2.1 |
A short chronology for Europe, or there and back again |
2.2 |
Beetle faunas and environmental reconstructions |
2.3 |
The age of the Happisburgh Till |
2.4 |
A resurrected short chronology for northern Europe? |
Figure 1 |
Westaway’s interpretation of the palaeomagnetic (a) and amino-acid data (b) from Pakefield and Happisburgh |
3.1 |
Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, Kent |
Figure 1 |
Section through the Swanscombe sequence, showing stratigraphical units and phases, climatic interpretation, archaeology and correlation with the Hoxnian pollen zones |
3.2 |
Hoxne, Suffolk |
Figure 1 |
Schematic section through the Hoxne Lake basin, with a detailed cross-section through the deposits re-exposed during the 2000–2003 excavations |
Figure 2 |
Artefacts from the University of Chicago excavations at Hoxne |
3.3 |
Clacton-on-sea, Essex |
Figure 1 |
(a) Map showing distribution of Pleistocene deposits at Clacton, and the location of the various excavations (b) Section through the Clacton area showing the various Clacton Channel occurrences (c) Section through the main fill of the Clacton Channel as exposed at the West Cliff |
3.4 |
Barnham and Elveden, Suffolk |
Figure 1 |
Schematic sections through the Barnham and Elveden sequences, showing stratigraphy, archaeology and possible correlation with the Hoxnian pollen zones |
Figure 2 |
Artefacts from Barnham and Elveden |
3.5 |
Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk |
Figure 1 |
Schematic section through the Beeches Pit sequence, showing sedimentology, climatic interpretation, archaeology and correlation with the Hoxnian pollen zones |
Figure 2 |
The series of handaxes from Beeches Pit showing the variety of form and size found in the Acheulean |
3.6 |
Bridgland’s model of terrace formation |
Figure 1 |
Schematic representation of the 6-Phase Terrace Formation Model |
Figure 2 |
Schematic representation of the Thames Terrace Staircase |
3.7 |
Stoke Newington, London Borough of Hackney |
Figure 1 |
(a) Map showing location of nineteenth- and twentieth-century investigations at Stoke Newington. (b) Possible correlation of the MIS9 Stoke Newington Sands and Highbury Sands and Silts |
3.8 |
Greenlands and Bluelands Pit, Purfleet, Essex |
Figure 1 |
Map showing location of the main pits in the Purfleet area |
Figure 2 |
Greenlands Pit, 1996 106 |
3.9 |
Foxhall Road, Ipswich |
Figure 1 |
Nina Layard’s section through the Foxhall Road sequence, showing location of two main archaeological horizons within the Grey Clay and Red Gravel |
3.10 |
Waverley Wood, Bubbenhall, Warwickshire |
Figure 1 |
Section through the Waverley Wood sequence, showing location of implementiferous channel fills |
Figure 2 |
Andesite and lava handaxes from Waverley Wood |
3.11 |
Boxgrove, West Sussex |
Figure 1 |
Map showing Amy’s Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove with main areas of archaeological excavation |
Figure 2 |
Section through the Boxgrove sequence |
Figure 3 |
Excavations in progress |
Figure 4 |
In situ knapping scatter from Q1/A, and refitted reduction sequence 492 from Boxgrove |
3.12 |
High Lodge, Mildenhall, Suffolk |
Figure 1 |
Schematic section through the High Lodge sequence, showing stratigraphical units, interpretation and archaeology |
Figure 2 |
A selection of scrapers from the classic High Lodge Industry |
3.13 |
Wolvercote Channel, Oxfordshire |
Figure 1 |
Section through the Wolvercote sequence |
Figure 2 |
The classic Wolvercote-style handaxe |
3.14 |
Cuxton, Kent |
Figure 1 |
(a) Sections through the Cuxton deposits as recorded by Tester (1961), Cruse (1987) and the MVPP (Wenban-Smith 2004) (b) Location map showing position of various excavations (c) Longitudinal Section showing the positions of Tester’s and Cruse’s sections |
