escu, Nicolae, 269, 311, 355Page numbers in italics refer to photographs. “ST” refers to Seymour Topping.
Abel, Rudolf, 197n
Abrams, Creighton, 264, 265, 267
Abt, Samuel, 330
Abu Ghraib prison, 396
Acheson, Dean, 78, 98, 100, 117–18, 127, 152, 172, 246
Acupuncture anesthesia in surgery, 336–37
Afanasyev, Victor, 3
Agence France-Presse, 32, 87, 89, 342
Agent Orange, 234
Aidit, D. N., 281–84, 287–89, 295
Air Force, U.S. See U.S. Air Force
Al-Qaeda terrorists, 396
Albanians, 202
Alessandri, Marcel, 135–36, 143, 144, 147
Algeria, 260
Ali, Haj Marcus, 291
Allen, Larry, 158, 160, 163–64
Almond, Edward, 174
Alsop, Joe, 206
American Society of News Editors, 397
An, Pham Xuan, following p. 224
Anti–Vietnam war movement, 269, 271, 334, 361, 386–87. See also Vietnam War
AP. See Associated Press (AP)
Apple, Johnny, 387
Arnett, Peter, 385
Arnold, Martin, 362
Asia Link Group, 377
Asper, George, 385
Associated Press (AP): Chinese journalists working with ST and, 107–10
and fall of Nanking, 89
financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 396
and front page of New York Times, 322
Indochina bureau of, 125–26
London office of, 158, 167, 190
in Manila, 5–6
Moscow office of, 196–99
Paris office of, 163
Peking bureau of, after Communist takeover, 117
and Roderick, 33
and support of ST’s reporting of Chinese Civil War, 119
Atom bomb, 3–4, 17. See also Nuclear weapons
Attwood, William and Sim, 347–49
Auriol, Vincent, 162
Badger, Oscar, 87
Bagdikan, Ben, 359
Baker, Russell, 206
Baldwin, Hanson W., 314
Bali, 291–93
Bancroft, Harding F., 331, 358–59
Bangkok, 148–50
Bao Dai, following p. 110, 125, 126, 131–32, 146, 152–55, 218, 384, 394
Barr, David: and Chiang Kai-shek, 40–41, 47–48, 55, 78, 119
on Chinese Nationalist generals, 42, 43, 119
and Joint U.S. Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG) in Nanking, 35, 40, 45, 47–48, 175, 176
and Korean War, 175, 176, 178, 179
Barr, Ginny, 176
Barrenco, José Migar, 215
Bassow, Whitman, 204
Battle of Hong Kong, 297
Bay of Pigs invasion, 205–6, 207, 212, 219
Bazin, Marcel Marshal, 123
Beaverbrook, Lord, 33
Bedell Smith, Walter, 168, 185–87
Beecher, William, 267–68
Berkey, Russell, following p. 110
Berlin, 190–94, 206–8, following p. 224
Bernstein, Ted, 49
Bethune, Norman, 16
Bickel, Alexander M., 358–59
Black, Hugo, 359
Blum, Robert, 152–53
Bo, Mai Van, 222
Borge, Tomás, 214
Bosshard, Walter, 32–35
Boudin, Leonard, 362
Bowles, Chester, 261–62, 264, 267
Brazil, 216
Brecht, Bertolt, 191
Brezhnev, Leonid, following p. 224
Brink, Francis G., 153
Britain. See Great Britain
Brown, Gordon, 4
Browne, Malcolm, following p. 224, 382–83, 387
Brownell, Herbert, 358
Buckley, Christopher, 111–12
Bundy, McGeorge, 227, 228, 229
Bundy, William, 234–35, 237–40
Bunker, Ellsworth, 263
Burma: CIA operation in, 71, 148–50
and domino theory of U.S., 146
Nationalist forces in, 148–50
U Nu government of, 149
Bush, George W., 241, 391, 393, 395–97
Cairo declaration, 353
Cambodia: Angkor in, 243–44, 261
army of, 253–54
bombing of, by U.S., 241, 242, 253–54, 256, 262, 264–73, 391–92
capital of, 259–60
casualties during invasion and bombings of, 270–74
Communist victory in, 381, 384, 392
coup against Sihanouk in, 255, 272
diplomatic relations between U.S. and, 253, 263, 267
elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 244–53
invasion of, by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces, 269–71, 351
Issaraks in, 243
journalists killed or missing in, 272–73, 386
and Khmer Rouge, 242–44, 261, 267, 269–77, 381, 384, 385, 392
Khmer Rouge occupation of Phnom Penh in, 272–77, 381, 385
Lon Nol in, 255, 268–73, 384, 392
map of, 266
Menu Campaign against, 269–70
North Vietnamese troops and Vietcong in, 253–56, 258, 261–65, 267, 268
Operation Rock Crusher against, 270–71
Pol Pot regime in, 171, 242, 243, 273–77
purges and executions by Khmer Rouge in, 242, 276, 277
recall of AP correspondents in, after Communist victory, 385
rubber tree planters in, 263–64
and SEATO, 186–87
Sihanouk in, following p. 224, 242–44
ST in, 254–60
and “Vesuvius” operation, 261–64, 267
Vietnamese invasion and occupation (1978–88) of, 276–77
Vietnamese refugees in, 256–57
Canada: Communist China recognized by, 104–5
and Korean War, 104
and Vietnam War, 234–40. See also Ronning, Chester
Carlson, Evans, 20
Carlyle, Thomas, 397
Carter, Jimmy, 360
Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 92
Caruthers, Osgood, 196
Cassini, Bishop Cipriano, 62, 75, 76
Castro, Fidel, 2, 213–17, following p. 224, 311
“Catfish” operation, 28–29
Catholic Church: in China, 12–13, 61–65, 73, 75–77, 77n, 104
and French Indochina War, 159
and Graham Greene, 161
in Hainan, 114–17
Catledge, Abby, 195
Catledge, Turner, 194–95, 219, 312, 314, 317, 322
Catlett, Don, 245–52
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Ceauescu, Nicolae, 269, 311, 355
Censorship, 200, 203–4, 379, 386
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): in Burma, 71, 148–50
creation of, 127
and Cuban missile crisis, 208
Allen Dulles as director of, 387
Helms as director of, 393
and Hmong people, 384
in Indochina, 127
in Laos, 384
and prisons for and torture of terrorists, 395
and Saddam Hussein’s defeat, 393
and South Vietnam, 218–19, 381, 382, 384
Chalabi, Ahmed, 396
Chang Yao-ming, 88
Charton, Pierre, 144
Chassin, Lionel Max, 37–38
Checkpoint Charlie, following p. 224
Ch’en Chi-tang, 116
Ch’en I, 79
Chen, Joseph, 56
Chen, Rose, 72
Chen Yi: and assault of Taiwan, 171
and Battle of the Huai-Hai, 53, 55–58, 62, 67, 70, 72
capture of Hangchow by, 94
