacter, December 14, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

17. Nick Jones to Cesar Chavez, October 28, 1975, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

18. Jon Heller to Cesar Chavez, December 11, 1976, and Larry Tramutt to John Heller [sic], Southeast Division Director, December 11, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

19. “Larry Tramutola 1971–1981,” FWDP.

20. Nick and Virginia Jones to National Executive Board, United Farm Workers of America, November 14, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Box 3-22, ALUA.

21. Atlanta Branch Staff to Cesar Chavez, December 10, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA. For transformations in the southern economy and landscape toward urban development, see Shulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt; Lassiter, The Silent Majority.

22. Jon Heller to Cesar Chavez, December 11, 1976, ALUA.

23. Ibid.

24. Larry Tramutola quoting Fred Ross Sr. in “Larry Tramutola 1971–1981,” FWDP.

25. Larry Tramutt to John [sic] Heller, December 11, 1976, ALUA.

26. Claudia Shacter to Larry Tramutt, ca. December 14, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

27. Susan Sachen to Cesar Chavez, January 10, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

28. Susan Sachen to Cesar Chavez and Members of the National Executive Board, January 8, 1977, and Susan Sachen to Cesar Chavez, January 10, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

29. Seattle UFW Staff to Cesar Chavez and Executive Board Members, December 13, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

30. Staff Members, New York City Boycott, to Cesar Chavez, “Re: Demoralization Resulted from De-organization of Boycott,” December 12, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA. The Boston and New Jersey houses also sent letters in support of New York; however, later New Jersey members sent a separate letter apologizing for signing the New York letter. New Jersey staff never explained their apology. Irv Hershenbaum, Diane Cohen, and March Johnson (Boston) to Cesar Chavez, December 14, 1976, and Norbert Herold, Robin Brownfield, Eugene Dougherty (New Jersey) to Cesar E. Chavez, January 12, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

31. Charlie March to Larry Tramutt, December 19, 1976, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

32. Dale Van Pelt to Cesar Chavez, December 8, 1976, and Mary Dynes and Dave Shapiro to Cesar Chavez, November 29, 1976, and Bill Ferguson to Cesar Chavez, January 5, 1977, and Susan Sachen to Cesar, January 10, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

33. “UFW Aide Quits, Alleges Chavez Antileftist Bias,” Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1976.

34. Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 11.

35. Kent (Winterowd) to Cesar Chavez, n.d., UFW Office of the President Collection, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

36. Synanon’s residential population was 1,301 in 1977, although not all of these people lived in Badger. At Home Place, Dederich maintained a select group of adults minus “17 and 18 and 25 year old kids,” whom he described as “dumb, ignorant, poor manners, ass-kissing.” Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 162, 172.

37. Synanon most resembled a utopic or “intentional” community. The Fellowship for Intentional Communities defines an intentional community as “ecovillages, cohousing communities, residential land trusts, communes, student co-ops, urban housing cooperatives, intentional living, alternative communities, cooperative living, and other projects where people strive together with a common vision” (www.ic.org/, accessed December 11, 2011). For an early study of these communities and how they functioned in the late 1960s and early 1970s, see Kanter, Commitment and Community.

38. Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 47.

39. “Notes of Meeting with Charles Dederich at Synanon Home Place,” February 27, 1977, UFW Office of the President Collection, Part 2, Box 9-18; Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 64.

40. Judge James H. Lincoln, Probate Court, Juvenile Division, Wayne County, Michigan, UFW Office of the President Collection, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

41. Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 13; Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” www.emersoncentral.com/selfreliance.htm; NEB meeting, February 27, 1977, Badger, California, UFW 7 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

42. NEB audiotape, UFW Collections, ALUA.

43. Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 14.