Figure 2 |
A very large and elegant ficron handaxe from Cuxton, discovered during the MVPP 2005 excavation |
3.15 |
Globe Pit, Little Thurrock, Essex |
Figure 1 |
Section through the Globe Pit sequence, showing the relationship between the different beds and their contained archaeology |
3.16 |
The Chiltern Hills |
Figure 1 |
Map showing location of Worthington Smith’s main sites on the Chiltern Hills (closed circles) and major modern towns (open circles) |
Figure 2 |
Broken handaxe and refitting flake sequence from Caddington |
Figure 3 |
Handaxes from Worthington Smith’s sites at Caddington; Round Green and Gaddesden Row |
4.1 |
The Clacton spear |
Figure 1 |
The Clacton spear, discovered by Samuel Hazzledine Warren at Clacton in 1911 |
4.2 |
Growing up in the Middle Pleistocene |
4.3 |
Were handaxes sexy? |
4.4 |
Fire use at Beeches Pit |
Figure 1 |
Evidence of highly localised burning at Beeches Pit, Suffolk |
5.1 |
Lion Pit Tramway Cutting, West Thurrock, Essex |
Figure 1 |
Excavation Plan and geological section through the archaeological levels exposed in the recent excavations at the Lion Tramway Cutting, West Thurrock |
Figure 2 |
Levallois cores from the Lion Tramway Cutting, showing two different operational schema |
Figure 3 |
Photograph of the 1984 excavations at the Lion Tramway Cutting, showing the depth of sands and silts overlying the Levallois knapping floor |
5.2 |
Sandy Lane Quarry and Purfleet Road, Aveley, Essex |
Figure 1 |
Schematic Section through the Mucking formation deposits at Sandy Lane, Aveley |
Figure 2 |
Photo of 1997–8 investigations at Aveley |
Figure 3 |
Levallois core from Aveley |
5.3 |
MIS7 biostratigraphy |
5.4 |
Pontnewydd Cave, Clwyd, North Wales |
Figure 1 |
View of the entrance to Pontnewydd Cave |
Figure 2 |
Hard stone bifaces from the Early Middle Palaeolithic of Pontnewydd Cave |
5.5 |
The Crayford Brickearths |
Figure 1 |
(a) Composite section through the Crayford and Erith brickpits
(b) Spurrell’s original section showing position of main archaeological horizon and band of flint at Stoneham’s Pit |
5.6 |
The Stanton Harcourt Channel (Dix’s Pit), Oxfordshire |
Figure 1 |
Photograph of the site under excavation |
Figure 2 |
Artefacts from Stanton Harcourt |
5.7 |
Rich tapestry of MIS7 environments |
5.8 |
Levallois technology |
Figure 1 |
Boëda’s technological criteria that is now accepted as identifying and conceptually underwriting Levallois reduction |
5.9 |
West London |
Figure 1 |
John Allen Brown’s section from Eastwood’s Pit, Yiewsley |
Figure 2 |
John Allen Brown’s Section from Pit 2 at Creffield Road |
Figure 3 |
Artefacts from the Hillingdon Pit |
5.10 |
Botany Pit, Purfleet |
Figure 1 |
Proposed correlation of the botany sediments with the sequence recorded at Bluelands/Greenlands Pits |
Figure 2 |
A Proto-Levallois or simple prepared core from Botany Pit |
5.11 |
Ebbsfleet |
Figure 1 |
Location map of sites located in the Ebbsfleet Valley |
Figure 2 |
Section through the Ebbsfleet Channel deposits excavated by the British Museum |
5.12 |
The Suffolk Rivers |
Figure 1 |
Levallois core from the Stoke Bone Bed |
Figure 2 |
Section through the deposits of the River Stour at Brundon |
6.1 |
Temperate floras |
6.2 |
Cold floras |
6.3 |
Why was MIS3 treeless? |
6.4 |
Cold interval at Sandy, Bedfordshire |
6.5 |
The Late Middle Palaeolithic open-air site of Little Paxton, Cambridgeshire |
Figure 1 |
Late Middle Palaeolithic lithics from Little Paxton |
6.6 |
Coygan Cave, South Wales |
Figure 1 |
Classic bout coupé handaxe from Coygan Cave |
6.7 |
Lynford environments |
6.8 |
Neanderthals among the Mammoths |
Figure 1 |
Montage of Lynford during excavation |
6.9 |
Late Middle Palaeolithic findspots in the Thames Valley |
Figure 1 |
