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Abrams, Richard, 68
abulia, 101
acetylcholine, 185
action, 47, 100, 101, 171, 257–58
motor, 26, 55, 120, 121, 228, 245
voluntary, 167, 231, 264–65, 273n
agnosia, 55
algorithms, 105, 106–7, 189, 190, 215, 221, 257, 260
allometric relations, 90
Ambien, 231–32
ambiguity, 92, 94–99, 95, 97, 210
amnesia, amnesiacs, 53–54, 103
anesthesia, 22, 63, 96, 157, 187, 207, 226, 246, 280n, 283n
glucose metabolism and, 224, 224
language cortex and, 197, 210, 238
brain activity during sleep in, 84–85
central thalamus activation in, 228
self-consciousness in, 23, 246–50
valuation in, 77
anosognosia, 102
anoxia, 204
anterior temporal lobe, 153, 170, 177
neuron specificity and, 145–49, 147
aphasia, 231–32
arithmetic, 56, 87, 104–7, 197
artificial intelligence, 166
atoms
matter and, 162
swerving, 263
attention, 8, 9, 20–25, 53, 99
binocular rivalry and, 31
divided, 64–65
global neuronal workspace and, 164, 167, 171
limits of, 126
neurological disorders and, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219, 228
psychology of, 165–67
sampling and, 98
attentional blink, 32–34, 32, 74, 76, 166–67, 188
auditory cortex, 119, 217–19, 219, 237, 240
auditory illusion, 62–63
autoimmune disease, 259
autonomy, 14, 189, 260, 261, 264–65
awareness, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 38, 45, 47, 76, 77, 91, 143, 270n
global neuronal workspace and, 194, 198
neurological disorders and, 205, 214, 218, 220
Ba (immaterial soul), 1–2
Baars, Bernard, 26, 163, 165, 166, 168, 278n–79n
Bahrami, Bahador, 110–11
basal forebrain, 185
basal ganglia, 77–79, 103, 171, 175, 232
Bauby, Jean-Dominique, 201–2, 207–8
Bayes, Thomas, 93
Bayesian decision theory, 112
Bayesian inference (abduction), 93–94
Bayesian statistician, brain as, 94
behaviorism, 11–12, 42, 248–49
Bekinschtein, Tristan, 216–17
Bergson, Henri, 100
binocular images, 49
binocular rivalry, 27–31, 29, 33, 98, 148
biology, consciousness and, 88–91
bispectral index, 282n–83n
Blanke, Olaf, 44–45
see also inattentional blindness
blindsight, 54, 55, 129–30, 157–58, 245
Block, Ned, 261
body, 50
mirror self-recognition test and, 23–24
Born, Jan, 84
brain-computer interfaces, 200, 215–16, 233
brain imaging, 33, 42, 101, 103, 142, 151, 195–97, 237, 255, 270n
attention and, 78–79
neurological disorders and, 15, 202–3, 209–12, 214, 215, 236
social sharing and, 112–13
BRAIN initiative, 6
brain injury, 15, 45, 53–56, 57, 82, 158, 194, 200–233, 235
in monkeys, 245
spatial neglect and, 170
see also coma; neurological disorders; vegetative state
neurological disorders and, 201, 204, 206, 208, 277n
brain web, 136–40, 138, 155, 156, 159, 178, 255
Broca’s area, 174, 210, 238, 239, 239, 252
Bruno, Giordano, 269n
Buridan’s ass, fable of, 93
Burnt Norton (Eliot), 47
calculating prodigies, 274n–75n
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, 23
carbon monoxide intoxication, 54–55, 200, 204
cardiac arrest, 204
accidents with, 15, 200, 203–4, 220
catecholamines, 244
cell assemblies, 131, 175, 176, 178–79
see also neurons
central bottleneck (second processing stage) view of consciousness, 167, 192
cerebrum, 175
Chalmers, David, 261–62
change blindness, 35, 37, 38, 270n
Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 163, 164, 181, 182, 184–90, 244, 254
chess, playing, 60–63
see also infants; newborns
choice blindness, 37
cingulate cortex, 173, 197, 224, 228, 245
Claparède, Édouard, 53–54
Clarke, Stéphanie, 174
cocktail party effect, 64–65
cognitive psychology, 7–8, 25, 35, 87–88, 117, 167, 262
cognitive science, 8, 10, 19, 24–25
Cognitive Theory of Consciousness, A (Baars), 26
coherence, 177, 178, 198, 199, 254
coincidence-based conditioning, 102–3
