Index

A

A&E Biography, 12

abolition movement

blacks in, 111112

Quakers in, 172

societies, 88

abolition of slavery by states, 101

absolute truth, xxi

absolutes, Poststructuralism rejection of, 18, 197

Academic Collectivism, xxiixxiii, 36, 77, 149, 198

definition of history and, 210

on Jefferson as racist, 96

solution for, 208209

Adams, Abigail, Jefferson letter to, 27

Adams, Dickinson, 73

Adams, James Truslow, 23, 125

Adams, John

Callender and, 23

church attendance, 143

funding for Bible printing, 68

on Hume, 37

Jefferson as vice president, 133

Jefferson’s communication with, 78, 179, 183, 185

presidential election of 1800, 143144

views on federal power, 142

views on Missouri Compromise, 107

Adams, John Quincy, xii, 109110, 186

on Hume, 37

Adler, Cyrus, 81

African Americans. See blacks

Age of Corruption, 119

Age of Purity, 119

Age of Reformation, 119

Allegheny v. ACLU (1989), 137

Allen, Richard, 88

American Exceptionalism, xixxx

American Revolution, clergy threat of Hell for helping patriots, 159

American Unitarian Association, 185

Anglican Church, 120

disestablished in Virginia, 46, 149, 156

Jefferson as vestryman, 168

universities founded by, 45

Anti-Federalists (Republicans), 142

Callender as, 16

antislavery laws in colonies, king’s veto, 100

antislavery views

in Declaration of Independence draft, 101

of Declaration signers, xi

Jefferson correspondence on, 105106

Three-Fifths clause and, 86

Antoninus, 74, 77

Apocalypse, Jefferson on, 181

apologetics, 60

contemporary Christian, 65

Jefferson instruction on, 59

Aristides, 74

Armenian view, vs. Calvinistic, 173

atheists, 127128, 165166

Jefferson on, 191

Augustine (saint), 235n50

Austin, David, 158

B

Bacon, Francis, 38

writings, 39

Balch, Stephen, 158

Bancroft, George, xiv

Banneker, Benjamin, 9495, 112

Baptist Association of Danbury, Connecticut, 123125

Baptists, 45, 122123, 171, 173174

Separate, 172

Barger, Herbert, 10

Barlow, Joel, Jefferson letter to, 9899

Barrow, David, 91

Jefferson correspondence with, 106107

Bausman, John, 158

Beliles, Mark, 6465, 73, 155

on Jefferson’s anticlericalism, 158

Bennet, William, 71

bias, 201

from exclusion, 200

Bible

emphasis on Gospels over other parts, 179182

as gifts from Jefferson, 68

Jefferson and, 194

Jefferson’s advice to Carr, 62

Jefferson’s help with printing finance, 68, 194

Jefferson’s ownership, 69

separation of church and state in, 119

specific language and anti-trinitarianism, 184185

Bible of Jefferson, 6783

Bible references

Exodus 2, 119

Numbers 13 and 14, 199200

Chronicles II:26, 119

Isaiah 46:9, 206

Acts 17:11, 209

Acts 20:27, 208

Romans 12:21, 199

Romans 15:4, 206

Corinthians I:10, 206

Corinthians II 2:11, 199

Hebrews 10:32, 206

Timothy II 2:15, 208

Revelation, Jefferson’s opinion on, 180

bible studies, in homeless shelter, vii

biographies

online availability, 207

value of study, 206207

Blackburn, Gideon, 43

blacks

as abolitionists, 111112

claims of inferiority of, 9697

in colonial South, 89

impact of conditions on intellectual abilities, 9798

roles in colonial North, 88

treatment, 3

Blackstone, William, 37

Commentaries on the Laws of England, 3435

Bland, Richard, 89, 99

Book of Common Prayer, 33

Boston Port Bill, 130

prayer in support of, 153

Boston Tea Party, 130

Boudinot, Elias, 59, 107

Bowers, Claude G., 148

Brattle, Thomas, xvii

Brennan, William, 137

Brent, Robert, 43

Broaddus, John, 57

Brodie, Fawn, 3, 11, 2728

Brown University, 45

Brubacher, John, 32

Bryan, Andrew, 88