Bout coupé handaxe from Marlow |
6.10 |
Ash Tree Cave, Derbyshire |
6.11 |
Uphill Quarry, Somerset |
6.12 |
Picken’s Hole, Somerset |
6.13 |
Kent’s Cavern |
Figure 1 |
Artefacts from Kent’s Cavern. Scale in cm. (After Evans 1897.) |
Figure 2 |
View of excavations by the authors in the Wolf’s Cave area of Kent’s Cavern, Devon, 2009, looking west |
7.1 |
Last Glacial Maximum |
Figure 1 |
Approximate limits of the Last Glacial Maximum ice over Britain |
7.2 |
The arrival of the Gravettians |
Figure 1 |
Calibrated age ranges of direct AMS radiocarbon measurements on fauna from Pontnewydd Cave, plotted against NGRIP climate curve |
7.3 |
Glaston, Leicestershire |
Figure 1 |
The location of Glaston |
Figure 2 |
Leafpoint and fragmentary leafpoint from Glaston |
Figure 3 |
Horse limb bones from Glaston |
7.4 |
Paviland Cave and the ‘Red Lady’ |
Figure 1 |
The bones of the ‘Red Lady’ of Paviland in frontal view |
Figure 2 |
Paviland. The Goat’s Hole is the triangular opening to the right |
Figure 3 |
Section drawing of excavations in the Goat’s Hole, Paviland Cave, from Buckland 1823 |
Figure 4 |
Fragments of mammoth ivory rods polished with ochre and apparently associated with the Red Lady burial |
Figure 5 |
The ‘Sollas Egg’, a pathological fragment of mammoth tusk pierced for suspension |
Figure 6 |
Two basal fragments of Chopped-base points |
Figure 7 |
Horse bone ‘spatulae’ from the Goat’s Hole, Paviland |
Figure 8 |
Fragmentary Font Robert Point from Paviland |
Figure 9 |
Recent excavations in the Goat’s Hole, Paviland, directed by Stephen Aldhouse-Green |
7.5 |
Pin Hole, Creswell Crags |
Figure 1 |
Complete Font Robert point from Pin Hole |
8.1 |
The Condover mammoths |
Figure 1 |
The mandible of the adult mammoth from Condover |
Figure 2 |
Russell Coope holding bone from the Condover site |
8.2 |
Late Magdalenian archaeology of Creswell Crags |
Figure 1 |
The Creswell Crags gorge, looking east |
Figure 2 |
Creswell Crags in the winter, looking west |
8.3 |
Gough’s Cave skull cups |
Figure 1 |
Distribution of percussion marks on cranial bones from Gough’s Cave |
Figure 2 |
Cut-marks and percussion marks on human facial bones from Gough’s Cave |
8.4 |
Late Magdalenian clothing |
Figure 1 |
Church Hole sewing (1) eyed bone needle (2) thread-winder made on vertebral process of horse (3) Arctic hare tibia awl (4) reindeer antler javelin foreshaft |
8.5 |
Gough’s Cave, Cheddar Gorge |
8.6 |
Kent’s Cavern |
Figure 1 |
View of the Vestibule from the Passage of Urns, with approximate location of the original position of the Black Band |
Figure 2 |
Antler uniserial and biserial harpoons from Kent’s Cavern |
8.7 |
The Poulton Elk |
Figure 1 |
The Poulton Elk |
Figure 2 |
Uniserially barbed bone harpoons associated with the Poulton Elk |
8.8 |
Art Mobilier from Creswell Crags |
Figure 1 |
The engraved humanoid from Pin Hole |
Figure 2 |
Engraved horses head from Robin Hood Cave |
8.9 |
Church Hole rear engravings |
Figure 1 |
Engraved birds or stylised human females from the west wall of the rear chamber in Church Hole, Creswell Crags |
8.10 |
Hengistbury Head, Dorset |
Figure 1 |
Location map of Hengistbury Head |
Figure 2 |
Core H refitting group |
Figure 3 |
Hengistbury knapping scatter |
8.11 |
Rookery Farm, Cambridgeshire |
Figure 1 |
Distibution of lithics at Rookery Farm |
Figure 2 |
Conjoined sequence of laminar removals from Rookery Farm |
8.12 |
Kendrick’s Cave, Conwy |
Figure 1 |
Engraved and ochred roe deer metapodia from Kendrick’s Cave |
Figure 2 |
Horse maxilla with engraved chevron designs |
8.13 |
Three Ways Wharf, Uxbridge |
Figure 1 |
Location of the Three Ways Wharf site |
Figure 2 |
Distribution of used lithics, retouched tools and reindeer upper limb bones in Scatter C East |
Figure 3 |
Refitting group 10 |