44. Matt Rand, NEB Meeting, February, 1977, UFW 4 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

45. In 1966, Synanon began its first “game clubs” for use among non-Synanites and by the mid-1970s had facilitated its practice among a number of groups, including a joint session with Oakland police officers, the Black Panthers, and players on the Oakland Raiders. Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 47–48. When Chavez began planning for the use of the Game at UFW is unclear, but formal conversations began in the spring of 1977. Matt Rand to Cesar Chavez, May 6, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

46. Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 14–16.

47. Judge James H. Lincoln, Probate Court, Juvenile Division, Wayne County, Michigan, UFW Office of the President Collection, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

48. NEB meeting, February 26, 1977, UFW 5 of 8 side 2, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA. On Helen’s opinion, NEB meeting, February 26, 1977, UFW 4 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

49. As quoted in Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 174.

50. Ibid., 141.

51. Gilbert and Esther Padilla, interviewed by the author, January 11, 2010.

52. Mary Mocine, June 14, 2004, Listserv, (2) “RE: EVEN-HANDED SCHMEVEN-HANDED,” FWDP.

53. Rod Janzen, a Synanon historian, holds that members, especially women, began shaving their heads on their own accord as a joke in order to fit under a beam in the Tomales Bay facility. The practice, however, eventually became “a policy” imposed on the members by Dederich. Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 125–28.

54. Cynthia Bell, June 10, 2004, “Re: Synanon,” FWDP.

55. Kent to Cesar, n.d.; handwritten notes, “2-27-77 Synanon,” author not identified; Matt Rand to Cesar Chavez, May 6, 1977, all at UFW Office of the President Collection, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

56. Boycott Dept, April 1, 1977, ALUA; NEB 3.14.77, audiotape 1, UFW Collections, ALUA; Los Angeles Times March 2, 1977; “Independent Union Wins in Lettuce Worker Vote,” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 1977.

57. NEB audiotape, UFW Box 04, Tape 12-3/3.14.77, UFW Collections, ALUA.

58. “Teamsters to Withdaw, Leave Field to Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, March 11, 1977.

59. “Patience … Patience …” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 1977; “UFW Names Farm Board Counsel in $2 Million Suit,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1977.

60. Marshall Ganz interview.

61. NEB audiotape, 3.14.77, UFW Collections, ALUA.

62. For this reason, Ganz also disagreed with Medina’s desire to direct more resources into organizing among grape workers in Coachella, but he supported his work in Oxnard. The union had suffered from poor management of grape contracts in the Central Valley, where workers had resided the longest but had the least amount of confidence in UFW management of contracts. Ganz explained, “The logic of grapes is that you would start and end in Delano, because Delano is the heart of the grape industry, and if you could organize Delano, you could easily organize Coachella” (Marshall Ganz interview).

63. Ibid.

64. Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 18, 2008.

65. Ibid.

66. NEB meeting, February 25, 1977, UFW 1 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA. All quotes, henceforth, come from this source unless otherwise indicated.

67. NEB meeting, February 25, 1977, audio recording, UFW 1 of 8 side 2, UFW Collections, ALUA. All quotes, henceforth, come from this source unless otherwise indicated.

68. UFW 2 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

69. Ibid. For the Hutterites and Hartmire, NEB audiotape, 3.14.77, UFW Collections, ALUA.

70. UFW 2 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA. All quotes, henceforth, come from this source unless otherwise indicated.

71. Ibid.; UFW 3 of 8 side 2, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

72. Ibid.

73. Ibid.

74. Ibid.

75. UFW 8 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

76. Marshall Ganz interview.

77. UFW 6 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

CHAPTER SEVEN

1. Marshall Ganz, interviewed by the author, March 26, 2008.

2. Ron Taylor, Chavez and the Farm Workers, 26–27.

3. Marshall Ganz interview.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 18, 2008.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Marshall Ganz interview.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. NEB audiotape, November 24, 1976, cassettes 5 and 6, UFW Collection, ALUA.

13. His official resignation was April 12, 1962. Garza, Organizing the Chicano Movement, 153; Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by the author, August 15, 2010.