color, 23, 24, 101, 144, 152, 157, 162, 175, 176
coma, 15, 23, 200, 201, 203–5, 203, 208, 209, 243, 258, 277n, 283n
conscious novelty detection and, 218, 220, 221
disabled infants and, 236
global neuronal workspace and, 171
glucose metabolism and, 224
Owen’s study and, 214
Coma Recovery Scale Revised (CRS-R), 281n
Coma Science Group, 216
neurological disorders and, 201, 206, 207, 208, 210–16, 213, 221, 223, 225–27, 226, 229–33
see also language
computers, 168
brain interfaces with, 200, 215–16, 233
consciousness and, 15–16, 89, 104–9, 234, 259–66, 274n
computer simulations, 14
artificial consciousness and, 15–16, 234, 259–66
global neuronal workspace and, 161, 176, 180–90, 182, 193, 198–99, 256, 280n
Comte, Auguste, 24–25
conditioning, 102–3, 249, 274n
confidence, 111–14, 158, 248–49
connectionist models, 176–77
conscious access, 8–10, 14, 17, 19–23, 98, 143, 234, 246, 259, 261, 270n, 271n
attention vs., 21–25
in babies, 243–44
binocular rivalry and, 27–31, 29
global neuronal workspace and, 178, 180, 184–85, 197, 198, 280n
minimal contrasts and, 25–27, 32
schizophrenia and, 254–55
conscious avalanche, 117–28, 119, 121, 123, 130, 134, 136, 140, 141, 192
basis of science of, 17–19, 18, 25–27
changes in the state of, 185
cracking, 8–10
destroying, 155–59
disunity of, 278n
early psychological theories of, 165–67
emergence of, 7–8, 234, 235, 238, 243, 244
evolution of, 88–92, 103, 105, 109, 112, 114, 244, 246, 250, 253
experimental manipulation of, 8–12, 17–46, 117
functionalist view of, 91
future of, 15–16
human, uniqueness of, 250–53
information compression and, 89, 92–100
as information processing, 261–62
as information sharing, 161, 163–67, 164
as lagging behind world, 125–28
as myth, 87–88
natural division of labor and, 92–93
phenomenal awareness and, 9–10
recursive sense of, 24–25
repertoire of, 20–21
signatures of, see signatures of consciousness
subjectivity and, 8
threshold of, 185–86
continuous flash suppression, 30
convergence zones, 177–78
correlates of consciousness, 142
cortex, 13, 14, 19, 22, 30, 131–62, 259
auditory, 119, 217–19, 219, 237, 240
of babies, 237
cingulate, see cingulate cortex
frontal, see frontal lobes
frontopolar (Brodman’s area 10), 252
global neuronal workspace and, 161, 167–77, 170, 172, 179, 181–85, 182, 192, 194–98
hallucination and, 150–55, 151
layers II and III of, 171, 172, 173
MEG and, 116–17
motor, see motor cortex
neurological disorders and, 204–5, 208, 209–10, 214–33
occipital, see occipital lobe
orbifrontal, 82
parietal, see parietal lobes
posterior cingulate, 149
prefrontal, see prefrontal cortex
schizophrenia and, 255
spontaneous activity in, 186–88
unconscious and, 45, 47, 51–56, 57, 87, 129
visual, see visual cortex
Count of Monte Cristo, The (Dumas), 200–201, 208
Crick, Francis, 7, 17–19, 135–36, 177, 269n
Cuvier, Georges, 89–90
Dante Alighieri, 200
Darwin, Charles, 7, 90, 238, 244
deafness, brain imaging and, 214
death, brain injury and, 203, 204
decision making, 100, 105, 110–14, 257
free will and, 264–65
global neuronal workspace and, 163, 169, 171
unconscious and, 87–88, 91, 92–93, 108
deep brain stimulation, 230–31, 283n
default-mode network, 187–88
DeFelipe, Javier, 173
Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine, 238, 240–43
delayed response task, 245–46
Del Cul, Antoine, 131–32
dendrites, dendritic trees, 172, 173, 180, 196, 237, 256
Dennett, Daniel, 13–14, 100, 166, 264, 269n
Descartes, René, 8, 14, 15, 45, 50, 51, 126–27, 158, 211, 250, 269n
pineal gland and, 4, 5, 125, 162
reflex arc model and, 188–89
Descartes’s Error (Damasio), 3
Description of the Human Body (Descartes), 3
Desmurget, Michel, 154
development of brain, 189, 196