Buffon, Georges Comte de, 212213

Burns, Ken, xv

C

Caleb, 199

Callender, James T., 1620

anger against Jefferson, 2021

charges against Jefferson, 21

correspondence with Madison, 17

drowning death, 21

errors in allegations, 22

historians’ assessment, 24

Jefferson’s attitude on, 18

Calvin, John, 42

Calvinism

vs. Armenian view, 173

Jefferson rejection of, 182183

Restorationists and, 177

Calvinistic Reformed Church, Jefferson support of, 153154

Campbell, Alexander, 177

Campbell, Thomas, 174, 175

Cane Ridge revival, 174

capitalization in colonial writing, x

Carr, Peter, Jefferson’s letter to, 5758, 6164

Cato, 74

Cavender, Thomas, 158

Channing, William Ellery, 185

chaplains, on University of Virginia campus, 5457

Charen, Mona, 10

Charlottesville, VA, worship, 179

Chase-Riboud, Barbara, 3

Chastellux, Marquis de, xii

Cherokees, missionary school for, 43, 135

Cheswill, Wentworth, 88

Chinese students, xiii

Christian Association, 175

Christian Church, 189

Christian Connection, 175

Christian Primitivist Movement, 174

impact on Jesus, 184185

Jefferson and, 177182, 196

Christian thinkers, Founding Fathers reliance on, 37

Christian unity, Jefferson on, 178179

Christianity

historical periods, 119

Jefferson on, 134135, 166167

Jefferson on Locke’s system, 41

Jefferson’s study of movements, 235n50

Locke as theologian, 40

radical call to primitive form, 174175

University of Virginia and, 31

churches

Dissenting (non-Anglican), 172

Jefferson’s financial support, 158

North vs. South, 143

in Virginia, decline, 173

Churches of Christ, 189

Cicero, 74, 76, 77

Clay, Charles, 79, 152, 153

influence of sermons on Jefferson, 155

Jefferson letter of commendation for, 154

clergymen

as instructors, 3334

Jefferson and, 195

Jefferson’s financial support of, 158

Jefferson’s views, 141164

support for Jefferson, 149153

Cline, Austin, 141

Clinton, Bill, impeachment proceedings, 13

clockmaker theory of God, 191

Coles, Edward, 105

Collectivism, Academic, xxiixxiii, 36, 77, 149, 198

definition of history and, 210

on Jefferson as racist, 96

solution for, 208209

College of Charleston, 45

College of Rhode Island, 45

College of William and Mary, 33, 34, 45

Jefferson on board, 4648

Peter Carr acceptance to, 58

colonial writing style, ixx

colonization societies, 8990

commas, in colonial writing, x

Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 3435

Common Place-Book to the Holy Bible (Locke), 40

common sense, philosophy and, 34

Condorcet, Marquis de, 98

Jefferson letter to, 95

Congregationalists, universities founded by, 45

Congress. See U. S. Congress

Connecticut, abolition of slavery in, 101

conscience, 65

consensual sex, 3

context of history, 197, 207208

Continental Congress, Jefferson’s provision to end slavery in territories, 102

Coolidge, Calvin, 215

Cooper, Thomas, 52

cooperation, interdenominational, 46, 171, 173, 187

Cornett, Daryl, 31

Corruption, Age of, 119

Coutts, W., 158

Creationist view of Newton, 40

Curtis, William Eleroy, xv

Cutler, Manasseh, 133, 151152

Czechoslovakia, xiii

D

Dabney, Robert, 57

Danbury, Connecticut Baptist Association, 123125

Darrow, Clarence, 204

Dartmouth, 45

De Interpretatione Naturae Prooemium (Bacon), 3839

Dearborn, Henry, 43

Declaration of Independence

acknowledgments of God in, 131

Jefferson’s assertion on, 3637

Jefferson’s draft, 100101

painting of signers, xi, xvii

Scottish Common Sense philosophy and, 35

Deconstructionism, xvixviii, 77, 149, 162, 196

avoiding effects, 199202