14. President’s newsletter, April 15, 1977, UFW Collections, ALUA; NEB 3.21.77, audiotape 3, UFW Collections, ALUA.

15. “Wilzoch” Document, n.d., “Victim of a Purge?,” UFW Office of the President, Box 3-22, ALUA; Juli Loesch, Box 1-8, ALUA.

16. Kent Winterrowd to the La Paz Community, “Personal Mail,” March 22, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

17. NEB, February 25–27, 1977, UFW 3 of 8 side 1, audio recording, UFW Collection, ALUA.

18. NEB, February 25–27, 1977, UFW 3 of 8 side 2, audio recording, UFW Collection, ALUA.

19. Ibid.

20. David McClure to Members of the Executive Board, May 5, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

21. Godfrey to Chavez, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

22. Ibid.

23. David Train to Cesar Chavez, March 29, 1977; Edy Scripps to Cesar Chavez, March 30, 1977. Their firing also provoked a friend and fellow volunteer, Deni Howley, to tender his resignation. Deni Howley to Cesar E. Chavez, March 30, 1977. All documents in UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

24. Train to Chavez, March 29, 1977, 2, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

25. Godfrey to Chavez, ALUA.

26. McClure to NEB, Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

27. Godfrey to Chavez, ALUA.

28. Untitled, undated document, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

29. Roger Brooks to Cesar Chavez, May 10, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

30. Brooks to Chavez, May 10, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

31. Roger Brooks to Cesar Chavez, October 31, 1978, 3; Roger Brooks, “Sour Grapes: The Revolution Is Revolting. Inside Cesar Chavez and the UFW,” unpublished manuscript, ca. October 20, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

32. Esther and Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by the author, January 11, 2010.

33. Ibid.

34. Chris Hartmire to Sister Mary Catherine Rabbit, May 16, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

35. Chris Hartmire to Fred [Ross] and Richard [Chavez], “Subject: Cultural Revolution,” May 31, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

36. Marshall Ganz interview.

37. Jerry Cohen interview.

38. Marshall Ganz interview.

39. UFW Tape 6 A, UFW Collection, ALUA.

40. UFW Tape 6 B, UFW Collection, ALUA.

41. Jerry Cohen, UFW Tape 6 B, UFW Collection, ALUA.

42. UFW Tape 10 A, UFW Collection, ALUA.

43. Ibid.; Pawel, Union of Their Dreams, 220.

44. UFW Tape 8 B, UFW Collection, ALUA.

45. Fred Ross Jr., UFW Tape 9 A, UFW Collection, ALUA.

46. Ibid.; Meeting log, July 4, 1977, for page 24, reel 8, side 1, UFW Collections, ALUA.

47. Marshall Ganz, UFW Tape 9 A, audio recordings, UFW Collections, ALUA.

48. UFW Tape 9 A, audio recordings, UFW Collections, ALUA; Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 12, 2010.

49. UFW Tape 9 A, audio recordings, UFW Collections, ALUA. All quotes, henceforth, come from this source unless otherwise indicated.

50. Padilla later recalled, “There was no conspiracy … none of them. Nobody was a conspirator.” Gilbert Padilla interview.

51. UFW Tape 10 A, audio recordings, UFW Collections, ALUA. All quotes, henceforth, come from this source unless otherwise indicated.

52. Gilbert Padilla interview.

53. Jerry Cohen interview, August 12, 2010.

54. The Game, July 7, 1977, La Paz, tape 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA; Gilbert Padilla interview.

CHAPTER EIGHT

1. “NEB June. July 1977,” audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

2. Chris Hartmire, interviewed by the author, September 2, 2008.

3. Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies.” Wells and Villarejo write, “In sum, what is most striking about the ALRA election data is the sharp drop in election activity and union wins after 1977–1978 (with the exception of the 1980 upswing), coupled with a rise in the proportion of decertification and ‘no union’-won elections” (302).