diffusion tensor imaging, 230–31, 255–56
digits (numbers), 32, 32, 33, 56, 67, 69, 84, 85, 104–5, 107, 255, 272n
global ignition and, 131–34, 133
dilution, 194–96
disconnection, 194
diversity, generator of (GOD), 189–90
Divine Comedy (Dante), 200
Diving Bell and the Butterfly, The (Bauby), 201–2
dopamine D2 receptors, 256
Doppler ultrasonography, 204
dreamers, dreams, 1–3, 2, 150–51
dualism, 2, 3–6, 5, 167, 190, 263
dual tasks, 33–34
Dumas, Alexandre, 200–201, 208
Dunbar, Robin, 110
Eccles, John, 263
Economo, Constantin von, 173, 252
Egypt, ancient, 1–2
Eimer, Martin, 154
Einstein, Albert, 6
electrodes, 13, 115, 116, 121, 134–37, 136, 138, 152, 153, 160
epilepsy and, 72, 134–36, 136, 145, 152
neurological disorders and, 216, 225, 226, 226, 228–30, 232
neuron specificity and, 145–46, 148
electroencephalography (EEG), 13, 31, 127–28, 240, 258
global neuronal workspace and, 181, 184, 185, 186
neurological disorders and, 204, 205, 215–16, 217–19, 221, 222, 223, 225–29, 226, 282n
signatures of consciousness and, 115, 116–17, 121–25, 123, 130, 135, 154, 159
time course of conscious access and, 121–25, 123
Eliot, T. S., 47
meaning of words and, 67–68, 70
unconscious and, 53–54, 67–68, 70, 72, 78
environment, 100, 110, 189, 204, 260, 265, 266
invariance of, 143–44
epilepsy, 50, 72, 134–36, 136, 145, 152, 219
error detection, 85, 86, 87, 127–28, 247, 249, 257, 260
error-related positivity (Pe), 128
escape response (opt-out response), 248–50
evolution, 88–92, 100, 103, 105, 109, 112, 167, 189–90, 253
beyond modularity, 168–69
emergence of consciousness in, 235, 244, 246
global neuronal workspace and, 168–74, 170, 172
eyelid reflex, conditioning of, 102–3
eye movements, 1, 2, 53, 54, 104, 149
neurological disorders and, 201–6, 208, 209
eyes, 26–30, 31, 50, 60, 75, 176, 204
binocular rivalry and, 27–30, 29
motion and, 143–44
eye-tracking devices, 209
face clusters, 174
faces, 43, 72, 118, 148–49, 151, 153, 168, 176, 178, 195, 198
synchronization and, 136
“fame in the brain,” 13
flash lag effect, 127
Fletcher, Paul, 257
flight-simulation studies, 37
flying, mind and, 1–3, 2, 44–45
Formation of the Scientific Mind, The (Bachelard), 180
FoxP2 gene, 173
free will, freedom, 16, 17, 49, 262–65
French Association of Locked-In Syndrome, 202
frequency analysis, 135–38, 136
Freud, Sigmund, 49–52, 79, 165, 191
frontal gyrus, 197
frontal lobes, 63, 74, 117, 118, 124, 130, 136, 140, 153, 157, 158, 238, 275n
damage to, 209–10
global ignition and, 133
inferior (Broca’s area), 174, 210, 238, 239, 239, 252
neurological disorders and, 228, 231, 232
frontal pole, 112–13
frontopolar cortex (Brodman’s area 10), 252
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 13, 54, 58, 71, 169, 246
babies’ brain activity and, 238, 239
neurological disorders and, 209–10, 212, 215, 219
signatures of consciousness and, 116, 117, 120, 121, 134, 149
fusiform gyrus, 58–59, 118, 174
future of consciousness, 15–16, 234–66
conscious machines and, 234, 259–66
diseases of consciousness and, 234, 235, 253–59
uniqueness of human consciousness and, 250–53
gamma band, 135–36, 136, 138, 140, 184, 223
gases, kinetic theory of, 162, 163
Gauchet, Marcel, 50
generator of diversity (GOD), 189–90
genes, genetics, 160, 171, 256, 265
FoxP2, 173
global assembly, 177
global ignition, 130–36, 133, 136, 140, 145, 161–62, 193, 195, 198
conscious novelty detection and, 221
simulation of, 180–86, 182, 188, 256
global neuronal workspace theory, 13–14, 161–99, 254, 264, 278n–79n
animals and, 235
computer simulations and, 161, 176, 180–90, 182, 193, 198–99, 256, 280n
information and, 13, 14, 161, 163–74, 164, 170, 172, 177, 178, 179, 191–98, 192, 233, 244–46, 279n
