References to illustrations are in bold
Aertsen, Pieter 208
Agricola, Rudolph 7
Album amicorum, see Ortelius, Abraham
Aldati
Emblemata 21, 36, 86, 87, 115, 211
Anabaptists 8, 92n17, 190, 196
ancient inheritance 6
customs, survival of 56-8, 62, 68, 75
influence of 3, 53, 56, 66, 75, 88, 149
social distinctions, for 81
source of innovation 6
anger, see madness
Anthonisz, Cornelis 193-4, 194
anti-Catholic satire 161
artists guild 17
Chambers of Rhetoric 163
civic symbols 26
international center 17
map of 17
religious troubles 107, 125-6, 135n7, 143, 159, 176-7, 196-7, 199-200
Apelles 153
Athenaeus 81
individual response 4
response to proverbs 21
shared values 3
avarice 112, 131-4, 155, 163; see also prodigality
Bainton, Roland 122
begging 190
Bernard of Morval 6
Bible 28, 81, 113, 116, 125, 149, 161, 177, 184
Borcht, Pieter van der 55
Bosch, Hieronymus 18, 31, 59, 109, 134, 178, 193
Haywain 147-50, 150, 159, 161, 175
Brant, Sebastian
Ship of Fools (Narrenschiff) 7, 33, 41-2, 42, 81, 82, 83, 118, 120, 134, 151-2, 152, 195
Brandt, Gerard 62, 68, 107, 125, 157, 162, 187
Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, art and career
adventurous patrons 5, 18, 43, 59
agenda in art 182
- criticism of 184
attributions, problem of 206
known patrons 5
landscape interest 103
medical interests 4fl
"minoris picturae" 208
receptive audience 134
reputation 182
second Bosch, as 18, 103, 124, 149, 156, 175, 182
technical interests 195
timeliness of his art 8, 108, 210
Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, drawings and prints by
Artist and Connoisseur 216, 217
Big Fish Eat the Little Fish 26, 31-32, 32
Descent into Limbo 124-5, 136nl4
Fair on St. George's Day 54-8, 55
Large Landscapes 106
Last Judgment 147
Peddler Robbed by Monkeys 128-9, 129
Seven Deadly Sins, The 19, 28, 31, 110, 112-14, 116, 156, 163
Seven Virtues, The 40, 113, 116, 156, 163
Stone of Folly 119
Thin Kitchen/Fat Kitchen 188, 189
Warship with Icarus and Daedalus in the Sky 210
Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, paintings by
Bay of Naples 17
Carnival and Lent 58-70, P1. III
- couple and fool 68, 69, 70 - pig and well 67
Children's Games 70-91, P1. IV
- aggression 83 - mutual help 83-7
Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery 123, 198, 200
Dulle Griet 8, 9n5, llnl6, 108-28, 131-4, 136nl8, 148, 166, 178, 202n22, P1. V
- big foot 113
- Ira, use of 110
- preparatory drawing 109, 112-13, 136nl4, P1. VI
- Two Monkeys, relation to 131-3, 132
- veil 112
Fall of Icarus 208, 209, 201-17
- poets response to 216, 221n43
Fall of the Rebel Angels, The 177-83, 179
Magpie on the Gallows 1, 175, 208
Netherlandish Proverbs 15-43, P1. I - fisherman 34-6, 35 - ox to ass 34-6, 36 - woman and devil 38-9, 39
Thin People Eating the Fat, The 165
Tower of Babel 191, 192-8, 192 - religious controversies, relation to 196-8
Triumph of Death, The 8-9,143-67,144
- barren landscape 157
- classical Fates 151
- colored sawdust 165
- dying ox 164
- hypocritical pilgrim 155
- sparrow, frivolous 159-60, 160
- wagon with wheels 163-4, 164
- see also anti-Catholic satire; skeleton, animate
Two Monkeys 129-35, 142nl01 - Dulle Griet, relation to 131-4, 132
- Peddler Robbed by Monkeys, relation to 128, 130
Visit to the Farm 190
Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, picture-making techniques 1