4. When I approached Marc Grossman to arrange for a meeting with union officials for oral histories, he refused access and would not go on the record. In 1977, Grossman also reported to the press that residents were not playing the Game when, in fact, they were playing frequently and, internally, Chavez was celebrating its success in his newsletters. See Tom Dazell, July 12, 2004, FWDP, 88–89.

5. Glenn Rothner, June 10, 2004, “RE: 1966 Santa Monica Synanon,” FWDP.

6. For example, Abby Flores Rivera disagreed with those who criticized the Game on the listserv. Her comments are part of a longer dialogue that had numerous entries, criticizing and defending Cesar Chavez and the Game. Abby Flores Rivera, June 1, 2004 (3), 5, FWDP.

7. Chris Hartmire interview.

8. Marc Coleman, May 13, 2004, FWDP. Orwell’s full quote: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” Animal Farm (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1946), chapter 10.

9. “NEB June. July 1977,” audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA; Janzen, The Rise and Fall of Synanon, 14.

10. UFW, Box 4, Tape 12-3/3.14.77, audio recording, UFW Collections; NEB Meeting, March 14–16, 21, 1977, 23–28, UFW Vice President Pete Velasco, Box 4-43, ALUA.

11. Esther and Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by the author, January 11, 2010. According to the Padillas, this group also included Joaquin Murguia, Terry Vasquez, and Kent and Esther Winterrowd, to name a few.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.; Chris Hartmire interview.

14. Game Tape, 5.3.77, Synanon Game at La Paz, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

15. Ibid., 250.

16. Rand to Chavez, May 6, 1977, Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

17. Chris Hartmire interview.

18. Ibid.

19. The Game, July 7, 1977, La Paz 1, audio recording, UFW Collections, ALUA.

20. Chris Hartmire interview.

21. Chavez eliminated abortion and restricted access to birth control as a service in UFW health clinics at the end of 1976. “Ethical Directives for Health Facilities for the United Farm Workers of America,” UFW, Information and Research Department Collection, Box 21-9, ALUA.

22. The Game, July 7, 1977, audiotape 2, UFW Collections, ALUA.

23. Cynthia Bell, June 10, 2004, 75, FWDP.

24. Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 12, 2010.

25. Mark Sharwood essay, FWDP.

26. Marc Coleman, May 13, 2004, 31, FWDP; Steve Hopcraft, May 10, 2004, 14, FWDP; Jerry Cohen interview.

27. At the 1973 UFW convention, the membership passed a resolution condemning the dictatorships of Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Tom Dalzell, June 8, 2004, “Re: Ferdinand Marcos,” 65, FWDP.

28. Lorraine Agtang (Mascarinas) Greer, June 2, 2004, 13, FWDP.

29. Ibid.

30. Chris Hartmire interview.

31. Tom Dalzell, May, 2004, 61, FWDP.

32. Charlie Atilano, June 23, 2004, 187, FWDP. Atilano is making reference to the 1975 film The Stepford Wives, based on the novel by Ira Levin published in 1972. The Stepford Wives is a satirical thriller in which a new wife in the idyllic setting of Stepford, Connecticut, discovers that husbands in the community have turned their wives into submissive robots who cater to their every whim.

33. Mary Mocine, May 11, 2005, 23, FWDP.

34. Kathy Murguia, June 10, 2004 (2), 81, FWDP. Murguia’s son, Joaquin, was forced to leave the union when he became critical of the Game and stopped playing. See Joaquin Murguia, listerv, June 14, 2004 (2), 103, FWDP.

