Note: Boldface page references indicate tables. Italic references indicate figures.
ABSA Bank Ltd. 68
Activision Blizzard 95
Alibaba 9, 43, 47, 49, 77, 110–11; Alibaba Group 52; Alibaba Pictures Group Ltd. 52
Alipay 49
Amazon 111
AutoNavi 47
banking service of Tencent 51
Barclay’s Africa Group 68
Beijing BIZCOM Technology Co. Ltd. 46
Beijing Media Corporation 74
Beijing Olympic Games (2008) 41
Beijing Starsinhand Technology Co. Ltd. 46
Board of Directors of Tencent (2004–18) 70
Boda China 46
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) 111–12
bulletin board systems (BBS) of Tencent 46
business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C) 43
Call of Duty game 95
CDMA technology 91
Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs 16
Chaoxin 91
Cheetah Technology Corp. Ltd. 48
children’s games of Tencent 87
China Education and Research Network (CERNET) 12, 109
China Information Security Evaluation Center 43
China Music Corp. 88
Chinapage 20
China Reading Ltd. 87
China South City Holdings Ltd. 49
China Telecom (formerly Directorate General of Telecommunications) 13, 90–1, 93
China United Telecommunications Corp. (China Unicom) 16, 34, 90–91
ChinaVision Media Group Ltd. 52
Chinese Academy of Sciences 9, 12, 14
Chinese Academy of Sciences network (CASNET) 12
Chinese FidoNet (CFido) 63
Cisco 85
CITIC Capital Holdings Ltd. 51
Cityville game 94
Clash of the Clans game 87, 96
Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense 16
commodification 40
communication sector, Chinese 3–5; see also information and communication technology (ICT)
communications platforms of Tencent 40
Comsenz Group 46
corporate structure of Tencent 33–5, 33, 35
Crytek 94
customer-to-customer (C2C) auction platform 43
Cyberspace Administration of China 16
Didi Chuxing 76
digital capitalism 93
digital mapping of Tencent 50–1
Digital Sky Technologies Ltd. 75
dual-track ownership system in China 74
Dungeon and Fighter (DNF) game 86
e-commerce of Tencent 43, 47–8
economic and technological development zones (ETDZs) 22
E-House 50
Electronic Arts (EA) 95
electronic information industry, Chinese 17
Eleventh Five-Year Plan 16
e-mail service of Tencent 46
Epic Games 95
Expedia 48
Fab 77
Feiliao 92
first-person shooting (FPS) games 86–87
foreign direct investment (FDI) 21–2, 25
Foxmail 46
game programs of Tencent 42–3, 94–6; see also specific name
Glu Mobile 96
GoPets Ltd. 95
GSM technology 91
IBM 85
information and communication technology (ICT): BRICS and 111–12; capitalist expansion and, global 113; in China 1, 4–5, 10; crisis and, potential 113; industry 1, 111–12; PEC scholars and 2; venture capitalists and 112–13; wealth of 1
Informatization Office (State Council) 16
initial public offering (IPO) 20, 23–4, 36, 67
instant messaging (IM) service of Tencent 23, 33–4, 84–5; see also QQ.com
Institute of High Energy Physics 9
International Data Group (IDG) 65–6, 109, 112
Internet: China and 4, 9, 33–4; China’s burgeoning companies involving 110; companies’ emergence of (1995–2000) 20–1, 21; “golden rule” of 64; mainstream studies of 2–3; political economy and, global 1–3; Tencent and history of in China 108–9; value-added services and 20; see also network infrastructure, building Chinese; Tencent; value-added services (VAS)
Internet service providers (ISPs) 34
Kaixin001 76
Keyword Technology Ltd. 34
Kik 77
Kingsoft Internet Security Software Corp. Ltd. (KIS) 48
Kuaidi Dache 49
KuGou 88
Kuwo 88
labor practices of Tencent 44–5
League of Legends game 87, 95–6
Leju Holdings Ltd. 50
Level Up! International Holdings Limited 75–6, 95
Li Keqiang 19
Li, Minqi 4
Linchuan Qiu, Jack 23
Lin Chun 3
logistics service of Tencent 49
Ma, Jian-nan 63
Ma, Steven 96
market reforms in China 18
massive multiplayer online games (MMOGs) 86, 94; see also online games of Tencent; specific name
massive online battle arena (MOBA) 95–6; see also online games of Tencent; specific name
Media Asia Group Holdings Ltd. 52
media/film industry of Tencent 51–2
media platform of Tencent 41–2
Ministry of Culture (MOC) 63, 86
Ministry of Education 63
Ministry of Electronics Industry (MEI) 14, 16
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MITI) 15, 92–3
Ministry of Information Industry (MII) 16
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) 12–13, 16
Mirabilis (Israeli company) 33
mobile and telecommunications value-added services (MVAS) of Tencent 36, 38, 38, 46
mobile voice over Internet protocol (mVoIP) 92
MSN e-mail 46
Muller, Milton 9
MultiChoice Africa Ltd. 68
Musk, Elon 77
Nanjing Wangdian Technology Co. Ltd. 46
Naspers: Changsha and 74; expansion of 66–7; political economy profile of 71–2, 72, 73, 74–6; revenue by Internet segment (2018) 73; revenue by region (2018) 73; revenue by segment (2018) 72, 72; Tencent and 62, 74–6, 109; Xin’an Media Co. Ltd. and 74
