2.1 Major British sites pertinent to the earliest hominin occupation of Britain
2.2 Schematic representation of the prevailing habitat character of western Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene and early Middle Pleistocene (∼2.0–0.4 ma BP)
2.3 Schematic representation of vegetation cycles in Early Pleistocene Europe
2.4 Maxilla and frontal bone of Homo antecessor
2.5 The Marine Isotope Curve from MIS1 back to MIS21
2.6 Tentative correlation of the English Cromerian temperate stages with the Rhine River System, deep sea Marine Isotope Stages and magnetostratigraphy
2.7 Palaeogeography of southern Britain at ~1.4 ma BP, ∼1.15 ma BP and ∼0.6 ma BP
2.8 Composite sketch maps showing the principal river systems of Britain during the Early Pleistocene and early Middle Pleistocene, excluding the Solent system
2.9 (a) Schematic section through the Cromer Forest Bed Formation at Pakefield, showing main environmental contexts and location of the flint artefacts. (b) Photograph of Pakefield Sections exposed during the Quaternary Research Associations’ Easter 2000 Field Excursion
2.10 Selected artefacts from Pakefield
2.11 Mimomys teeth from Pakefield
2.12 Carnivores and Herbivores from Pakefield
2.13 Overhead view of the Happisburgh 3 site and detail of excavations in progress
2.14 The implementiferous fluvial (lag) gravels and laminated estuarine sands and silts from Happisburgh 3
2.15 Stratigraphical context of the Happisburgh 3 artefacts and biological remains
2.16 Artefacts from Happisburgh 3
2.17 Selected fauna from Happisburgh 3
2.18 The dating evidence for Happisburgh, particularly palaeomagnetism and mammalian biostratigraphy
3.1 Main British sites discussed in Chapters 3 and 4
3.2 The Marine Isotope Curve from MIS1 to MIS21 with the period covered in this chapter highlighted
3.3 Pollen diagram from the Noordbergum Interglacial IV in the Dutch Cromerian Sequence
3.4 (a) Taxonomic habitat index for the Boxgrove sequence (b) Top: Excavations in Q1B at Boxgrove. Bottom: Section through the Boxgrove sequence at GTP13, sowing three cycles of marine deposition, overlain by the Slindon Silts of Unit 4 and the Pleistocene landsurface of Unit 4c
3.5 Composite pollen diagram of the Hoxnian (MIS11) Interglacial at Marks Tey
3.6 Tentative correlation of recently excavated critical Hoxnian (MIS11) sites, showing pollen zonation, the presence of characteristic ‘Rhenish’ molluscan fauna and archaeological industries
3.7 Palaeodrainage maps of eastern Essex during MIS 11 (a) and MIS 9 (b)
3.8 Section through the channel deposits at Cudmore Grove, showing location of boreholes and channel margins
3.9 MIS9 pollen record from Cudmore Grove
3.10 Section through the deposits at Greenland’s Pit, Purfleet from the 1996 excavations
3.11 Reconstructions of the Palaeogeography of Eastern England during MIS11 and MIS13
3.12 Map of the English Channel (a) with distribution of palaeochannels (b), and sonar bathymetry of the north-central Channel Shelf (c)
3.13 Sea level estimates from the benthic isotope record and other sea-level indicators, with periods during which Britain was an island during MIS11 and MIS9 indicated
3.14 Map showing (a) the immediately pre-Anglian route of the Thames and (b) the diversion of the Thames during the Anglian Glaciation
3.15 Derek Roe’s distribution map of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sites and findspots
3.16 Schematic diagram showing tentative phases of colonisation, isolation and abandonment during marine isotope sub-stages
4.1 The complete corpus of Lower Palaeolithic human fossils from Britain
4.2 Two historically important handaxes from Britain
4.3 Diagrammatic illustration of the two main classification systems for handaxes used in Britain since the 1960s
4.4 Graphs showing the relationship between dominant handaxe shape and raw material sources
4.5 McPherron’s model showing how handaxes may change in shape, elongation and refinement throughout a prolonged use-life
4.6 Handaxe from Boxgrove with refitting tranchet removal
4.7 Selection of British ‘cleavers’ illustrating the effects of tranchet removals and the use of flake blanks in accidentally creating this rare form in a British context
4.8 Paired handaxes from Foxhall Road, possibly representing the idiosyncratic styles of two Palaeolithic individuals
4.9 Artefacts from Hoxne and Clacton with functions inferred from microwear analysis
4.11 Handaxe from South Woodford, showing area of incipient percussion cones resulting from repeated localised battering (inset = magnified image of percussion area)
4.13 Handaxes in the Clactonian
4.14 The Furze Platt Giant and the Wansunt Pit Miniatures, the largest and some of the smallest handaxes in the British Palaeolithic
4.15 Soft-hammers from Boxgrove
4.16 Horse scapula from Boxgrove GTP17
4.17 Rhino butchery area from Boxgrove Q1, showing rhinoceros pelvis and handaxes
4.18 Viewsheds from three upland sites in the Chiltern Hills: Round Green, Caddington and Gaddesden Row
4.19 Handaxe retaining fossils that hominins appear to have deliberately preserved during manufacture
5.1 Major British sites discussed in Chapter 5
5.2 The Marine Isotope Curve from MIS1 to MIS21, with the period covered in Chapter 5 highlighted
5.3 Key features of Marine Isotope Stage 7