35. Abby Flores Rivera, June 22, 2004 (1), 173, FWDP.

36. Abby Flores Rivera, June 25, 2004 (3), 200–201, FWDP.

37. “Farmworker Convention Marked by Controversy,” In These Times, September 7–13, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

38. Philip Vera Cruz did not refer to Imutan by name in the press, but referred to him as “a Filipino ex-member who is pro–martial law.” Padilla went further in his interview with me, naming Imutan as the advisor and calling him a “whore.” Philip Vera Cruz quoted in El Cuhamil, November 20, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA; Gilbert Padilla, interviewed by the author, August 15, 2010.

39. “Farmworker Convention Marked by Controversy,” 5.

40. Bernier to Loesch, telephone conversation, September 14, 1977, 4; Ed Kinane to Cesar E. Chavez, August 19, 1977; Doug Barnhisel to “Friends,” February 23, 1978, all in UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA; Gilbert Padilla interview.

41. El Cuhamil, November 5, 1977, 4, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA.

42. Ed Kinane to Cesar E. Chavez, August 19, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA; “Chavez Trip Upsets Key Church Backers,” Los Angeles Times, October 22, 1977.

43. Brenier to Loesch, November 1977; Ed Kinane to Cesar E. Chavez, August 19, 1977; Sister Carol Dougherty to Cesar, July 11, 1977; Father Robert Murray, Erie, Pennsylvania, January 6, 1978, all in UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

44. Hartmire to Juli Loesch, May 24, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

45. Hartmire to Juli Loesch, June 13, 1977, Juli Loesch Collections, Box 1-1, ALUA.

46. Juli Loesch to Cesar Chavez, June 22, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

47. Ibid.

48. Loesch’s notes on Mike Yates to Juli Loesch, telephone conversation transcript, April 20, 1977, Juli Loesch Collections, Box 1-4, ALUA. On the Game, Yates wrote, “I think the Game (a kind of mutual-criticism encounter team) is a ploy to contain and de-politicize dissent by making it ‘private’—what’s discussed by the group in the Game is not to be discussed on the ‘outside’—kind of a seal of confessional.”

49. Loesch’s notes, Adams to Loesch, August 24, 1977, San Francisco; Robert Ellsberg to Loesch, August 30, 1977, New York, both in UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

50. Loesch’s notes on phone conversation with Jeff Ames, Roanoke, Virginia, June 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

51. The Ernie Christian Witness was a publication associated with the Catholic peace movement and the Pax Center.

52. Newspapers that published stories include the Denver Post, the National Catholic Reporter, In These Times, the Catholic Agitator, Crisis, The Militant, The Nation, and Ang Katipunan.

53. Juli Loesch, “Trouble in the UFW,” Erie Christian Witness 5, no. 7, November-December 1977, 4, 8; Farmworker Support Committee, Iowa City, Iowa, to the United Farmworkers Union, January 23, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA. Yates was also quoted in The Nation on November 19, 1977, and was cited again in The Militant. Yates told The Nation, “In the past year there have been at least two mass firings.… Dedicated, hard-working men and women … were accused, on little or no evidence, of being radicals, spies for the employers, troublemakers, complainers.… The union’s central staff had been reduced by more than a third.” The Militant, n.d., UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 3-22, ALUA.

54. Jeff Ames to Juli Loesch, June 1977, Loesch’s notes, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

55. Chris Hartmire to Esther Winterrowd, May 8, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

56. Charlie Atilano, June 23, 2004, 187, FWDP.

57. Tom Dalzell, June 23, 2004, 184–85, FWDP.

58. Ibid.

59. Los Angeles Times, October 6, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

60. Fresno Bee, April 13, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA.

61. Mailgram, March 16, 1978; Washington Post, May 18, 1978, both in UFW Office of the President, Box 3-24, ALUA.

62. Dalzell, June 23, 2004, 184–85, FWDP. Lyndon LaRouche was an American political cult leader.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid.