neurological disorders and, 211, 212, 220, 223, 224, 224, 226, 228
shape of an idea and, 178–80
signatures of consciousness and, 161, 179–80, 198
unconscious and, 166, 167, 174, 179, 182, 185, 190–99, 192
uniqueness of human consciousness and, 251, 252
global workspace, 164
artificial consciousness and, 260, 261
Baars’s use of term, 163, 165, 166, 168, 278n–79n
glutamate NMDA receptors, 256, 257, 259
Goodale, Melvyn, 54–55, 57
gorilla, invisible, 35, 36, 38, 74, 191
Gould, Stephen Jay, 90–91
Granger, Clive, 139
Granger causality analysis, 139
Greenwald, Anthony, 66–70, 272n
Grill-Spector, Kalanit, 117–18
Grinvald, Amiram, 187
grooming and gossip theory of language evolution, 110
Halligan, Peter, 56, 57
hallucination, 143, 150–55, 151, 159
schizophrenia and, 254, 257, 258
Hameroff, Stuart, 263
hand movements, 4, 54, 55, 57, 194
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 50–51, 93
hemineglect, 101
hippocampus, 84–85, 103, 149–50, 171, 196, 211, 256
Hofstadter, Douglas, 79
Hofstadter’s Law, 79
Homme, L’ (Descartes), 3, 5, 269n
homunculus fallacy, 166
hospitals, 15, 72, 152, 201–2, 220, 221, 223, 258
Human Brain Project, 199
identity, neural underpinnings of, 113
auditory, 62–63
see also visual illusions
Owen’s study of, 210–11, 212, 214, 216
imitation behavior, 101
immune system, 259
inattentional blindness, 34–38, 36, 49, 74, 117, 157, 188, 191
consciousness of, 15, 234, 235, 237–44, 239, 242
inference, 50–51, 198, 250, 257
Bayesian, 93–94
reverse (Bayesian statistics), 94
inferotemporal (IT) cortex, 28, 29
information, 21–23, 25, 49, 91, 107–14, 148, 239
artificial consciousness and, 260, 261–62
babies’ processing of, 237–38, 242, 243
binding of, 59–64
brain activity and, 115
conscious compression of, 89, 92–100
global neuronal workspace theory and, 13, 14, 161, 163–74, 164, 170, 172, 177, 178, 179, 191–98, 192, 233, 244–46, 279n
local-global test and, 220–21
masking and, 41
prefrontal cortex and, 252, 253
schizophrenia and, 255, 256–57, 259
sharing of, 109–14, 161, 163–67, 164
subliminal, 107–8
subliminal vs. conscious, 89, 135
weighted symbolic mutual, 225–27, 226
inhibition, 92, 101, 120, 167, 179–80, 192, 232, 246
insula, 153
“integrate and fire” neurons, 181
intention, 21, 76, 100, 167, 197
intralaminar nuclei, 228
introspection, 17, 31, 114, 252, 260
primacy of, 41–45
Jackson, John Hughlings, 51, 279n
James, William, 3, 14, 21, 52, 74–75, 89, 167, 189, 237
Janet, Pierre, 51
Jarraya, Bechir, 246
Kinds of Minds (Dennett), 100
kinetic theory of gasses, 162, 163
King, Jean-Rèmi, 225–27
Kleinschmidt, Andreas, 205
cultural, 87
inaccessible, 161
self-, 24, 112, 113, 247–50, 260
Koch, Christof, 17–19, 135–36, 177, 269n
Kouider, Sid, 241–43
Lacan, Jacques, 104
Lagercrantz, Hugo, 244
Lamme, Viktor, 156
Lamy, Dominique, 129–30
language, 6, 14, 21, 64, 74, 80, 92, 99, 109–10, 152
global neuronal workspace and, 167, 173, 174, 179, 187, 197, 279n
neurological disorders and, 209–12, 214, 216, 225, 230, 231–32
see also words
language acquisition device, 238
language cortex, 72–73, 197, 209–10
learning, 4, 63, 83, 190, 195, 228
language, 238
Lectures on Literature (Nabokov), 114
left hemisphere, 52, 53, 118, 134, 169, 171, 194, 238
neurological disorders and, 225, 229, 231
spontaneous neuronal activity and, 186, 187, 189
Leonardo da Vinci, 177
letters (alphabet), 32–33, 32, 68, 69, 76, 122
recognition of, 118
light, 75, 160, 178, 183, 204, 245
hallucination and, 151, 152, 154, 159
limited-capacity system, 166–67, 260
local-global test, 218–21, 219, 240, 246, 284n
location, 53, 54, 55, 146, 149–50
global neuronal workspace and, 168–69
TMS and, 152
locked-in syndrome, 15, 201–2, 203, 207–9, 214, 216, 220
communication and, 200, 215, 223