crossing of Yangtze by, 84, 339
and Cultural Revolution, 339, 341–42, 356
death of, 339
and invasion of Taiwan, 96, 339, 353
and Laos conference (1961), 205, 339
Lin Biao denounced by, 367
as military strategist, compared with Mao, 44
occupation of Nanking by troops of, 89, 94, 205, 339
photograph of, following p. 110
Red Guards’ attack on, 339, 342
and ST, 205
and Sukarno, 282
and Vietnam War, 232
during World War II, 22
Cheney, Richard, 395
Cheng Tung-kuo, 42
Cheng Yu-kuang, 88
Chengdu, China, 114
Chennault, Claire L., 57, 57n, 93, 113, 148
Chiang Ching-kuo, 35n, 59, 60, 114
Chiang Kai-shek: accusations against Sun Li-jen concerning coup against, 35n
and Barr, 47–48
and Battle of the HuaiHai, 55, 57, 71, 74
criticisms of, concerning Chinese Civil War, 13, 18, 38, 47, 74, 78, 113, 119, 126
death and burial of, 120
dental work for, 51
and French recognition of Communist China, 223
and Korean War, 172
Kuomintang (KMT) Party of, 17–18, 21, 48, 119, 120, 374
and MacArthur, 172
and Manchuria, 38–44
on Mao’s army as “Bandits,” 327
marriage of, 51–52
Marshall on, 47–48
move of capital to Nanking by, 6, 10, 48–49
and peasant grievances, 67
on “Peip’ing” as name for Peking, 6
photographs of, following p. 110
possible coalition government between Mao and, 20–22, 26, 80–82
as president of Nationalist government on Taiwan, 120, 354
resignation of, in 1949, 78–79
retreat to Taiwan by, 79, 83, 114
and Ronning, 51–52
and Roosevelt, 20
semifeudal structure in China under, 301
and Shanghai, 59–60
U.S. policy on, 17–19, 22, 28, 36, 43, 45, 52, 69, 78, 79, 96, 118–20, 126, 155, 156, 169–70, 172
and war against Japan, 9, 13, 19, 48, 57n. See also Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 48, 51–52, 60, 78, 114, 120
Chiang Wei-kuo, 56, 58, following p. 110
Chicago Sun-Times, 359
Chicago Tribune, 33
China: and acupuncture anesthesia, 336–37
agricultural collectivization and People’s Communes in, 68, 300, 301, 303, 340
and atom bomb, 17
Audrey Topping’s travels in, 73n, 304–6, 332–34, 336–39, 345–55
casualties of Maoist policies in, 300, 342–44, 374
Deng Xiaoping’s leadership of, 68, 93, 121, 367–71, 376–79
dispute between India and, concerning Aksai Chin border territory, 234
economy of, after Civil War, 171
founding of People’s Republic of China, 90n, 96, 102, 103
free market incentives in, during late 1970s, 121, 376–79
Gang of Four in, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 185–89
and Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 146, 155, 163, 170, 184
Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) in, 109–10
ideological split between Soviet Union and, 2, 17, 199–203, 302
industrialization and Great Leap Forward in, 299–300, 302, 303, 306, 339–40, 377
Japan’s war against, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 31, 44, 48, 57n
journalists in Communist China, 107–10
and Kissinger, 11, 102, 326, 349–50, 355, 362
and Korean War, 23, 101, 103–4, following p. 110, 146, 147, 169–83, 340, 353, 377
Kuling in, 52
and land reform program, 25, 66–68, 378
and Malaysia, 282
Manchuria dispute between Soviet Union and (1969), 349
Maoist purges and executions in, 99, 108–10, 304–5, 307–9, 336, 339–44, 348, 367, 372, 374
map of, 8
National People’s Congress (NPC) in, 340, 356–57
New Democracy for, 24–25, 92–93, 105, 303
Nixon’s policy on and visit to, 11, 19, 23–24, 101–2, 200, 203, 326, 338, 349–51, 355, 362, 377, 391
occupation of North Vietnam by, 130
possibility of nuclear war between Soviet Union and, 17
possible Soviet aggression against, 349, 350
Qin dynasty terra-cotta warrior sculptures in, 369
recognition of Communist China by other countries, 103–5, 223, 298
Red Guards in, 305, 307–9, 336, 338–44, 356, 374
return of Hong Kong to, 378
Roosevelt’s policy on, 20–23
and Sihanouk, 258–59, 268–69, 351
and Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 101, 102, 117–18
Soviet aid for, 25
ST in, during 1971 and 1980, 308, 336–39, 345–55
ST’s interview with Zhou Enlai in, 311, 332–34
and Taiwan’s future, 352–55
as traditional enemy of Vietnam, 170–71
Truman’s policy on, 7, 18–20, 31, 48, 69, 78, 80, 96, 117, 118, 156, 172
U.S. recognition of Communist China, 117–18, 216
and Vietnam War, 189, 207, 232–33, 377–78, 385
war between Vietnam and (1979), over Paracel Islands, 171. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Chinese Civil War; Chinese Communist Party (CCP); Cultural Revolution; Mao Zedong; Zhou Enlai; and specific cities, such as Peking
China Quarterly, 374
Chinchow, Manchuria, 41–43
Chinese Catholic Association, 77n
Chinese Civil War: battle for Manchuria during, 30–36
capture of Hangchow by Communist forces, 94
casualties of, 31, 36, 37, 43, 46, 57, 58, 66, 69–70, 73, 73n, 84–85
and “Catfish” Operation, 28–29
cease-fire during, 6, 7, 11, 17, 31
Chiang Kai-shek on mistakes in, 120
Chiang Kai-shek’s retreat to Taiwan during, 79, 83, 114
Chinese journalists working with ST during, 107–10
Communist capture and jailing of American assistant military attachés during, 34
Communist occupation of Nanking during, 91–94
criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek concerning, 13, 18, 38, 47–48, 74, 78, 113, 119, 126
crossing of Yangtze by Communist army during, 81, 83–85, 88
defections to Communist forces during, 43–44, 56, 58, 74, 78, 83, 84, 113
execution of Yang Kaihui during, 376
fall of Manchuria during, 37–44, 78
fall of Nanking during, 84–90, 90n
fall of Shanghai during, 94
fall of T’aiyuan during, 93
food shortages during, 39, 40, 93
and France, 133
Hainan Island battle of, 113–18