65. Wells and Villarejo found that the decision to dismantle the legal department came by way of an executive board vote heavily manipulated by Chavez. Like the decision to abandon organizing for contract negotiations, Chavez wore down opposition on the nine-member board by holding a lengthy debate on a decision he had already made. Based on consultation with historian, Paul Henggeler, Wells and Villarejo write, “Four of the nine board members voiced their strong opposition to the proposal, including Eliseo Medina, Jessica Govea, Mack Lyons, and Marshall Ganz. Once it was clear that Chavez’s proposal was going to get a majority, Lyons and Medina switched their votes, so that the final formal vote was seven to two” (“State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 307, 323n36).

66. Abby Flores Rivera, June 22, 2004 (1), 173–74, FWDP.

67. Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 302.

68. “Where Is UFW Headed? End of the Boycott Reflects Shift in Strategy,” The Militant, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-22, ALUA. See also Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 307.

69. Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 308–9.

70. Marshall Ganz, interviewed by the author, March 26, 2008.

71. Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 307.

72. Jerry Cohen, interviewed by the author, August 18, 2008.

73. Tom Dalzell, June 12, 2004, 88–89, FWDP. Abby Flores Rivera believed there was nothing out of the ordinary in denying the press access: “They are extremely good at taking things out of context. It is not a question of hiding anything.” She defended Grossman, calling him a “professional” and “an expert at dealing with the media.” Abby Flores Rivera, June 13, 2004 (2), 92, FWDP. In the fall of 1977, Chavez proposed to play an especially intense version of the Game called Dissipation. Participants were thought to lose, or “dissipate,” their individuality within a Game lasting between thirty-six and seventy-two hours. Dederich claimed that his followers experienced quasi-hallucinations during Dissipation and saw him as the Savior. Chavez chose not to follow through with his plans after privately consulting with possible participants. For Dissipation, see Ofshe, “The Social Development of the Synanon Cult,” 118; Kathy Lynch Murguia, June 10, 2004 (2), 81–82, FWDP.

74. Chris Hartmire to Cesar Chavez, December 22, 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 9-18, ALUA. In a survey regarding the Game, Grossman wrote, “99% of [the] time, I DO NOT enjoy the Game.” “Marc Grossman,” Memorandum, 6-78-9, UFW unprocessed material, 11-30, ALUA.

75. Chris Hartmire to Cesar Chavez, n.d., UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 9-18, ALUA.

76. Chris Hartmire to Cesar Chavez, February 13, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

77. Ibid.

78. Chris Hartmire and Kent Winterrowd to Cesar Chavez, n.d., UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

79. “Problems—Cesar,” n.d., UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

80. “Emphases for the New, New Game, July 1978”; Chris Hartmire to Ester Winterrowd, handwritten note, “Subject: Rules for New, New Game,” July 28, 1978, both in UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

81. Kathy Lynch Murguia, June 10, 2004 (2), 81–82, FWDP.

82. Notes of Sylvester’s Talk to Game 1, July 5, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

83. Chris Hartmire interview.

84. “Cesar’s Notes from Saturday, 7/5/78”; Chris Hartmire to Ester Winterrowd, July 28, 1978, both in UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

85. “The Game 4/29/78,” UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 9-18, ALUA.

86. “UFW Announces End of Grape, Lettuce Boycott,” The Militant, February 17, 1978, 7, UFW Office of the President, Box 3-23, ALUA; Los Angeles Times, February 1, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 15-9, ALUA.

87. Larry Tramutt to Cesar Chavez, “Boycott Staff List of Terminations (January–September 1977),” August 31, 1977, UFW Information and Research Department, Box 3-36, ALUA; Mike Lacinak to Cesar Chavez, January 9, 1978, UFW Information and Research Department, Box 3-37, ALUA.

88. Elaine Elinson interviewed by the author, December 8, 2009.

89. “Chavez Favored 6 to 1 by Public in Farm Dispute,” Long Beach Press Telegram, October 20, 1975; Wendy Batson to Cesar Chavez, October 30, 1975, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 15-9; Harry Ring, “Where Is UFW Headed?,” The Militant, ca. February 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

90. As cited in The Militant, Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-23, ALUA.

91. The Militant, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 3-23, ALUA.

92. Ibid.

93. Chris Hartmire interview; Pat Hoffman, “An Interview with Cesar Chavez,” Sojourner, October 1977, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, 36-26, ALUA.