Logothetis, Nikos, 28, 29, 275n, 277n
long-distance projection cells, 169, 170
Lucretius, 263
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 227
McGurk, Harry, 62
McGurk effect, 62–63
magnetoencephalography (MEG), 13, 116–17, 121
Marcel, Anthony, 65–67
Marshall, John, 56, 57
Marx, Groucho, 64
masking (subliminal images), 13, 38–42, 39, 44–49, 48, 271n
duration of, 104
monkeys and, 245
schizophrenia and, 254–55
signatures of consciousness and, 117–19, 131–34, 133, 141, 146, 148, 157, 242
unconscious and, 41, 45, 52–56, 73, 74, 78, 117
word flashing and, 56, 58, 65–66, 118–19, 193
Massimini, Marcello, 222–23
mathematics, mathematical theory, 60, 99, 106, 111, 200
global neuronal workspace and, 176, 181–86, 182
neural correlates of consciousness and, 162, 163
neurological disorders and, 225–27, 226
see also arithmetic
matter, properties of, 162
Maudsley, Henry, 51
Maxwell, James Clerk, 162, 163
unconscious, 64–75, 79, 87, 179
mechanical view of mind, 3–6
Meditation II (Descartes), 158
Megaloceros, 90
memory, 3, 21, 32, 32, 38, 67, 83, 100, 178, 187, 216, 230, 264, 266
consolidation of, 84–85
episodic, 196–97
long-term, 25, 164, 167, 169, 171, 198, 212
TMS and, 153
working, 100–105, 180, 211, 212, 218, 238–39, 257
memory-trace conditioning, 102–3, 274n
metabolism, global brain, 223–25, 224
metacognition, 24–25, 247–50, 252, 254, 270n
mice, 100, 103, 160, 235, 245, 246
FoxP2 mutations in, 173
middle temporal motion area MT (area MT), 94–96, 95
midline (precuneus), 112, 170, 177, 224
brain vs., 162–63
central executive of, 85–86
as fortress, 115–16
minimal contrasts, 17, 25–27, 32
minimally conscious patients, 202, 203, 206–9, 214, 282n
local-global test and, 220, 221
pulse test on, 223
recovery of, 228–31
mirror self-recognition test, 23–24
mismatch response (mismatch negativity; MMN), 217–19, 219, 282n
Mitterrand, François, 48–49, 48
molecular biology, 262
Mona Lisa (Leonardo), 177, 178
monkeys, 83, 100, 103, 216, 234, 235, 252, 275n, 277n, 284n
binocular rivalry in, 28, 29, 245
consciousness and, 244–47, 249–50
Monti, Martin, 212
Moore, Henry, 88
Moruzzi, Giuseppe, 228
motion, 94–96, 95, 143–44, 152, 154, 155, 162, 194
motivations, 47, 51, 77, 78, 114
motor cortex, 69, 70, 129, 168, 169, 196, 210, 215, 224
motor system, 26, 55, 120, 121, 143–44, 225, 228, 245
global neuronal workspace and, 164, 168
unconscious and, 62, 74, 87–88
multiple sclerosis, 255
N2pc, 76
N400, 72–73
Nabokov, Vladimir, 52, 114, 234, 247
Naccache, Lionel, 42–43, 69, 104, 163, 216–17, 220
EEG recordings and, 225–27
names, neuron specificity and, 145
Natua (dolphin), 247–49
autonomous, 205
supervision system and, 167
sympathetic, 81
unconscious and, 51
see also neurons
neurological disorders, 200–233, 203
brain-computer interfaces and, 200, 215–16, 233
brain imaging and, 202–3, 209–12, 214, 215
conscious novelty detection and, 216–21, 219
Owen’s imagination study and, 210–11, 212, 214, 216
neurology, unconscious and, 51, 52
neurons, 4, 10, 13–14, 15, 98, 140–60
active vs. inactive, 179–80
anterior temporal, 145–49, 147
axons of, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178, 181, 228, 237, 243, 252, 253, 255
binocular rivalry and, 28, 29, 30, 31
in cell assemblies, 131, 175, 176, 178–79
in cortex, 52, 116, 131, 140, 145–60, 168–77, 179–80, 214, 218, 228, 233, 259, 265, 276n
excitability of, 189–90
firing of, 116, 141, 146–50, 147, 155, 156, 158, 161–63, 183, 185, 186, 190, 193–97
glial cells and, 116
global ignition and, 131, 140, 180–86, 182
hallucination and, 150–55
prefrontal, 101, 197, 231, 252
pyramidal, 131, 169–73, 170, 172, 185, 228, 256
specificity of, 145–49, 147, 168, 179, 198
spikes of, see spikes
spontaneous activity of, 186–90