house detention of ST by Communists in Nanking, 92
Hsuchow column in, 53–58, 63, 70–72
Huai-Hai battle during, 1, 44, 53–74, following p. 110
Kennedy on, 155–56
MacArthur on, 169–70
Mao compared with Lin Biao as military strategist during, 44
Mao’s headquarters in Yenan during, 13–29, 301
Mao’s predictions of success during, 72, 74
Mao’s protracted war strategy during, 27, 37–38, 147, 227
Marshall’s mediation mission during, 7, 11, 13, 17–19, 28–29, 31, 51, 72, 80
Nanking during, 45–52
Nationalist Air Force during, 45, 55, 65, 69, 70, 93, 114, 116
Nationalist pilots’ performance during, 45
peace proposal by Communists (April 1949) during, 83
peasant support for Communists during, 66–68, 126
and People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 1, 7, 15, 26, 28, 37–38, 83, 89, 90n, following p. 110
prisoners of war during, 58, 63, 70, 71, 74
Red Army’s Long March during, 10, 27, 352, 355
refugees during, 39, 40, 46, 59, 61–62, 85, 171
Siwantse during, 12–13
size of opposing armies during, 15, 28, 46, 78
ST in Peking as journalist covering, 7–11
ST with Communist forces during, 1, 60– 61, 65–74
and Stalin, 22, 22–23, 25–28, 31, 81–82, 95, 96
ST’s reflections on outcome of, 118–21
ST’s travels in China during, 11–13, 61–62, 65–74
Stuart’s attempts at peace settlement for, 79–82
superiority of Nationalist troops and equipment in, 19, 28, 46, 74
surrender of Peking during, 82
tank column used by Communists during, 55, 56
Tat’ung during, 11
transfer of Nationalist air force, navy, and army divisions to Taiwan, 79, 83, 96
U.S. aid and support for Nationalist government during, 17–19, 22, 28, 36, 43, 45, 52, 69, 78, 79, 96, 118–19, 126, 155, 156, 169–70. See also Huai-Hai, Battle of the
Chinese Communist Party (CCP): and Catholic Church, 75–77, 77n
and censorship, 379
and Chinese Civil War, 17–18
and Cultural Revolution, 350
founding of, 98
and Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957), 109–10
leaders of, 15–17, 24, 110, 143, 299, 357
Liu Shaoqi’s text for, 24
members of, 16
and Sino-Soviet split, 200
and Yenan workers, 15
Chinese language romanization, 399–401
Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG), 103, 142
Chirac, Jacques, 164
Choi, Sinn, 244
Chou Fu-cheng, 42
Christian and Missionary Alliance, 125
Christian Science Monitor, 317, 359
Churchill, Winston, 22
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Clark, Lewis, 80
Clark, Mark, 78
Clinton, William, 272
Clubb, O. Edmund, 34, 34n, 119
CMAG. See Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG)
Collins, John, 34
Columbia Journalism Review, 315, 317
Comintern, 131
Committee of 100, 100
Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP), 363
Communist China. See China; Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Constans, Jean, 136
Corriere della Serra, 200
Council on Foreign Relations, 21, 158, 240, 328
CREEP. See Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)
Crowe, Philip, 86
Cuba: Bay of Pigs invasion of, 205–6, 207, 212, 219
and Castro, 2, 213–17, following p. 224, 311
and Cuban missile crisis, 2, 208–14
Soviet Union’s relationship with, 216–17
ST in, 214–17
Cuban missile crisis, 2, 208–14
Cultural Revolution: and Chen Yi, 339, 341–42, 356
and Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 350
collapse of, in 1976, 2
and Deng Xiaoping, 306, 309, 340, 370
evaluation of, 370
and Gang of Four, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73
and Huang Hua, 343–44
human cost of, 342–44, 374, 377
and Jiang Qing, 16, 299, 302–3, 340, 341, 356, 357, 370, 376
and Lin Biao, 307, 308, 341, 349, 355, 356
and Liu Bocheng, 340
and Liu Shaoqi, 306–9, 337, 340, 348, 355, 356
and Mao Zedong, 25, 44, 93, 297–309, 334, 337, 339–44, 348–50, 355, 356, 370, 376, 377
in Nanking, 305
in Peking, 305–7, 338–39, 341–42, 356
purges during, 304–5, 307–9, 336, 339–44, 348, 367, 372, 374, 377
and Zhou Enlai, 304, 338, 340–41, 350, 355, 356, 371, 376
Czechoslovakia, 80, 119, 322, 350
Dalai Lama, 377
Dalat, 132
Daniel, Clifton, 199, 220, 221, 310–15, 318, 324
Davidson, Terry, following p. 224
Davies, John Paton, 20, 23, 119
Davis, T. C., 104
Dawn Wakes in the East (AT), 368
De Fontaine, Ed, following p. 224
De Gaulle, Charles, 127, 146, 208, 234, 259–61, 312, 393
De la Garde, Marquis, 263
De La Tour, General, 147
De Lattre, Bernard, 162
De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean, following p. 110, 146–47, 151–53, 155, 156, 158, 160, 209, 225
De Pugh, William, 261
Dean, John Gunther, 272
Defense Department, U.S. See U.S. Defense Department
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). See North Vietnam
Deng Tuo, 302
Deng Xiaoping: and Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957), 110
and Chinese Civil War, 53, 92, 114
criticisms of, 370–72
and Cultural Revolution, 306, 309, 340, 370
Gang of Four’s plot against, 370, 373
and Hong Kong, 378
and land reform and free market incentives in 1970s, 68, 121, 376–79
leadership of, in China after 1970s, 68, 93, 121, 367–71, 376–79
and Liu Shaoqi, 302–3
on Mao Zedong, 377
and Peng Dehuai, 340
as secretary general of Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 110, 299, 357
and Tiananmen Square demonstration (1989), 379
and Zhou Enlai, 309, 367–68, 370–71, 376
at Zhou’s funeral, 371
Denson, John, 342
DePuy, William, 229
Deschamps, Noel St. Clair, 263
Desperben, Bishop Dominique, 114, 116–17
Dewey, Peter A., 127–29
Dewey, Thomas E., 118
Dhani, Marshal, 282–84, 286–87, 289, 295
Dhani, Omar, 281
Dianous, Hughes Jean de, 115–16