definition of history and, 209

deists, 191

Jefferson’s language and, 155

Locke as, 40

Democratic-Republicans, 142

denominational nonpreferentialism, 178, 194

as University of Virginia goal, 4851, 56

denominations, Jefferson’s views of conflict from, 179

Disciples of Christ, 45, 189

Dissenting (non-Anglican) churches, 172

Divine Providence, 35

DNA testing, 1, 193

news articles on Jefferson and Hemings, 67

retraction of story about Jefferson and

Hemings, 34

documentation

need for verifiable, 15

primary source, xxiii, 207

primary source, vs. modern experts, 209

Douglass, Frederick, 87, 111112

Douglass, William, 33

Dow, Lorenzo, 156

Dowse, Edward, 71

Dreisbach, Daniel, 207

Dunglison, Robley, 51

Dutch Reformed, 45

E

Early, John, 172

Eclectics, 77, 235n50

Eliot Bible, 69

Elizabeth I (Queen of England), 121

Elliott, Robert, 44

Ellis, Edward, xv

Ellis, Joseph, 12, 6, 1213

Elson, Henry William, xv

emancipation, 89

Jefferson as advocate, 94, 194195

Jefferson’s actions and writings on, 99

Jefferson’s bill emancipating all slaves born after act passage, 101

Unitarians and, 186187

Emancipation Proclamation, 111

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 185

Emmons, Nathanael, opposition to Jefferson, 147148

end times, Jefferson opinion on, 181

English, teaching methods, 205

Enlightenment

Christian vs. secular viewpoint, 37

European, and Jefferson’s thinking, 36

Epictetus, 74, 76, 77

Epicurus, 74, 76, 77

Epistles of Paul, de-emphasizing, 179182

equality, Jefferson’s actions and writings on, 99

establishment clause, in First Amendment, 122

Estabrook, Prince, 88

ethics, professorships with responsibility for religious teaching, 49

European Enlightenment, and Jefferson’s thinking, 36

European witch trials, xviixviii

Everson v. Board of Education (1947), 127

evolution, 204

Exceptionalism, American, xixxx

experts, challenging claims, 208

Eyerman, Jacob, 158

F

Fabricius, Johann Albert, 63, 64

faith of Jefferson

grandson’s report on religious beliefs, 191192

impact of family deaths on, 170

Jefferson’s reluctance to discuss, 187188

Malone on difficulty in analyzing orthodoxy of, 190

Farjon, Therese, 43

fasting and prayer, Jefferson’s call for public day of, 130

federal power, disagreements over level, 142

“federal ratio,” 86

Federalism, Jefferson’s views of, 137138

Federalists, 142

Callender attack on, 16

feminist movement, 3

Few, William, 89

Fiske, John, xv

Fontaine, James, Jefferson letter of commendation for, 154

Foster, Eugene, on DNA testing limitations, 12

foundational concepts, rejection, xviii

Founding Fathers

as racists, xi

reliance on Christian thinkers, 37

secular government as goal, xxiixxiii

France, Jefferson in, 4, 103, 169, 212

Frederick-Town Herald, 2122

Fredericksville Parish Church (Anglican), 33

Freethinker, 165166

Frothingham, Richard, xiv

Fry, Henry, 171

G

Galloway, Charles, 119120, 121

Gamalielites, 77, 235n50

Garnet, Henry Highland, 112

Gee, Henry, 2

Geneva Academy, 42

Geneva Bible, 69

geographical regions

differences, 88

J efferson on distinctions, 9091

Glendye, Rev. Mr., Jefferson letter of praise for, 154

Gnostic Gospels, 64

Gnostics, 77, 235n50

God, 65

and history, 206

Jefferson’s belief in, 60, 166

Jefferson’s letter to Carr on questioning

existence, 5758

in Scottish Common Sense philosophy, 34

The Godless Constitution (Kramnick and Moore), xxii

Gorbachev, Mikhail, xiii

Gordon-Reed, Annette, 3, 1415

Gospel Shelters for Women, vii

Gospels

abridgement of, 72