synapses of, 116, 163, 171, 173, 175, 180, 181, 186, 190, 196, 253, 256, 259, 263, 265
synchronization and, 137, 148, 178–80, 184
see also global neuronal workspace theory
neuroscience, 3, 8, 45, 94, 99, 106, 151, 159, 162, 262, 271n
neurotechnologies, 159–60, 200
neurotransmitters, 142–43, 181, 190, 231, 232, 244, 259
Newton, Isaac, 6–7
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 109, 186
nonlinear ignition, 241, 242, 242
noradrenaline, 185
norepinephrine, 142–43
Nørretranders, Tor, 91
Notebooks (Darwin), 244
numbers, 69–71, 70, 83–84, 87, 106, 168, 272n
numerical expectation, 80–81
Obama, Barack, 6
objects, 53, 118, 196, 230, 232, 244
occipital lobe, 55, 118, 134, 174, 220
TMS and, 152–53
oddball test, 217–18
Ogawa, Seiji, 116
opsins, 160
Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb), 131, 175
organs, designed vs. evolved, 89–91
Outline of Consciousness (Freud), 191
out-of-body experiences, 12, 44–45, 153
overview of unconscious operations in brain, 86, 87
Owen, Adrian, 209–12, 214, 215, 216, 220, 221
deprivation of, 15, 54–55, 204, 214, 232
P3a wave, 275n–76n
P3b wave, 276n
P3 wave (P300 wave), 115, 123, 124–25, 128–30, 140, 159, 255
conscious novelty detection and, 217–19, 240
global neuronal workspace and, 179–80, 188
infant responses compared with, 242, 243
norepinephrine and, 142–43
TMS and, 154
pandemonium model, 176, 178, 198
parahippocampal gyrus, 149–50, 210
paralysis, 159, 200–202, 208, 216
parietal lobes, 55, 59, 71, 76, 83, 112, 134, 140, 149, 156–59, 275n
global neuronal workspace and, 170, 170, 171, 173, 177, 180, 182, 194, 197, 223
neurological disorders and, 211, 219, 220, 223, 224, 224, 226
specificity of, 168
Parkinson’s disease, 152, 159, 231
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 102, 189
Pavlovian conditioning, 102
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 93, 98
Penrose, Roger, 263
phase transition, 184–85, 280n
phencyclidine (PCP; angel dust), 256
phenomenal awareness, 9–10
photography, photographs, 126, 195
physics, physicists, 98–99, 162, 263
Physiological Optics (Helmholtz), 50–51
pictures, 67, 75, 101, 136, 146, 184
neuron specificity and, 145–48, 147
see also masking
pitch task, 248–49
place cells, 149–50
planning, 21, 53, 101, 189, 197
Poincaré, Henri, 80, 84, 85, 86, 88
positron emission tomography (PET), 204, 223–24
Posner, Michael, 167
Pouget, Alexandre, 97
preconscious state, 21, 191–94, 192
prefrontal cortex, 25, 26, 101–3, 156–59, 255–56, 275n
global neuronal workspace and, 161, 167, 170–73, 170, 172, 177, 179, 182, 194, 197, 223, 244
neurological disorders and, 211, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 224, 226, 228, 229, 233
schizophrenia and, 255–56
uniqueness of human consciousness and, 252, 253
premotor cortex, 154, 210, 211, 233
presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), 120, 121
primates, 112, 172, 173, 181, 189, 251–53
Principles of Psychology, The (James), 21, 52, 89, 167
probability, 80–81, 92–94, 97, 98–99, 107, 141, 198
problem solving, 81–83, 86, 88
production system, in computer science, 105, 106
prostaglandin D2, 244
Proust, Marcel, 115
psychological refractory period, 34
Psychology, the Science of Mental Life (Miller), 7
pulse test, Massimini’s, 222–23
quantum computing, 263–64
rabbits, eyelid conditioning and, 102, 103
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 169, 170
rats, 84–85, 100, 216, 247, 249
place cells in, 149–50
reading, unconscious, 56, 58–59, 63, 64, 87
reasoning, 94, 108, 109, 237, 251
of letters, 118
recovery, 203, 205, 207, 225, 282n
accelerating of, 228–33
eyelid, 102–3
refractory period phenomenon, 125, 166
remembered present, 266