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 188, 218–19, 220, 221, 383, 392
Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 163, 184–85, 188
Dieu, Nguyen, 256–57
Dixie Mission. See U.S. Army Observer Group
Dong, Pham Van, 185, 188, 222, 236–37, 239–41, 268–69, 313–14
Dong Khe, Vietnam, 142–44
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 128, 129
Drozdov, Vladimir, 32
DRV. See North Vietnam
Dryfoos, Orville, 219
Dub
ek, Alexander, 322
Dulles, Allen, 387
Dulles, John Foster, 168, 185–87, 391
Durdin, Tillman, 111, following p. 224
East Germany. See Germany
Ehrlichman, John, 364
Eisenhower, Dwight: Brownell as attorney general of, 358
and CIA operation in Burma, 150
on Communism, 120
and French Indochina War, 184–85
Kennedy’s criticisms of, 156
and Khrushchev, 201
on United Nations membership for Communist China, 104–5
El Salvador, 216
Elephant gift, 244–53
Ellsberg, Daniel, 328–29, 359, 361–64
Emerson, Gloria, 324
England. See Great Britain
Ensz, Reinhold, 190
Epstein, Sir Jacob, 167
Ernst, Ernie, 5
European Defense Community, 154
Faas, Horst, 386
Fairbank, John King, 119, 155–56
Fan Han-chieh, 41
Farris, Barry, 49
Fatal Crossroads (ST), 388
Ferenbaugh, Claude B., 178
Fielder, Wilson, following p. 110, 136, 141
Fielding, Lewis, 362–64
Le Figaro, 164
First Amendment rights, 334, 359–60
Fleming, Joe, following p. 224
Flynn, Sean, 273
Foreign Legionnaires, 123, 137–40, 143, 144, 146
France. See De Gaulle, Charles; French Indochina War; Paris
Franco, Francisco, 170
Franjola, Matt, 385
Frankel, Max, 199–200, 210, 330, 331
Freedman, Manny, 194, 195, 210, 219
French Indochina War: beginning of, 131
casualties of, 122, 127–29, 131, 139, 140, 145, 147, 162, 163, 184, 188
China frontier during, 135–47, 170
Chinese advisers to Viet Minh during, 102–3, 155, 163, 171
de Lattre’s defense of Hanoi during, 147
de Lattre’s offensive on Hoa Binh during, 160–63
Dien Bien Phu battle during, 163, 184–85, 188
Dong Khe battle during, 142–43
and Eisenhower, 184–85
end of, 163
fall of Lang Son during, 145
Foreign Legionnaires in, 123, 137–40, 143, 144, 146
French generals in, following p. 110, 135–36, 143–44, 146–47, 151–53, 155, 156, 158, 160–63
French “Road of Death” during, 134, 136–41
Geneva Conference (1954) and Geneva Accords on, 184–89
Giap’s protracted war strategy during, 131, 225, 227
Hanoi during, 122, 135–36, 142, 147, 158
and Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh, 87, 102, 116, 122–26, 129–33, 135–47, 152, 153, 155, 159–60, 162–63, 184
“human wave” tactics during, 147
journalists on, 122
and Mao Zedong, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 146, 150, 163, 170–71, 184, 377, 390–91
map of, 134
McNamara on, 126–27
and news media generally, 394
Operation Therese during, 144–45
Phat Diem episode during, 159
piaster racket during, 123–24
political assassinations and executions during, 123, 133
refugees during, 122
Saigon during, 122–33, 142, 145, 152, 161–64
ST’s reporting during, following p. 110, 118, 122, 124–25, 136–41, 151–55, 161
ST’s tour of China frontier during, following p. 110, 136–41
Thai Nguyen battle during, 143
U.S. policy on, 102, 124–28, 132, 146, 147, 151–53, 184–85, 329, 393, 394
weapons used by Viet Minh during, 124, 135–36, 142–43, 163. See also Hanoi; Saigon; Vietnam War
Frost, Elizabeth A., 337
Frost, Robert, 199
Fulbright, William, 329
Gagarin, Yuri, 197
Gallagher, Wes, 194–95, 272, 385
Galula, David, 9–10
Gang of Four, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73
Gates, Robert M., 392
Geiler, V., 248
Gelb, Arthur, 220–21, 320–21, 323
Gelb, Leslie, 328
Geneva Accords, 184–89
Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 2, 104, 167–68, 180, 234, 333, 351, 391
Geneva Conference on Laos (1961), 204–5, 208, 234, 339
Germany: Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin, 191, following p. 224
Dresden affair and detention of American servicemen by East Germany, 192–93, following p. 224
French support for U.S. policy on, 126
Khrushchev in East Germany, 193–94, 197
Khrushchev on Berlin, 190, 211–12
Toppings in West Berlin, 190–94
West Berlin in, 190–94, 206–8, following p. 224
Gestapu, 278, 280–81, 283–87, 289, 294–95
Getz, John, 247
Giap, Vo Nguyen, 38, 103, 133, 142–44, 147, 163, 225, 227, 385
Gillem, Alvin, 13
Gilroy, Harry, following p. 224
Gold, Gerald, 330
Goodale, James C., 331, 358–59
Graham, Katherine, 359
Great Britain: AP office in London, 158, 167, 190
Communist China recognized by, 298
firing on ships of, during Chinese Civil War, 84–85
and Malaysia, 223, 278, 280, 282
post–World War II rationing in, 165
Green, Marshall, 295–96
Green Gang secret society, 60
Greene, Graham, following p. 110, 158–61
Greene, Hugh, 159
Greenfield, James L., 324, 325, 330–31, 335, 365
Greenway, David, 382
Grey, Anthony, 342
Griswald, Erwin N., 360
Grose, Peter, 387
Grove, Dawson, 297
Grover, Preston, 5–6
Guang Yaming, 305
Guillain, Robert, 105
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 395
Gullion, Edmund, following p. 110, 125, 126, 152–57, 221–22, 251
Habib, Philip, 261–62
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office (Wu Han), 302, 373
Haig, Alexander, 271
Hainan Island, battle of, 113–18
Halberstam, David, 219–20, 383
Hamengku Buwono IX, Sultan, 280
Hampson, Fred, 49, 60, 92, 97, 108
Hangchow, China, 94
Hanoi: description of, 158
evacuation of, during French Indochina War, 147
and French Indochina War, 122, 135–36, 142, 147, 158
Ho Chi Minh’s provisional government in, after World War II, 131
Kennedy brothers in, during early 1950s, 155