5.4 Sea level estimates from the benthic isotope record and other sea-level indicators, with periods during which Britain was an island during MIS7 and MIS5 indicated
5.5 The palaeogeography of eastern England during MIS7
5.6 Raised beaches and sea caves in the Torbay area
5.7 Pollen profile from the Lower Channel Deposits at Marsworth
5.8 Number of known British Levallois sites and findspots by modern county
5.9 Number of known British Levallois sites and findspots by river valley
5.11 Two proto-Levallois cores from Botany Pit, Purfleet alongside a classic linear Levallois core from the same pit
5.12 A retouched Levallois flakes from Baker’s Hole, essentially a unifacial handaxe
5.13 Diagrammatic representation of the variety evident in Levallois surface preparation, based on the location of flake scars
5.14 Diagrammatic representation of the variation evident in Levallois exploitation methods
5.15 Levallois points and an exhausted core from Creffield Road, Acton
5.17 Levallois artefacts from the Lion Tramway Cutting, West Thurrock
5.18 Refitting laminar flakes from Crayford found by Spurrell
5.19 The gradually declining numbers of artefacts over time in the terraces of the Middle Thames
5.20 Geological sequences at Crayford, Ebbsfleet and West Thurrock, illustrating how hominin activity persisted only as long as a source of raw materials was available at each site
5.21 Major size differences of astragali between MIS6 caballine horse (left) and MIS7 caballine horse (right)
6.1 Chronology of the British Middle Palaeolithic, shown relative to the Marine Ice Oxygen Isotope records, mammalian assemblage zones, and Greenland interstadials
6.2 Major British Late Middle Palaeolithic sites and bout coupé findspots
6.3 Middle Palaeolithic artefacts from Uphill Quarry
6.4 Handaxes and scrapers from Lynford
6.5 The organic sediments of Facies Association B at Lynford Quarry, Mundford, Norfolk
6.6 Extreme recycling at Lynford
6.8 Bout coupé handaxe from Castle Lane, Bournemouth
6.9 Aerial view of Creswell Crags (Nottinghamshire/Derbyshire), looking west
6.10 The Creswell Heritage Area, showing caves with Late Middle Palaeolithic materials
6.12 Quartzite flakes from discoidal technology
6.13 Quartzite flakes from discoidal technology from Church Hole, Creswell. (Photo Paul Pettitt.)
6.14 Section through the archaeological deposits in Pin Hole cave, Creswell, reconstructed by Roger Jacobi, showing Pin Hole MAZ dated fauna. (Courtesy Museums Sheffield.)
6.15 Map of the Axe Valley and adjacent countryside, showing location of sites mentioned in the text
6.17 Handaxes from the Hyaena Den
6.18 Late Middle Palaeolithic artefacts from Rhinoceros Hole, Wookey
6.19 View of the Axe Valley from the plateau above the Hyaena Den, Rhinoceros Hole and Badger Hole, Wookey
7.1 CT scan of the KC4 human maxilla
7.2 Bladepoints from Robin Hood Cave, Creswell Crags
7.3 Distribution of Early Upper Palaeolithic bifacially worked leafpoints in Britain
7.4 Distribution of Early Upper Palaeolithic bladepoints in Britain
7.5 Bifacially worked ‘bladepoints’ (leafpoints) from Badger Hole, Wookey, Somerset
7.6 Bifacially worked leafpoint from Kent’s Cavern, Devon
7.7 Welsh Early Upper Palaeolithic bladepoints
7.8 Bifacially worked bladepoint (leafpoint) from Beedings, Sussex
7.9 Distribution of British sites/findspots classified as Aurignacian
7.10 Aurignacian shouldered endscrapers from Paviland
7.11 Burins busqué from the Welsh Aurignacian
7.12 Organic points from Aurignacian contexts in Somerset
7.13 Representation of raw material types among the Aurignacian lithics from Paviland
7.14 Tanged points of Font Robert type
7.15 Distribution of British sites/findspots classified as Gravettian
7.16 Conical bone pin from Kent’s Cavern, Devon
8.1 Late Magdalenian (‘Creswellian’) lithics from Robin Hood Cave, Creswell Crags
8.2 Cheddar Points from the Hoyle’s Mouth, Dyfed, Wales
8.3 Proximity of British, Belgian and Dutch Late Magdalenian/Creswellian sites
8.4 Distribution of Late Magdalenian sites and findspots in Britain
8.5 Cheddar Gorge from above Gough’s Cave
8.6 Reindeer antler javelin foreshafts from Fox Hole, Peak District
8.7 British Late Magdalenian bâtons percé
8.8 Mammoth ivory sagaie from Pin Hole, Creswell, bearing engraved ‘fish/line’ decoration
8.9 Engraved ‘vulva’ of three converging lines on the east wall of the main chamber of Robin Hood Cave, Creswell Crags
8.10 Engraved cervid (probably red deer) on the east wall of Church Hole, Creswell Crags
8.11 Engraved bovid on the east wall of Church Hole, Creswell Crags
8.12 Engraved ‘vulva’ on the west wall of Church Hole, Creswell Crags
8.13 Possible Havelte Point from Cat Hole, Wales
8.14 Shouldered points of Hamburgian affiliation
8.15 Distribution of sites and findspots with Hamburgian shouldered points
8.16 View from just above Fox Hole Cave, Peak District
8.17 Distribution of sites with curved backed points/federmesser
8.18 Federmessergruppen lithics from Mother Grundy’s Parlour, Creswell Crags
8.19 Backed bladelet and curved backed points from Kilmelfort Cave, Argyll
8.20 Antler harpoon from Victoria Cave, near Settle, North Yorkshire
8.21 Bruised blade from Avington VI
8.22 Tanged points of Ahrensburgian type, from Avington VI, Berkshire
8.23 Reindeer antler points from Victoria Cave, near Settle, North Yorkshire
8.24 Reindeer antler ‘Lyngby’ axe from Earl’s Barton, Northamptonshire