emphasizing, 179182

government, secular, as Founding Fathers’ goal, xxiixxiii

governor of Virginia, Jefferson’s call for prayer, 139

Graham, Pearl, 11

Great Awakening, 152, 168

Second, 156, 173, 188

in Virginia, 170172

Greenwood, John, 120121

Gregoire, Henri, 98

Gwatkin, Reverend Mr., 130

H

Hamilton, Alexander, 142

Hammett, William, 57

Hampden-Sydney, 45

Harvard University, 45, 75

Havel, Vaclav, xiii

Haynes, Lemuel, 88

Healey, Robert, 65

Hemings, Eston, 5

DNA testing, 14

paternity alternatives, 9

Hemings, Madison, 14

Hemings, Sally

background, 4

children of, 221n14

DNA evidence of relationship with Jefferson, 613

early printed charges of Jefferson’s paternity, 1620

evidence against Jefferson’s relationship, 5

father of children, 130

Jefferson’s relationship, 5

oral tradition, 1315

Henry VIII (King of England), 120

Hercules, Thomas, 88

heroes

Deconstruction of, xvii

Jefferson as, 193215

historical malpractice, recognizing and avoiding traps, 199

historical meanings, xviii

history

context of, 197, 207208

decline in knowledge of, 196

definition, 209

examination free from agendas, 210

personal interpretations in Poststructuralism, 202203

published scope and sequence of standards for states, 257n16

truth in sharing, 201

value of study, 205

Holt, John Rice, 173

homeless shelter, bible studies, vii

Honeywell, Roy, 5253

Hooker, Richard, 120

Hooper, William, 89

Hoosier, Harry, 88, 172

Humanity, universal religion of, 186

Hume, David, 37, 167

Jefferson’s views on, 38

humor of Jefferson, 214

Humphreys, David, 23

Hunt, Gaillard, 33

Hutson, James, 207

I

Illinois, as antislavery state, 103, 105

illiteracy, historical, 204

In Search of Christian America, 209

Indiana, as antislavery state, 103, 105

Indians

Jefferson’s writings about Jesus for, 70

missionary school for Cherokees, 43, 135

individuality, 202

inductive thinking, 38

institutions, Deconstruction of, xvii

intellectual abilities of blacks, impact of conditions, 9798

interdenominational cooperation, 46, 173

Unitarian emphasis on, 187

in Virginia, 171

Iredell, James, 35

Irvin, William, 157

J

Janicek, Zdenek, xiii

Jarratt, Devereaux, 171

Jefferson, Field, 9

Jefferson, Isaac, Memoirs of a Monticello Slave, 11

Jefferson, Jane, 4

Jefferson, Lucy Elizabeth I, 4

Jefferson, Lucy Elizabeth II, 4

Jefferson, Martha (“Patsy,” daughter), 4, 1112, 170, 181

on Jefferson grief at wife’s death, 169

Jefferson, Martha (wife), 168

Jefferson, Mary (“Maria,” “Polly”), 4

death, 170

Jefferson, Randolph (brother of Tom), as likely father of Hemings children, 1012

Jefferson, Thomas

as advocate for emancipation, 94

as ambassador to France, 4, 103, 169, 212

attitude toward Callender, 18

avoidance of negatives, 200

background, 33

biographies, 4, 201

cash shortage, 93

concerns over Missouri Compromise, 107108

daughters, 4

Federalist criticism, 144, 145147

financial records and church support, 158

granddaughter’s description, 213214

grandson’s description, 200, 214

humility, 210211

languages known, 79

letters by, 167

manners, 211212

on moral teachings of Jesus, 78

non-participation in Constitution framing, 117118

personal attacks against, 25

presidential election of 1800, 143144

private life, 213

as Secretary of State, 142

as slave owner, 91

spiritual change in life, 167168

titles of honor, xi

as vice president, 17

as visionary, xii

Jefferson Bible, 6783

Jefferson Reorganization, 46

Jeroboam, 147

Jesus

Jefferson’s 1804 work about, 70, 72

Jefferson’s advice to Carr, 6263