refugees in, 122
and thirtieth anniversary of end of Vietnam War, 388
Toppings in, 135–36, 158–61, 388
and Vietnam War, 227, 313. See also French Indochina War; Ho Chi Minh; Vietnam War
Harriman, W. Averell, 212, 234
Hauck, Larry, 316
Heath, Donald, 153, 155, 245–47, 249–50
Helms, Richard, 393
Hersh, Seymour, 396
Higgins, Marguerite, 159
Hill, Russell, following p. 224
Hiroshima, 3
Hmong people, 384
Ho Chi Minh: death of, 385
and French Indochina War, 87, 102, 116, 122, 146, 154–55, 158, 188
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 185, 188
and Indochinese Communist Party, 131
Mao’s support for, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 146, 150, 163, 170–71, 184
nationalist appeal of, 218, 221
personality of, 131
photograph of, following p. 110
purge of opponents of, 133
and Soviet Union, 131
takeover of Saigon and Hanoi from Japanese by, 128, 131
and Truman, 102, 130–31, 329, 388, 390, 394
and Vietnam War, 38, 207–8, 235, 236
and Vietnamese independence movement, 129–31, 133. See also French Indochina War
Ho Chi Minh Trail, 205, 208, 232, 233, 268, 384
Ho Ssu-yuan, 82
Ho Ying-chin, 38, 43, 83, 86–87, 93
Hoa Binh offensive, 160–63
Hoagland, Paul, 130
Hofmann, Paul, 75
Hong Kong: British defense of, 111
China watchers in, 297–99
economy on, 113
return of, to China, 378
ST in, 111–13, 116, 117, 219, 225, 297–99, 310
U.S. Consulate in, 298
Valhalla owned by Toppings in, 297, 310
Hoppin, Charles and Nancy Dewey, 129
Hsuchow, China and Hsuchow column, 53–58, 63, 70–72, 73n, 74. See also Huai-Hai, Battle of the
Hsueh Yueh (“Little Tiger”), 115
Hu Jintao, 378
Huai-Hai, Battle of the: casualties of, 1, 57, 58, 66, 69–70, 73, 73n
and Chiang Kaishek, 55, 57, 71, 74
documentary on, 73n
end of, 1
and evacuation of Hsuchow, 58
and evacuation of Pengpu, 73
and exodus from Shanghai, 59–60
and Hsuchow column, 53–58, 63, 70–71, 74
Huang’s surrender of Twelfth Army Group during, 63, 69–70
and Mao Zedong, 53, 55, 63, 71, 72
map of, 54
museum commemorating, 73n
Nienchuang assault by Communists, 56, 57
peasant support for Communists during, 66–68
and Pengpu, 61–65
photographs on, following p. 110
significance of, 1, 44, 53, 73–74
ST with Communist forces during, 1, 60–61, 65–73
and ST’s arrival in Hsuchow, 56–57, 72
and ST’s arrival in Shanghai, 58–60
ST’s return from Communist front during, 72–74
and ST’s train travel to and from Pengpu, 61–62, 73
surrender of Hsuchow column during, 71
Huang Hua: ambassador positions of, 343
and conference on Indochina, 167
and Cultural Revolution, 343–44
on founding of People’s Republic of China, 103
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 184– 88
and Kissinger, 343
and Korean War negotiations, 167–68, 180
and Marshall’s mediation mission during Chinese Civil War, 7
and May Seventh School, 343
in Nanking for diplomatic contact with Western nations, 95–97
photographs of, following pp. 110 and 224
on SEATO, 186–87
and Stuart’s proposed exploratory talks with Mao and Zhou, 10–11, 95–101, 100, 101
in student movement at Yenching University, 10, 95–96
and U.S. Army Observer Group, 20
and Zhou Enlai’s illness, 370, 371
Huang Pai-tao, 56
Huang Yongsheng, 302, 341, 357, 365–66
Hughes, John, 317
Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957), 109–10
Hussein, King, 311
ICC. See International Control Commission (ICC)
India: British in, 228
dispute between China and, 234
Mao’s foreign policy on, 378
Panikkar as diplomat from, 103–4, 173–75, 180–81
recognition of Communist China by, 103, 298
Ronning in, 234
and Soviet Union, 378
Indochina: American community in, 125–27
Communist victories in and eviction of U.S. from, 381–87
maps of, 134, 226
OSS operations in, 125, 127–30
piaster racket during, 123–24
Potsdam Conference on, 127, 130
Roosevelt on transformation of, into United Nations Trusteeship, 125, 127. See also Cambodia; French Indochina War; Laos; Saigon; Vietnam; Vietnam War
Indochinese Communist Party, 131
downfall of Sukarno in, 2, 278–96
Gestapu murder of army generals in, 2–3, 278, 280–81, 283–87, 289, 294–95
and Malaysia, 278, 279, 280, 295
purge of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and genocide in, 2–3, 278–79, 284–95, 317
September 30 Movement in, 283–87, 289, 294
size of, 278
Suharto in, 279–81, 286–88, 294–96
Megawati Sukarnoputri as president of, 296
and United Nations, 279, 280, 282
Yuhoyono as president of, 296
Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 278–79, 286–95, 317
INS. See International News Service (INS)
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1988), 215
International Control Commission (ICC), 235, 239, 312
International News Service (INS), 2, 6, 7, 33, 49, 109, 169
Internet, 321, 322, 379, 396–97
Iran, 391
shah of, 311
Iraq, 2, 10, 241, 387–93, 395–96
Israel, 311
Issaraks, 243
Italian Communist Party, 76
Japan: atomic bombs dropped in, 3–4
China’s war against, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 31, 44, 48, 57n
MacArthur in, as Supreme Commander Allied Powers (SCAP), 169
Mao’s foreign policy on, 378
memorial service for victims of atomic bomb in, 3
and Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353
in World War II, 3–4, 25–28, 30, 35, 42, 170, 388
Jarvis, Lucy, 212
Java, 290–94
Jenkins, Evan, 315–18
Jesuits, 61–65, 73, 75–77, 114. See also Catholic Church
Ji Jiaozhu, 351
Ji Mingzhong, 342, 346, 349, 365
Jiang Qing: arrest, trial, and imprisonment of, 373
and Chinese Civil War, 29
and Cultural Revolution, 16, 299, 302–3, 340, 341, 356, 357, 370, 376
death of, 373
and Gang of Four, 299, 341, 370, 372–73