repetition suppression (adaptation), 71
resting-state activity, 186–88, 256
retina, 19, 26–27, 53, 54, 55, 60, 94, 144, 168
global neuronal workspace and, 170, 174, 183
motion and, 143
signatures of consciousness and, 117, 119, 143, 144, 148
reverse inference (Bayesian statistics), 94
rewards, 47, 77, 78, 189, 248, 249
dopamine and, 231
Ribot, Théodule, 51
Ricoeur, Paul, 113
right hemisphere, 52, 53, 55, 118, 134, 169, 171, 194, 229, 238
spontaneous neuronal activity and, 186, 187, 189
Sackur, Jérôme, 106–7
Sacred Disease, The (Hippocrates), 50
Salti, Moti, 129–30
Schiavo, Terri, 205, 206, 214, 229
schizophrenia, 234, 235, 254–59
Science (magazine), 67–68, 209
selection, 21
selective attention, 21–22, 75
self:
concept of, 23–24
self-consciousness, 17, 20, 23–25, 234, 235, 251, 270n
self-knowledge, 24, 112, 113, 247–50, 260
Sergent, Claire, 121–25
serotonin, 185
Shakespeare, William, 227, 228
shape, 53, 60, 76, 83, 94, 101, 152, 175, 274n
recognition of, 55, 57, 58–59, 86
Sherrington, Charles, 188–89
Sigman, Mariano, 105, 216–17, 280n
signatures of consciousness, 12–15, 46, 49, 115–61, 235, 237, 240
in animals, 246
babies and, 242
correlates of consciousness vs., 142
decoding a conscious thought and, 142–50, 147, 156
destroying consciousness and, 155–59
first, 115, 117–21, 119, 121, 159, 171, 184
fourth, 115, 136–40, 138, 159, 184
global neuronal workspace and, 161, 179–80, 198
hallucination and, 143, 150–55, 151, 159
neurological disorders and, 202, 216, 217, 219, 226
second, 115, 121–25, 123, 128, 159, 179–80, 184
third, 115, 130–36, 133, 136, 159, 184
tipping point and its precursors and, 140–42
Simpsons, The (movie), 148
Singer, Peter, 236
Sitt, Jacobo, 225–27
skin conductance, 81–82
sleep, 22, 23, 84–85, 150, 204, 210, 226, 258, 280n
glucose metabolism and, 224, 224
infant responses to speech and, 239, 240
rapid-eye-movement (paradoxical), 1, 2
see also dreamers, dreams
social sharing, 109–14
soul:
bird metaphor for, 1–3
Descartes’s view of, 6, 162, 269n
sound, 24, 183, 196, 205, 217–21, 246
dolphins and, 247–49
infant experiments and, 243
time lag and, 126
unconscious, 62–63, 87, 119, 120
space, operations involving, 168–69, 170
spatial neglect, 55–56, 57, 170
speech, 53, 63, 173, 187, 197, 210, 229, 230
spikes, emitted by neurons, 145–50
global neuronal workspace and, 160, 161, 173, 178, 181–85, 182, 188, 189, 190, 195
spinal cord, 51, 169, 189, 201, 206, 208
spontaneous neuronal activity, 186–90
spontaneous pattern generation, 90
spreading activation, 75–76
Bayesian (reverse inference), 94
see also probability
Stevens, H. C., 151
“stop-signal” task, 85–86
Strato, 7
stressful events, 142–43
stress hormones, 244
stroke, 15, 23, 194, 200, 204, 214
recovery from, 231–32
Strong Opinions (Nabokov), 234, 247
STS (superior temporal sulcus), 29
subcortical circuits, 22, 53, 54, 55, 72, 167
subjectivity, 8–12, 15, 33–34, 96, 141, 155, 159, 245
of animals, 245
awareness and, 33–34
children and, 237
conscious code and, 142, 143, 145–48, 265–66
global neuronal workspace and, 161–62, 168
primacy of, 41–45
sense of self and, 23
TMS and, 152
visual illusions and, 17–19, 18
subliminal priming, 56, 58–60, 66–71, 76, 256, 271n
subliminal state, 193
substitution masking, 40
subthalamic nucleus, 153
supervision system, 167
Sutherland, Stuart, 19
synchronization and brain, 136–40, 138, 148, 157, 158, 159, 161–62, 171, 178, 185, 223, 226, 255
Taine, Hippolyte, 165–66
Tarde, Gabriel, 51
taxonomy, 191–97
Taylor, Paul, 154
teleology, 89–90
tempoparietal junction, right, 44, 45
temporal association cortex (Wernicke’s area), 174
temporal gyri, 210
temporal lobe, 53, 73, 112, 136, 153, 238
anterior, see anterior temporal lobe