Jefferson’s writings on, 178

and the Trinity, 175

Jewish World Review, 13

Joshua, 199

K

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 111

Kaskaskia tribe, treaty with, 7172, 135

Kennedy, Anthony, 137

Kennedy, John F., xiixiii

Kentucky Abolition Society, 91, 106

Kentucky Resolution of 1798, 124

King, Martin Luther Jr., 112

Kings College, 45

Knox, Samuel, 45, 157

Kosinski, Jerzy, xiii

Kozyrev, Andrei, xiv

Kramnick, Isaac, The Godless Constitution, xxii

L

Lacey, John, 81

Lafayette, Marquis de, xii, 108

Latin Bible, 69

Laurens, John, 89

law religion, 161, 195

laws of nature, xxi, 35

Bible and, 62

Lee, Henry, 23

Lee, Richard Henry, 33, 89

Leland, John

on black involvement in Awakening, 172

financial support from Jefferson, 158

giant cheese gift for Jefferson, 150151

on priestcraft, 159

support for Jefferson, 149150

Lemen, James, 104105, 106

Levy, Leonard, 32, 4647

Lewis, Jan, 15

Libertines, 60

liberty, xiii

Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (Jefferson), 7482

congressional resolution for government printing, 81

presentation to senators and representatives at swearing in, 82

Lincoln, Abraham, 110111

Lincoln, Levi, 187

Linn, William, 70, 146

Locke, John, 37, 38, 4041

Lossing, Benson, xiv

Louisiana Territory

Christian school, 135

purchase, 43

Lyons, Stephen, 8586

M

Madison, James, 33, 107

Callender correspondence to, 17

Callender’s accusations against, 23

on Hume, 37

meeting with Callender, 19

record of Christian theological writings, 5354

Malone, Dumas, 74, 207

Callender description by, 24

on faith of Jefferson, 190

on personal attacks of Jefferson, 25

Marine Band, at Capitol worship, 134

marriage, Jefferson’s bill for protecting, 132

Marsden, George, 33

Marsh v. Chambers (1983), 137

Marshall, Thurgood, 137

Martin, Benjamin Ellis, 24

Martin, Luther, 87

Mason, George, 33, 89

Mason, John, 146147

Massachusetts

abolition of slavery in, 101

witch trials, xviixviii, 218n34

math instruction, 205

Mather, Increase, xvii

Maury, James Fontaine, 33

Maury, Matthew, 158

May, Samuel, 186

Mayer, David, 2

Mayflower Compact of 1620, ix

McCormick, Andrew, 158

McCullough, David, 207

Memoirs of a Monticello Slave (Isaac Jefferson), 11

Memoirs of His Life (Jefferson), 110

Methodists, xx

decline in Virginia, 173174

“Republican Methodists,” 152

traveling clergy, 156

in Virginia, 171

Meunier, Louis Dominique de, 103

Michigan, as antislavery state, 103

Middle colonies, racial views, 89

Miller, John C., 24

Miller, Samuel, 70, 157

Minimalism, xxixxii, 74, 77, 149, 162, 197198

definition of history and, 210

remedy for, 207208

Minnesota, as antislavery state, 103

miracles, in Jefferson’s writings about Jesus, 73, 80

missionary efforts to Indians, Jefferson and, 7172, 135

Missouri Compromise, 111

and slavery expansion, 107

Modernism, xxxxi, 74, 76, 142, 197

antidote to, 203207

definition of history and, 210

monarchy, clergy support for, 160

money devaluation, and Jefferson cash shortage, 93

Monroe, James, 17

Jefferson’s letter on Callender, 2627

meeting with Callender, 1920

Montesquieu, Charles, 37

Moore, Jeremiah, 157

Jefferson communication with, 162163

Moore, Laurence, The Godless Constitution, xxii

moral teachings

Jefferson’s study of, 7482

of Jesus, Jefferson on, 78

Unitarian emphasis on, 186

Morris, Gouverneur, 135

Morris, Governor, 8687

mulatto, 2830

N

Nashoba, Tennessee, 108

Nature, 6, 12

nature, laws of, xxi, 35

Bible and, 62

Negro President (Wills), 8586

Nelson, Thomas, 33