94. Hoffman, “An Interview with Cesar Chavez,” 22.

95. Ibid., 23. This interpretation is somewhat at odds with Mario T. García’s belief that Chavez was an “organic theologian” whose spirituality derived mostly from a distinctly Mexican American brand of Catholicism influenced heavily by women (The Gospel of César Chávez, 12, 18–23). García’s perspective does not consider the influence of Dederich and the counterculture of the 1970s in the creation of his “religious” beliefs. See García, The Gospel of César Chávez.

96. Los Angeles Times, October 31, 1978, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-24, ALUA; “Friends of Charles E. Dederich, Human Rights and Justice Hold a Press Conference,” January 13, 1979, UFW Office of the President, Part 2, Box 3-25, ALUA.

97. Piven and Cloward, “Movements and Dissensus Politics.” Wells and Villarejo argue that the state and the farm worker movement achieved “symbiosis” between 1975 and 1977–78. They attribute the UFW’s withdrawal of “pressure necessary to preserve and capitalize on existing gains and consolidate new ones” as the primary reason for a change in this condition (“State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 318, 319).

98. Fox Piven and Cloward write, “The record of these efforts in the past argues that the hope for a synthesis of party and movement is likely to be disappointed” (ibid., 248). On the question of extending the power of the state and replicating its oppressive features in the movement, see Brown, States of Injury. On resistance to governance altogether, see Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed.

99. Wells and Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies,” 316–18.

100. Zaninovich and Thomas, Turmoil in the Vineyards, 112–14.

101. Obbink explained the formation of the commission this way: “The grape farmers didn’t want it to be quite that structured. So they convinced the legislature to give them this Commission, which took them about one-half of a step away from where the marketing [cooperatives] were. It gave a little bit more autonomy, though the state still maintained control of it. They appointed the board members; you had to do all that through the state structure. But not quite as tight as the marketing order structure.” Bruce Obbink, interviewed by the author, August 21, 2008. All quotes, henceforth, come from this source unless otherwise indicated.

102. Bardacke, Trampling Out the Vintage, 732.

EPILOGUE

1. García, The Gospel of César Chávez; Stavans, Cesar Chavez, an Organizer's Tale; Ferriss and Sandoval, The Fight in the Fields; and Griswold del Castillo and García, César Chávez.

2. U.S. Department of the Interior, “Dedication Ceremony for the Forty Acres National Historic Landmark,” February 21, 2011, Delano, California.

3. Ross, Conquering Goliath, 144.

4. “The Campaign for Fair Food,” Coalition of Immokalee Workers, www.ciw-online.org/101.html.

5. For more on the concept of “families of resemblance,” see Lipsitz, Time Passages, 136.

6. This has been especially true in the listserv exchanges among veterans on Leroy Chatfield’s website, the Farm Worker Documentation Project. See the Listserv archive, May 2004–January 2005, www.farmworkermovement.us/.

7. Miriam Pawel and Mark Arax, “Vineyard’s Workers Appear to Reject Joining UFW,” Los Angeles Times, September 2, 2005.

8. Douglass Adair, “What the Fields Taught Me,” Los Angeles Times, July 10, 2010.

9. Ibid.; Southern Poverty Law Center, Injustice on Our Plates, 13.

10. Fletcher and Gapasin, Solidarity Divided, 74.

11. The Southern Poverty Law Center writes, “Today, the U.S. grape industry generates $3 billion in sales each year.” This, while “harvesters earn 1 to 5 cents per pound for grape clusters that sell in grocery stores for $1.40” (Injustice on Our Plates, 13).