National Basketball Association (NBA) 41–2
National Bureau of Statistics (China) 20
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) 16, 92
National Information Work Leading Group (State Council) 15
National People’s Congress 14, 18
National Science Foundation (China) 12
NavInfo Co. Ltd. 50
neoliberalism 3
NetEase 20
Netmarble Games Corp. (formerly CJ Games Corp.) 96
network infrastructure, building Chinese: Internet as industrialization (1996–2010) 13–16; Internet as infrastructure (1994 and 1995) 12–13; Internet as pillar industry (2011–present) 18–19; overview 10–11; preparation (1987–1993) 11–12
Nextplay 94
OkBuy 43
online advertising of Tencent 36, 42
online community of Tencent 46
online games of Tencent 42–3, 86–7, 94–6; see also specific name
online music of Tencent 88
online payment of Tencent 43, 48–9, 100
online publication/reading service of Tencent 87
online real estate service of Tencent 50
online review platform of Tencent 49
online software security of Tencent 48
online streaming platforms 92
online streaming portal of Tencent 41–2
online taxi reservation app of Tenent 48–9
online travel agency of Tencent 48
Outspark 100
over-the-top (OTT) content providers 92
Peking University 44
Peking University network (PUNET) 12
Ping An Insurance (Group) Co. 36
PlayerUnknown’s Battlegrounds (PUBG) game 95
political economy of communication (PEC) 2
political economy, global: China and 1, 9–10, 24–5; critical 1–2; of Internet 1–3; Tencent and 108
political-economy theory of Internet: context of Tencent within history of Internet in China 108–9; financialization and 6, 111–13; integrated Tencent and 110; Internet as site to (re)conceptualize state-capital relations and 111; transnationalization and 6, 111–13; transnational Tencent and 109–10; see also Tencent
Ponysoft 63
Practo 77
PT Global Mediacom 100
Punch Monstergame 94
QQ.com: accounts (2004–18) 84; birth of 23, 34; brand 88–9; building community of 88–90; as cultural product 83–4; international version of 100; JD.com and 43; monthly active users of 23; news reporting on 41; promoting 88–91; success of 40, 66, 84, 90, 111
QQ Game Portal 86
QQ Huaxia game 86
QQ Music 88
QQ SanGuo game 86
R2Bear game 94
real-name social-networking site (SNS) 41
Real Time eXchange (RTX) 85
Report on the Work of the Government (2015) 19
research and development of Tencent 43–4, 44
ridesharing app of Tencent 48–9
Roco Kingdom game 87
Schiller, Herbert 2
search engine of Tencent 42, 46–7
Searle, Charles St. Leger 66–7, 74
Sequoia Capital 112
Shambaugh, David 4
Shanda Cloudary 87
Shanghai World Exposition 41
shareholders of Tencent, major (2004–18) 69
shareholding structure of Tencent after IPO 68, 68
Shenzhen Baiyeyuan Investment Co. Ltd. 51
Shenzhen Domain Computer Network Co. Ltd. 86
Shenzhen Electronics Group 65
Shenzhen Li Ye Group Co. Ltd. 51
Shenzhen Shiji Kaixuan Technology Co. Ltd. 35
Shenzhen Telecome 65
Shenzhen WeBank Ltd. 51
Shidai Zhaoyang Technology Co. Ltd. 35
ShinJoung Yeo 2
Sichuan earthquake 41
Smythe, Dallas 2
Snapchat 77
So, Alvin Y. 3
socialism, Chinese crisis of 3
social-networking site (SNS) 40–1
social platforms of Tencent 40–1
SoftBank 96
special economic zones (SEZs) 21–2, 63
SportsCn 74
State Development Planning Commission 12
State Economic Informatization Joint Meeting 15
Tan, Zixiang 9 telecom industry, Chinese 17
Tencent Collaboration Fund 76
Tencent Holdings Limited 68
Tencent Literature 87
Tencent Music Entertainment (TME) 88
Tencent Scholarship for Excellence in Science and Technology 44
Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd. 34
Tenth Five-Year Plan 16
Tesla 77
Titan Media 74
trade services of Tencent 49
transnational expansion of Tencent 75, 97–101, 109–10
transnationalization and political-economy theory of Internet 6, 111–13
Tse, Edward 20
Tsinghua University network (TUNET) 12
Twelfth Five-Year Plan 18
Twitter 92
value-added services (VAS) 20, 23, 33–4, 42, 85, 91, 109; see also specific type
venture capitalists (VCs) 65, 77, 112–13
vertical integration 45, 48–51, 53, 83, 94–6, 108
Vertigo Games 94
Vnet Messenger (VIM) 91
Wallerstein, David A.M. 66, 76
Wang Zhongjun 52
Wang Zhonglei 52
Warface game 94
War of the Zombie game 94
Webzen 94
WeFire 96
Wei, Wu 9
Weixin/WeChat: Alibaba and 47; cultural profile of Tencent and 85, 91–3; debate on 91–3; development of 40; Didi Dache and 48–9; Internet Plus and 53; JD.com and 43; launching of 38, 85; micromarketing strategies of 32, 111; monthly active users 85; online payment services of 48–9, 100; success of 111; Zhang Xiaolong and 46
Wen Jiabao 92
wireless application protocol (WAP) 34
wireless local loop (WILL) technology 91
World Cups 41
Wu Xiaobo 64
Wu, Xiaoguang 48