New England

clergy opposition to Jefferson, 149

religious freedom vs. state-established denomination, 156157

New Hampshire, abolition of slavery in, 101

New Jersey, abolition of slavery in, 101

New York, abolition of slavery in, 101

Newton, Isaac, 38

theological works, 3940

“No Child Left Behind,” 204

North vs. South, Jefferson’s observations, 142143

Northern colonies

Jefferson’s description, 9091

roles of blacks in, 88

Northwest Ordinance, antislavery

proposal in, 103

Northwest Territory, slavery banned from, 107

Notes on Religion (Jefferson), 168

Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 9697, 99, 102

O

Ocellus, 74

Ohio, as antislavery state, 103, 105

O’Kelly, James, 152, 174, 175, 176, 188189

Old Testament

de-emphasizing, 179182

Jefferson’s views of, 182

Onuf, Peter, 15

original source materials. See primary source documentation

Otto III (Roman Emperor), 120

oversimplification, xxi, 197198

P

Padover, Saul, 149

Paine, Thomas, 209

Parker, Theodore, 185

passion, 201

past, understanding, 203

paternity DNA testing, 89

Paul, 208209

as corruptor of Jesus’ teachings, 180

PBS Frontline, 12

peer review, 198

Penn, William, 121

Pennsylvania, abolition of slavery in, 101

Peterson, Merrill, 2324

The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth

(Jefferson), 70, 73

Jefferson’s description, 79

Pilgrims, 121

Plato, 74, 76

Platonists, 77, 235n50

Plotinists, 77, 235n50

Poland, xiii

political parties, 142

The Political Progress of Great Britain (Callender), 16

political writings of Jefferson, religious terms in, 155

Poststructuralism, xviiixix, 197

definition of history and, 209210

remedy for, 202203

Powell, Colin, 112

powers reserved to states, 138

practical Christianity, 171

prayer, 191

absence of national proclamations by Jefferson, 137138

Jefferson’s call for public day of, 130, 132

Presbyterians, 45, 171, 173

Jefferson denunciation of, 182183

presidential documents, Jefferson’s closing for, 136

presidential election of 1800, 143144

Presidents

federal prayer proclamations, 139

sexual indiscretions, 2

Price, Richard, 90, 130

Review of the Principal Questions in Morals, 75

priestcraft, 159160

Priestly, Joseph, 119

primary source documentation, xxiii, 207

vs. modern experts, 209

Primitivism

Jefferson’s writings on, 177178

rejection of church practices, 176

Princeton University, 45, 75

Principia (Newton), 40

Protestant Episcopal Church, Jefferson support of, 153154

pseudo-evangelists, 63, 64

psychohistory, 27

public arena, religious expressions in, 130

Purity, Age of, 119

Pythagoras, 74, 77

Q

Quakers, 171

in abolition movement, 172

Queens College, 45

R

racism, in Southern colonies, 8889

racist claims, 15, 86113

Randall, Henry Stephens, 201

Randall, Willard Sterne, 30

Randolph, Edmund Jennings, 142

Randolph, Martha Jefferson, 1112.

See also Jefferson, Martha (“Patsy,” daughter)

Randolph, Peyton, 33

Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, 81

Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François (Abbé), Jefferson criticism of, 38

reason, 63, 65

The Reasonableness of Christianity as Delivered in the Scriptures (Locke), 40

Recorder (Federalist newspaper), 20

Reformation, Age of, 119

Rehnquist, William, 7172

Reid, Thomas, 34

religion, Supreme Court decisions citing Jefferson, 241n12

religious beliefs

government protection of, 125

North vs. South, 143

opinions on Jefferson’s, 165

religious careers, University of Virginia preferential treatment for those seeking, 56