constraints 101; see also censorship; religious controversies
internal connections 8, 31, 32, 33, 90, 110
left/right divisions 61, 68, 116, 119, 131, 132
media experimentation 103
multiple figures 5
organization 27, 59-61, 71, 145
patron participation 35, 76, 157
preparatory drawings 34, 109, 171n63
strategies for holding interest 70
technical challenges 103
workshop 206
Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, signatures of 15, 18-19, 19, 54, 59, 70, 186, 103, 109, 129, 177, 184, 186, 191
humanist style 19
Brueghel, Pieter the Younger 64, 168n2
Carnival and Lent 64
Netherlandish Proverbs 3-6, 38-9, P1. II
Triumph of Death, The 146, 145, 157-8, 158, 159, 164-5
Calvinists 4, 8, 68-9, 108, 190, 196
Carnival 62
allegorical figure of 62
combat with Lent 59
customs, ancient 62
Carroll, Margaret 58
Castellio, Sebastian 114,122-3,125,198
Castellionists 8
Catholics 8, 61, 92, 122, 197, 200
criticism from within church 43
Catullus, famous sparrow of 159
censorship 41, 43, 51nl09, 107, 128, 177
children
aggression of 83
fools, metaphor for 81
prognosticators, as 87
Cleve, Hendrick van 195-6, 196
Cock, Hieronymus 5, 17, 54, 61, 63, 101, 106, 128
Coecke, Pieter 17, 44n2, 126-7, 175
collections, Renaissance 54
Coornhert, Dirck 5, 90, 122, 134, 207
creative process, see methodology used
death
death and life contending 153
motivational strategy, as 151
perspective on life, as 149
representations of 147
see also Erasmus, Desiderius
deceit 153
"de contemptu mundi" 6, 169nl6
De haereticis, see Castellio, Sebastian
descent into hell 124
art, interest in 40
education 24, 75; see also Antwerp, city of, schools; Erasmus, Desiderius
Erasmus, Desiderius 27, 33, 39, 43, 58-9, 155, 167, 199
Adages 25, 28-31, 33, 35-8, 41-2, 69, 104-5, 105, 109, 113, 115, 121, 149, 162-4
amusements, Christian 167
ancient literature, use of 90
childishness 81
criticism of Reformed sects 62
death 154
peasant customs 57
past, proper use of 90
religious persecution 157
money 134
Ertz, Klaus 33
Fall of the Rebel Angels, The, see Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, paintings by, Fall of the Rebel Angels, The; Floris, Frans, Fall of the Rebel Angels, The
fallen angels 113
Family of Love, see Niclaes, Henrik
Fates, classical 151
Fehl, Phillip 104
Floris, Frans 11, 103, 178-84, 181, 193, 207
Banquet of the Sea Gods 18, 178
Fall of the Rebel Angels, The 178, 180, 182-3, 183
fools
Folly, allegorical figure of, 116, 118-19
madness, related to 116
natural and artificial 116, 121
peasant as 81
see also Brant, Sebastian, Ship of Fools
Franck, Sebastian 22, 56, 68, 88, 124, 198
Freedberg, David 184
genre 7
Gillis, Peter 7
Giselinus, Victor 3, 26, 39-40, 210-11
Granvelle, Cardinal 5, 156, 160, 187-8, 195
Grauls, Jan 109
Gresham, Sir Thomas 41, 126, 156, 160
Guicciardini, L. 182
Halliday, William R. 79
Haywain, see Bosch, Hieronymus, Haywain
Heemskerck, Maarten van 40, 119, 122, 153-4, 154
Hogenberg, Frans 26-9, 41, 31, 37, 59, 60, 61
Holbein the Younger, Hans 116, 120, 144, 152, 160, 193
Horace 6-7, 11-14, 28, 33, 66, 79, 111-16, 124, 131, 149, 214-16; see also satire
"in medias res" 148
prosaic Muse 178
humanism 2-4, 10n9, 13n36, 207
source for change 207
humor 4, 7, llnl7; see also satire
Hutten, Ulrich von 39
hypocrisy 124
Iconoclasm 64