and Peking Opera House, 16, 93–94, 373
photographs of, 16, following p. 110
and Sihanouk, 269
Jinling Evening News, 90n
Johnson, Harold, 233
Johnson, Lyndon: decision of, not to run for reelection, 240, 328
and domino theory, 393
and Indonesia, 3
photograph of, following p. 224
and Vietnam War, 222, 224, 227–29, 231–34, 238, 240, 256, 317, 328, 329, 392, 395
Johnson, Tom, 387
Joint U.S. Advisory Group (JUSMAG), 35, 40, 45, 46–48, 175
Jones, David, 318
Journalism. See Associated Press (AP); International News Service (INS); New York Times; News media; and specific newspapers and journalists
Journey between Two Chinas (ST), 327, 403
JUSMAG. See Joint U.S. Advisory Group (JUSMAG)
Kalb, Marvin, 199–200
Kantol, Prince Norom, 258
Karajan, Herbert von, 191
Karakoram Highway, 375
Katamso, Brig. Gen., 287
Kawabe, Takashiro, following p. 110
Keatley, Bob and Ann, 347–49
Keller, Bill, 321
Kemper, George, 192–93, following p. 224
Kennedy, Ethel, 223
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 261
Kennedy, Joan, 297
Kennedy, John F.: assassination of, 220–21, 261
and Chinese forces in Burma, 150
and coup against Diem regime, 218–19, 220, 221
and Cuban Bay of Pigs invasion, 205–6, 207, 212, 219
and Cuban missile crisis, 208–14
on French Indochina War, 156, 184–85
and Gullion, 156–57
Khrushchev’s Vienna meeting with, on Berlin and Indochina, 205–8, 209
obituary for, 220–21
photograph of, following p. 224
Reston interview with, 206–8
in Vietnam as congressman (1951), 2, 151–52, 154–57, 209, 218, 223–24
and Vietnam War, 157, 206, 207–8, 218–19, 221–23, 329
and West Berlin, 206–7
Kennedy, Joseph P., 151
Kennedy, Patricia, 151
Kennedy, Robert, 151, 155–56, 211, 222–24, 280
Kennedy, Ted, 297
Kent State deaths, 271
Kenworthy, E. W., 330
Key, David M., 149–50
Kharlamov, Mikhail, 203
Khmer Rouge, 242–44, 261, 267, 269–77, 381, 384, 385, 392. See also Cambodia
Khrushchev, Nikita: alcohol use by, 204
and Cuban missile crisis, 2, 208–13
death and burial plot of, 212
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 185
Kennedy’s Vienna meeting with, on Berlin and Indochina, 205–8, 209
on Korean War, 171
lifting of censorship by, 203
Mao’s ideological split with, 2, 17, 199–203, 302
and nuclear test-ban treaty, 212
and ousting from Soviet leadership (1964), 212
photographs of, following p. 224
on Stalin, 201–2
and U-2 spy flight, 201
and Vietnam War, 208
Khrushchev, Nina, 211, 212, following p. 224
Kiernan, Ben, 272
The Killing Fields, 277
Kim Il-sung, 170, 171, 174–75, 180, 181
Kissinger, Henry: and bombing and invasion of Cambodia, 267, 268, 271
and China, 11, 102, 326, 343, 349–50, 355, 362
and Huang Hua, 343
and Pentagon Papers, 362
photograph of, following p. 224
KMT. See Kuomintang (KMT) Party
Knight Ridder newspapers, 395
Kohlberg, Alfred, 119
Korean War: beginning of, 103, 119, 170, 171, 180
casualties of, 112, 137, 169, 177–78, 182
and Chiang Kai-shek, 172
Chinese Communist involvement in, 23, 101, 103–4, following p. 110, 146, 147, 169–83, 340, 353, 377, 390–91
Geneva conference on (1954), 2, 104, 167–68, 180
Huang Hua and negotiations on, 167–68
journalists covering, 137
and MacArthur, 23, following p. 110, 169, 170, 172–80, 182, 233, 377
map of, 166
Panmunjom peace negotiations during, 11, 167, 180
photographs of, following p. 110
prisoners of war in, 167
and Soviet Union, 171, 172, 174, 178, 180, 181
Tuchman on, 23
and United Nations, 169, 171, 174, 178, 180
U.S. involvement in, 169–81
Willoughby in, 5
and Zhou Enlai, 172–74, 178, 180, 181
Kovach, Bill, 2124
Krogh, Egil, 363–64
Kuling, China, 52
Kung, David, 60
Kung, H. H., 60
Kuomintang (KMT) Party, 17–18, 21, 48, 119, 120, 374. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Chinese Civil War
Kurtz, Efrem, 191
Lake, Anthony, 267
Landay, Jonathan, 395
Lang Son, North Vietnam, 136–38, 142, 145
Langguth, A. J., 387
Laos: CIA in, 384
civil war in, 239
Communist victory in, 381, 384
Geneva Conference (1961) on, 204–5, 208, 339
Hmong people in, 384
journalists killed or missing in, 386
Pathet Lao in, 205, 208, 239, 381, 384
and SEATO, 186–87
Souvanna Phouma government in, 205, 208, 239, 384
Latin America: revolutionary struggle in, 215–16. See also Cuba; and other countries
Le Lieu, 382
Le Page, Marcel, 144–45
Ledovsky, Andrei M., 9, 31, 81, 95
Lend-Lease Act (1941), 19
Lenya, Lotte, 191
Lepers, on Hainan Island, 115
Letter from China, 17
Levi, Arrigo, 200
Lewis, Anthony, 323–24
Li Na, 16
Li Tsung-jen, 42, 48, 79, 81–83, 86–87, 114, 121n
Li Xiguang, 73n
Li Yen-nien, 62
Li Zuopeng, 365–66
Liao Heshu, 350
Liao Mosha, 302
Liao Yaohsiang, 42
Liberation Army Daily, 304
Liberation Daily, 108
Lichtblau, Eric, 396
Lieberman, Henry R. “Hank,” 49, 57, 89, 311
Life magazine, 136, 159, 326, 333
Lin Biao: compared with Mao, 44, 355–56
crossing of Yangtze by, 84
and Cultural Revolution, 307, 308, 341, 349, 355, 356
death of, 365–66
as defense minister, 303, 340, 341
and falling-out with Mao, 27, 44, 367
and Hainan Island battle, 113, 114–15, 118
and Korean War, 172, 175, 178–79
leadership of, in China, 356–57
and Manchurian campaign, 26–28, 31–32, 35–39, 41–44, 55, 175
military career of, 26–27
photograph of, following p. 110
and Southeast China offensive during Chinese Civil War, 113–14
and surrender of Peking, 82
Lin Liguo, 366
Lin Tsun, 84
Lindner, Doris, 167
Lipkovski, Jean de, 162
Lippmann, Walter, 322
Liszt, Franz, 196
Liu Bocheng: and Battle of the Huai-Hai, 55–58, 62, 63, 67, 69, 70, 72
crossing of Yangtze by, 84
and Cultural Revolution, 340
Lin Biao denounced by, 367