religious freedom, vs. state established denomination, 156157

religious instruction for Cherokees, 43

of Jefferson, 193194

Jefferson support for school, 43

learning both sides, 59

at University of Virginia, 5354

religious literature, court cases on permit to hand out, 245n69

religious privileges, government role, 123125

representation in Congress, Three-Fifths clause and, 86

Republican Methodists, 152

Republican newspaper in Philadelphia, Callender job with, 16

Republican party, 142

Restoration Movement, 174

Jefferson and, 190

religious tenets, 176177

Trinitarian branch, 189

Revelation, Jefferson’s opinion on, 180

revelation, law of, 35

Review of the Principal Questions in Morals (Price), 75

Rhode Island, abolition of slavery in, 101

Rice, John Holt, 50

Roman Catholic church, Jefferson support for construction, 135

Rudy, Willis, 32

Ruffner, William H., 57

Rush, Benjamin, xii, 52, 83, 144, 156157, 189, 190

Rutgers University, 45

Ryland, Robert, 57

S

Sabbath, Jefferson’s bill for preserving, 131132

St. James Church of Northern Parish (Anglican), 33

Salem, Peter, 88

Sanford, Charles, 73

“Scholars Commission,” 2

Scholastics, 77, 235n50

Science, 1

scientific method, 38

Scopes trial (1925), 204

Scottish Common Sense philosophy, 33, 34, 42, 61

Blackstone and, 35

scriptures. See Bible

Second Great Awakening, 156, 173, 188

A Second Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (Locke), 40

secular government, as Founding Fathers’ goal, xxiixxiii

secular university, claim of University of Virginia as, 3166

secularists

definition, 115

tendencies in history textbooks, 201

Sedgwick, Theodore, 133

Sedition Law, Callender conviction of, 17

Seneca, 74, 76, 77

Separate Baptists, 172

separation of church and state, vii, 115140, 195

claims of Jefferson as origin, 116

wall of, Jefferson and, 118119, 125

Serious Considerations on the Election of a President (Linn), 146

Servetus, 183

sexual morality, of Jefferson, 193

sexual relations, between white masters and black slaves, 220n10

Short, William, Jefferson’s letter to, 181182

Skeptical Review, 160161

slander, Jefferson reaction to, 2526

slave owner, Jefferson as, xv, 91

slavery, Unitarian opposition to, 186

slaves

Constitutional Convention debate over counting in population, 8687

Jefferson efforts for, 108

Jefferson’s bill emancipating all slaves born after act passage, 101

Jefferson’s payment for crops, 93

law banning importation, 104

representation in court by Jefferson, 100

sexual relations of masters with, 220n10

three-fifths vote, 86

Virginia bill banning importation, 101

Small, William, 33

Smith, Adam, Theory of Moral Sentiments, 75

Smith, Cotton Mather, criticism of Jefferson, 145

Smith, Edward, 57

Smith, Elias, 157, 174, 175, 184

Smith, Mary Bayard, 133134

Smyth, Alexander, 180181

Society of the United Brethren, 70

Socrates, 74, 76, 77

South America, Jefferson on political conditions, 161

South Carolina, 90

South, vs. North, Jefferson’s observations, 142143

Southern colonies, racism, 8889

Soviet Union, xiiixiv

Spafford, Horatio, 160

Spanish America, 161

spellings, modern vs. colonial, ix

Stagyrites, 77, 235n50

states

abolition of slavery in, 101

powers reserved to, 138

stereotypes, xxi

Stiles, Ezra, xii, 60, 190

Stoddard, William, 168169

Stone, Barton, 174, 175, 184

Sullivan, John, 212

“A Summary View of the Rights of British America” (Jefferson), 100

supernatural, in Jefferson’s writings about Jesus, 80

Synod of Carthage, 64

Synopsis of the Four Evangelists (Thomson), 79

T

Thatcher, Margaret, xiv, 202

Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 75

Thomas, William H.B., 171

Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (Brodie), 28

Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Gordon-Reed), 1415

Thomson, Charles, 79

Jefferson identifying as Christian, 189

Thomson’s Bible, Jefferson’s offer of financial help, 69

three-fifths slave vote, 86

Till, Ferrill, 160

Timæus, 74