Joris, David 157
Junius, Hadrianus 26, 39-40, 75, 81, 159
Juvenal 6, 77, 81-2, 82, 149, 156, 165, 212-14, 216-17; see also satire
Landjuweel 178
Latin literature 12n25
audience for 3
relation to vernacular 3, 47n59
transmission via proverbs, sermons 22
Lent, allegorical figure of 63
Lipius, Justus 56
Lueian 7, 13-14n40, 30, 79, 148-9, 151, 211; see also satire
active 114
Bacchic frenzy 115
concept of furor 110
disheveled state 113
facial expression of 114, 116, 117, 184-5, 185
folly, related to 116
Madness, allegorical figure of 110, 112-13
medical description 114
treatment for 38
Mander, Karel Van 2,109,114,127,181-2
Marijnissen, R.H. 77, 109, 186
Martial 7, 62, 159, 163, 211-12
Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand, see Dürer, Albrecht
matrimonial customs 88
Melion, Walter 2
Moxey, Keith 151
Muller-Hofstede, Justus 2
Noiret, Jean 5
"Ollas ostentare", see kitchen pots
Ortelius, Abraham 2, 5, 33, 53, 68, 122, 128, 167, 198, 207
Album amicorum 2, 5, 19, 21, 26, 77, 97n97, 152, 177, 218nl
Parshall, Peter 4
patrons 16
Latin, understanding of 3
behavior 56
customs 55
Peletier, Jacques 7
Perrière, Guillaume de la 36, 37
Persius 6-7, 79, 88, 90-91, 113, 149; see also satire
Petrarchan triumph of death 147
Petronius 79, 165; see also satire
Phillips, Margaret Mann 77
Plantin, Christopher 3, 5, 122, 176-7, 207
Plato 83
Pliny the Elder 6, 72, 73, 77, 145, 178, 186
Polydore Vergil 13, 22, 43, 56, 62, 64-5, 77, 79, 88-9, 190
De rerum inventoribus 53, 77, 88.190-91
Pope Innocent III 149; see also "de contemptu mundi"
prodigality 119, 131-3, 134, 181; see also avarice
proverbs
collecting 26
interest in 24
misericords, on 22
proverb tapestry 22
"relics of the past" 28
role of vernacular 31
sermons, in 22
universality 30
versatility 30
see also Erasmus, Desiderius; Franck, Sebastian; Polydore Vergil
Prudentius 122
Rabelais, Frangoise 7, 39, 43, 75, 80, 153, 155, 167, 194, 213
Reformed 8, 57, 92nl7,190; see also Anabaptists; Calvinists; Lutherans
reformers 8, 65, 92nl7; see also Castellio, Sebastian; Erasmus, Desiderius; Franck, Sebastian; Libertines; Niclaes, Henrik; Schwenckfeld, Caspar
religious controversies
conventicles 68
defections from church 41
heresy 157
Renaissance, Italian 6
Renaissance, northern 9
St. Jerome 38, 149, 153, 155, 166
Sartorius, Johannes 24, 30, 41
satire
defense by ancient satirists 212-14
humor in 4
naming names 127
philosophy, as 167
twelfth century 6
see also anti-mythic tradition;
Horace; Juvenal; Lucian; Persius;
Petronius; Varro
Saturnalia 56
Schwenkfeld, Caspar 124
Seneca 6, 24, 28, 35, 62, 69, 81, 93, 111, 113-14, 151
Ship of Fools, see Brant, Sebastian, Ship of Fools
Shrovetide, old women's 119, 121
signatures, see Bruegel, Pieter the Elder signatures of
Silver, Larry 145
skeleton, animate 143, 147, 151, 152
Staatliche Museen Berlin Gemäldegalerie 15
Stoicism 198
ancient 198; see also Cicero; Epictetus; Seneca
value in troubled times 198
Stridbeck, C.G. 61, 63, 70, 83
Taylor, Archer 36
technology 197
"three living and three dead" 147
Tunnicius Antonius 24
Vaernewyck, Marc van 87, 195, 199-210
Varro 79-80, 115; see also satire
Veldrnan, I.M. 40
vernacular 2-3, 7, 21-2, 24, 26, 30-31
Verougstraete, Helene 145, 164
Vida, Girolamo 115
Vives, Juan Luis 24, 39, 66, 75-6, 80, 83
Waite, Gary 163
Wittenwiler, H. 115