military occupation of Nanking by, 92
as military strategist, 44, 340
opposition to, by Gang of Four, 299
photograph of, following p. 110
and Southeast China offensive during Chinese Civil War, 114
Liu Ding, 376–77
Liu Ju-ming, 62–63
Liu, Peter, 109–10
Liu Shaoqi: compared with Mao, 302–3
and Cultural Revolution, 306–9, 337, 340, 348, 355, 356, 373
daughter Liu Tao’s denunciation of, 308–9, 376
death of, 309
exile of, 309
as general secretary of Chinese Communist Party, 15, 17
as head of state for Communist China, 200, 282, 299, 302–4, 306, 307, 357
and Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh, 102–3
and Jiang Qing, 16
and Malaysia, 282
and Manchurian campaign during Chinese Civil War, 26, 27
on New Democracy for China, 24–25, 92–93, 303
photograph of, following p. 110
political rehabilitation of, after death, 376
and possible partnership between Communist China and U.S., 21
and Sino-Soviet split, 200
Liu Tao, 308–9
Loeb, Louis M., 331
Lon Nol, following p. 224, 255, 268–73, 276, 384, 392
London Daily Express, 64
London Daily Mail, 64
London Observer, 64
London Telegraph, 111–12
Lotsberg, Roman L., 249
Lu Liwei, 90n
Lu Zhiwei, 97–98
Lukman, Mohammed H., 289
Luo Guibo, 102–3
Luong, Nguyen Van, 230–31
Ma Ching-yuan, 87–88
Ma Zhuzhen, 354
MacArthur, Douglas: and Chiang Kai-shek, 172
and Chinese Civil War, 78, 169–70
in Japan as Supreme Commander Allied Powers (SCAP), 169
and Korean War, 23, following p. 110, 169, 170, 172–80, 182, 233, 377
photograph of, following p. 110
recall of, from Korean War, 179
in World War II, 5
MacArthur, John R., 317
Macau, 378
MacDonald, Lachie, 64–65
MacFarquhar, Roderick, 372–73
Main, Jeremy, following p. 224
Malaysia, 223, 278, 279, 280, 282, 295
Malinovsky, Rodion, 212
Manchuria: battle for, during Chinese Civil War, 30–36
Chiang Kai-shek’s strategy in, 38–44
Chinchow in, 41–43
disputes between Soviet Union and China over, 349, 377
fall of, during Chinese Civil War, 37–44, 78, 300
Japanese attack on, 48
and Soviet Union during World War II, 22, 25–28, 30, 31, 81
Yalta Agreement on, 22
Mandarin Magazine, 297
Mao Anying, 182
Mao Zedong: and agricultural collectivization and People’s Communes, 68, 300, 301, 303, 340
American journalists’ interviews of, 16–17, 19–20
assassination plot against, 366–67
on atom bomb, 17
and Beijing, 6
Chengyangcha headquarters of, during Chinese Civil War, 29
Chiang Kai-shek on army of, as “Bandits,” 327
and Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 299
and CIA operation in Burma, 150
compared with Lin Biao, 44, 355–56
cult worship of, 306, 337, 338, 343
execution of first wife of, 376
foreign policy of, 98–99, 101, 378, 390–91
and founding of People’s Republic of China, 90n, 103
and Gang of Four, 299, 309, 370
health of, 15–16, 338, 339, 365, 370
and Ho Chi Minh and French Indochina War, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 142, 146, 150, 163, 170–71, 184, 377, 390–91
and Huai-Hai battle, 53, 55, 63, 71, 72
and Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957), 109–10
and industrialization and Great Leap Forward, 299–300, 302, 303, 306, 339–40, 377
interpreters for, 351
Khrushchev’s ideological split with, 2, 17, 199–203, 302
and Korean War, 23, 101, 103–4, following p. 110, 146, 147, 169–83, 390–91
and Lin Biao, 44
and Malaysia, 282
on New Democracy, 24–25, 92–93, 105, 303
opposition to and limitations of, 299–302
photograph of, following p. 110
possible coalition government between Chiang’s Kuomintang and, 20–22, 26, 80–82
protracted war strategy of, 27, 37–38, 147, 227
public viewing of mummified body of, 375–76
purges by, 99, 108–10, 304–5, 307–9, 336, 339–44, 348, 367, 372, 374, 377
and Red Guards, 305, 307–9, 336, 338–44, 356, 374
and Ronning, 338
and Roosevelt, 20–23
and Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 101, 102, 117–18
and Snow, 325
ST interest in interview with, 1, 15, 61, 66, 70–71
and Stalin, 23, 25–28, 81–82, 95, 96, 98–99, 101, 117, 172, 201–2
successor for, 349, 355, 356, 365, 367, 368, 370
and Truman, 19–20, 23, 99, 102, 117–18, 390–91
and U.S. Army Observer Group, 20, 21, 23
and U.S. recognition of Communist China, 117–18
and Vietnam War, 207, 232, 377–78, 385
and Wei Li-huang, 42
Yenan headquarters of, during Chinese Civil War, 13–29, 301
and Yunnan operation in Burma, 149
Zhou Enlai’s relationship with, 303, 355–56. See also Chinese Civil War; Cultural Revolution; Jiang Qing
Maridan, Robert C., 358
Marines. See U.S. Marines
Mario Francesco, Padre, 75–77
Markham, James, 382–83
Marshall, George C.: on Chiang Kai-shek, 47–48
health problems of, 78
and Korean War, 175
mediation mission of, during Chinese Civil War, 7, 8, 11, 13, 17–19, 28–29, 31, 51, 72
and Stuart, 80–81
Martin, Graham, 382
Marx, Karl, 348
Matheson, Jardine, 59
Mathews, Cleve, 316
Mattson, Walter, 320–21
McAuliff, John, 129
McClure, Robert B., 22
McGill, William J., 361
McGovern, George, 329
McNamara, Robert S., 126–27, 229, 232, 238, 240–41, 328, 360, 393
Medvedev, Dmitry, 4
Medvedev, Roy, 208
Meir, Golda, 311
Melby, John, 119
Mendès-France, Pierre, 184, 186, 187
Meyrier, Jacques, 86–87
Mikoyan, Anastas, 101
Milks, Harold, 49, 61, 64, 85, 107
Miller, Arthur, 191
Minh, Duong Van, 385
Mitchell, John, 358
Mohr, Charles, 387
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 185, 186, 188, 351
Mongolian People’s Republic, 22
Moore, Victor, 235
Morris, George E. “China,” 111
Morris, Roger, 267
Morrison, Ian, 111–12
Moscow: censorship lifted in, 203–4
censorship office in, 200
reactions to Cuban missile crisis in, 209–12