Tocqueville, Alexis de, xii

Todd, John, 157

transdenominational school, University of Virginia as, 4546

Transylvania University, 45

Treasury Department, Sunday church services at, 134

Trinity, 175

opposition to, 184

Tripoli, U.S. treaty with, 136

truth, quest for objective, 203

Tucker, George, 51, 52

Tuston, Septimus, 55

Twentieth-Century Model, 205206

Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 4041

U

Unitarianism

early doctrines, 185

Jefferson and, 186, 188

United States

education system, 203206

published scope and sequence of history standards for states, 257n16

recommendation for official government seal, 131

U. S. Capitol

clergy preaching at, 152

Leland as preacher at worship, 151

public worship in, 133

U. S. Congress

absence of legislative power over religious opinion, 126127

law banning importation of slaves, 104

Three-Fifths clause and representation, 86

U. S. Constitution

Bill of Rights, 118

evolutionary belief and, 204205

First Amendment, 116, 122

First Amendment as prohibition on

government vs. individuals, 128130

Jefferson’s non-participation in framing, 117118

three-fifths slave vote, 86

U. S. Supreme Court, 116117

Allegheny v. ACLU (1989), 137

Everson v. Board of Education (1947), 127

major decisions on religion citing Jefferson, 241n12

Marsh v. Chambers (1983), 137

use of separation metaphor, 126127

on voluntary religious activities by students, 127128

unity, xix

universities, early characteristics, 4445

University of Pennsylvania, 45

University of Virginia, 3166

chaplains, 5457

denominational nonpreferentialism as goal, 4851, 56

faculty religious affiliation, 5153

founding prayer, 5051

professorships of divinity, 49

religious instruction, 49, 5354

as secular university, 4451

worship on campus, 54

US News and World Report, 206

V

Vermont, abolition of slavery in, 101

vice president, Jefferson as, 17, 133

Vickers, Anita, 31

A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (Locke), 40

A Vindication of the Religion of Mr. Jefferson (Knox), 157

Virginia

decline in churches, 173

Great Awakening in, 170172

interdenominational cooperation in, 171

Jefferson draft of state constitution, 100

Jefferson’s bills for state legislature, 131

state medal with religious motto, 132

Virginia Bible Society, 50, 68, 194

Virginia Constitution, 46

Jefferson’s views on clergy and, 162

Virginia law

bill banning importation of slaves, 101

bill for establishing general courts, 132

economic requirements for emancipating slaves, 9293

and Jefferson’s slaves, 9192

Statute for Religious Freedom, 46, 178

Vitz, Paul C, 200

The Voice of Warning to Christians on the Ensuing Election (Mason), 146

Vyzourek, Marilyn, vii

W

wall of separation of church and state, 125

Jefferson and, 118119

Wall Street Journal, 13

War Department, Sunday church services at, 134

War of 1812, 148

Warren, Charles, 25

Warville, Jacques Pierre de, 103

Washington, George

Callender and, 23

church attendance, 143

Scottish Common Sense philosophy and, 33

slaves emancipated by, 92

support for emancipation, 89

Washington DC

Jefferson influence on public schools, 4344

Jefferson oversight of layout and construction, 133

Washington Post, 12

Webster, Daniel, 110

Wesley, Charles, xx

Wesley, John, xx

Whipple, Prince, 88

White House, Leland visit to, 151

White, Richard, 44

White, William, 57

Whitefield, George, xx, 156

Williams, Roger, 121

Wills, Garry, 30

Negro President, 8586

Wilmer, Joseph, 57

Wisconsin, as antislavery state, 103

Wise, John, xvii, 119, 121

witch trials, xviixviii, 218n34

Witherspoon, John, 42, 5960, 75

Wood, Billy, 157

Wood, Will, 121

Woodson, Thomas, oral tradition vs. DNA, 13

Woolman, John, 171172

worship

in Charlottesville, VA, 179

government permission for, 172

in U. S. Capitol, 133

in U. S. Capitol, Jefferson’s attendance, 134

on University of Virginia campus, 54

Wright, Frances, 108109

Wythe, George, 34, 58

X

Xenophon, 74, 76

Y

Y chromosome, for paternity DNA testing, 89