global neuronal workspace and, 170, 170, 173, 174, 196, 197
middle, 170
neuron specificity and, 145–49, 147
TMS and, 154
thalamocortical column, 181, 182, 183
thalamus, 22, 54, 103, 136, 142, 171, 256
global neuronal workspace and, 171, 173, 174, 181, 182, 184
neurological disorders and, 204, 208, 228–32
theater-of-consciousness metaphor, 165–66
Thérèse Raquin (Zola), 208
theta-burst paradigm, 157–58
Thinks . . . (Lodge), 113–14, 234
Thompson, S. P., 151
thought, thinking, 7, 20–21, 263
conscious, decoding of, 142–50, 147
conscious, sculpting of, 174–78
lasting, 100–104
limited-capacity system and, 166–67
masking and, 49
metacognition and, 24–25
selective attention and, 22
spontaneous activity and, 187
time lag of consciousness, 126–28
time-lapse conditioning, 102–3
Tooley, Michael, 235–36
trace conditioning, 102
transcranial mental stimulation (TMS), 151–55, 151, 157, 278n
neurological disorders and, 222, 223
Treatise on Man (Descartes), 269n
Troxler fading, 18
Turing machine, 105–7
Uhrig, Lynn, 246
unconscious, unconscious operations, 10–11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 38, 43, 47–89, 91, 92, 115, 118, 123, 122–25, 249
attention and, 22, 33, 34, 74–80, 87
as automatic pilot, 47, 50–51, 126–28
behavior and, 113
error detection and, 85, 86, 87
global workspace and, 166, 167, 174, 179, 182, 185, 190–99, 192
information binding and, 59–64, 61
masking and, 41, 45, 52–56, 73, 74, 78, 117
mathematics and, 79–86
memory and, 103–4
minimal contrasts and, 25–27
numbers and, 69–71, 70, 83–84, 87
overview of brain operations of, 86, 87
reading, 56, 58–59, 63, 64, 87
seat of operations of, 52–56
signatures of consciousness and, 117, 126–29, 140–41, 148, 149, 153, 156–59
statistics, 92–100
taxonomy of, 191–97
value and, 77–79, 78, 82, 83, 87
unconscious inference, 50–51
unresponsive wakefulness, 205, 206
user illusion, 91
V3 area, 170
value, valuation, 77–79, 78, 82, 83, 87, 164, 189, 261, 264
vegetative state, 15, 23, 171, 200, 202, 203, 205–6, 207, 209–16, 220, 233, 236, 274n, 283n
glucose metabolism and, 224–25, 224
local-global test and, 220, 240
permanent or persistent, 203, 206, 228
shattering of clinical consensus on, 209–16, 213
unresponsive wakefulness, 205, 206
Velmans, Max, 91
ventral striatum, 78–79
ventral visual route, 53, 58, 59, 136, 153, 177
Vialatte, Alexandre, 91
vigilance (intransitive consciousness), 8, 9, 22–23, 25, 143, 171, 270n, 280n
computer simulations and, 182, 185, 186, 188
neurological disorders and, 214, 228, 229
vision, visual perception, 4, 5, 26–30, 44, 45, 217, 241–42, 255, 262
Alhazen’s discoveries about, 50
binocular rivalry and, 27–30, 29
conscious code and, 143–49, 147
consciousness and, 94–99, 97, 141
global neuronal workspace and, 170, 170, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 182, 191, 193–96, 279n
unconscious, 50–51, 54–56, 58–63, 80, 86, 156, 157–58, 269n, 271n
visual cortex, 23, 28, 54, 55, 60, 63, 155–57, 205, 245, 255
global neuronal workspace and, 175, 177, 182, 183, 195, 280n
signatures of consciousness and, 118, 122–24, 123, 132, 133, 136, 139–40, 144, 149, 152, 155–57
TMS and, 152–55
visual form agnosia, 55
visual illusions, 12, 17–19, 18, 26, 27, 50, 156, 262
binocular rivalry and, 27–30, 29
of monkeys, 245
Vogel, Edward, 180
Wagner, Ullrich, 84
wakefulness, 4, 5, 9, 22–23, 84, 270n
Walsh, Vincent, 154
Watson, John Broadus, 11
weighted symbolic mutual information, 225–27, 226
Wheatstone, Charles, 27–28, 29
white matter, 194, 196, 229, 252, 255
words, 110, 118, 174, 195, 197, 255
gamma-band activity and, 135
subliminal, 45, 47, 56, 58, 65–66, 73, 118–19, 119, 122–24, 123, 193
visual binding and, 59–60
World Trade Center, 146–47, 147
Zola, Émile, 208