Toppings in, 195, 197–99, 202–3. See also Soviet Union
Moscow Union of Writers, 196
Mountbatten, Lord, 128
Moyers, Bill, 3
Muslim Scholars Party, 290–91, 294
Mydans, Carl, following p. 110, 136, 137, 141
Nagasaki, 4
Nanking: airport in, 45–46
bombing of, by Nationalist air force, 93
Chiang’s move of capital to, 6, 10, 48–49
Chiang’s palace headquarters in, 120
during Chinese Civil War, 45–52, 84–90
closing of Canadian Embassy in, 104
Communist occupation of, 91–94, 105, 107–8, 205, 353–54
courtship of Toppings in, 50–52
cultural life of, 93–94
Cultural Revolution in, 305
description of, 50–51
diplomatic contact between Chinese Communists and Western nations in, 95
evacuation of Americans from, 45, 46–47
executions of Japanese generals in, 49
fall of, during Chinese Civil War, 84–90, 90n
Huang Hua in, 95–97
Japanese attack against, 48
Joint U.S. Advisory Group (JUSMAG) in, 35, 40, 45, 46–48, 175, 176
ST in, 40, 45–52, 73, 78, 85–90, 90n, 94, 105, 109, 169–70
ST’s departure from, 105–6
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in, 78–79
university students in, 91, 93
Nasution, Abdul Haris, 280–82, 284–86, 294
National Liberation Front (NLF), 254, 260, 384–85
National security: and news media, 386–87, 393–97
and reliance on bombing, 391–92
and reluctance of U.S. to talk with adversaries, 390–91
and strategic misconceptions, 393
and White House, 390–93. See also specific U.S. presidents
National Security Agency, 395–96
Nationalist Central News Agency, 92
NATO, 126
Navy, U.S. See U.S. Navy
Nayar, M. K. Unni, 112
Neizvestny, Ernest, 213
Nesson, Charles, 360
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 32
Neues Deutschland, 193
New Republic, 326
New York Daily News, 84
New York Herald Tribune, 49, 159
New York Times: Audrey Topping as photojournalist for, 211, 238, 304–5, 311, 333, 345, 368–69
on bombing of Cambodia, 265, 267
China series in, by ST, 345, 348–49
and Chinese Civil War, 33, 57, 89, 111
on Chinese terra-cotta warrior sculptures, 369
on Cuban missile crisis, 210
on Cultural Revolution in China, 304, 334
on eavesdropping after 9/11 terrorist attacks, 395–96
on elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 252
on Ellsberg case, 362
financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 321, 396
four-section design of, 320–21
front page design of, 321–22
Halberstam with, 219–20
and Hiroshima memorial service for victims of atomic bomb, 3
on Indochina in 1940s, 118
Keller’s design changes for, 321
Kennedy’s criticisms of, 219
and Khmer Rouge occupation of Phnom Penh, 273– 77
and Korean War, 159
and Pentagon Papers, 2, 328–32, 334–35, 345–46, 352, 358–61, 394–95
Pulitzer Prizes for, 220, 277, 315, 317, 323, 360–61, 383
reform of foreign news report and restructuring of Foreign News Copy Desk at, 318–22
Saigon Bureau chiefs of, 382–83, 387
Salisbury’s dispatches on Vietnam War to, 312–18
on second Iraq War, 395
on Sino-Soviet split, 201
Snow’s article on China for, 325–26
Soviet affairs expert for, 203–4
ST as assistant managing editor of, 320, 321, 322–27
ST as chief correspondent in Southeast Asia for, 219– 20, 297–99
ST as foreign editor at, 195, 310–22, 324
ST as managing editor of, 214, 320–21
ST on Metropolitan staff of, 194–95
ST’s interview with Zhou Enlai for, 311, 332–34, 347–48, 351–54
succession dispute at, 322–24
Cyrus Sulzberger’s denial of job for ST at (1947), 49, 89, 194, 312
“Takeout” special article for, 320
on Vietnam War, 239, 257, 312–18, 324, 394
Web site of, 396. See also names of staff members and owners
New York Times Magazine, 199, 305, 306, 311, 375
News media: and antiwar movement, 386–87
censorship of, 200, 203–4, 379, 386
“embedding” of war correspondents in front-line units during second Iraq War, 387
financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 396
and First Amendment rights, 334, 359–60
and Freedom of Information access to official records, 396
future of, 397
and Iraq wars, 387
journalists killed or missing during Vietnam War, 272–73, 386
and national security, 386–87, 393–97
Pentagon training in relations with, 387
and problems of Vietnam War reporting, 386
and subpoenas seeking identity of confidential sources, 396
Web sites of, 396. See also Associated Press (AP); International News Service (INS); New York Times; and other newspapers
Newsweek, 204
Nie Rongzhen, 12
Nigerian civil war, 324
Nixon, Richard: and bombing and invasion of Cambodia, 241, 242, 265–73
China policy of and visit by, 11, 19, 23–24, 101–2, 200, 203, 326, 338, 349–51, 355, 362, 377, 391
and Pentagon Papers, 362
and Vietnam War, 24, 241, 242, 265–73, 381, 392
Watergate scandal and resignation of, from presidency, 363, 381
Njoto, 289
NLF. See National Liberation Front (NLF)
Nolting, Frederick, 156–57
Nonnenmacher, Herman and Anna, 167
North Korea: boundary between South Korea and, 168, 180, 377
as buffer state for China, 377
and nuclear weapons, 168. See also Korean War
North Vietnam: and Cambodia, 253–55, 261–64
creation of, 2
founding of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 102
French “Road of Death” in, 134, 136–41
Geneva Accords on, 188
Mao’s recognition of DRV, 102
maps of, 134, 226
Potsdam Conference on, 127
Salisbury’s visa to, 312
Soviet arms shipments to, 232–33
Stalin’s recognition of, 102
U.S. bombing of, during Vietnam War, 206, 222, 227–30, 232, 233–34, 239–41, 256, 257, 312–14, 328, 391–92
victory of, in Vietnam War, 381–85. See also Hanoi; Vietnam War
NSC. See U.S. National Security Council (NSC)
Nu Cheng-yuan, 88
Nuclear test-ban treaty, 212