Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Page numbers in italics represent figures or tables.
Adelante Juárez (Forward Juárez), 126
Afghanistan: Bangladesh and, 139; green zones in, 12; insecurity in, 26; Pakistan–Afghanistan border, 134, 146; Pakistan and, 61, 67, 139; politics in, 53–54, 61–62; Taliban and, 60–61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 134, 142; U.S. in, 59, 66. See also Farza District; Kabul City; Kabul Province
Afghan Local Police (ALP), 71, 74
Afghan National Army (ANA), 58, 62, 71
Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), 59, 62, 65
Air and Marine Operations Division, 113
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération, 179n9
Alta La Voz (Raise Your Voice) campaign, 124
Autesserre, Séverine, 28, 35
Baghdad, Iraq: architecture, 81–82; checkpoints in, 97; in cultural and historical context, 80–83; de-Ba’athification in, 20, 79; families in hot zone, 91–96; with Al Ghazaliyya, 78, 87–89, 96–99; green zones in, 12–13, 80, 85–87, 99, 110; hinterlands and, 83–84, 87–89; kidnapping in, 86; population, 81; red zones in, 78–80, 85–87, 91–96, 99; residents, 19–20, 79–80, 83–84, 86–87, 90–96, 99; with Sons of Iraq, 96–99; Sunni Muslims in, 12, 20, 79, 88–89, 95–96, 100n3; systematic discarding of residents in, 19–20, 79–80, 90–91, 99; U.S. in, 19, 30, 78, 85, 88, 91, 96–98
Bamako, Mali: bunkering in, 27, 30–31, 38, 43, 46, 48–49, 51n8; with connection, quest for, 47–50; IDPs in, 33; with mapping of intervention, 19, 26, 27–35; MINUSMA and, 25–26, 29–30, 35–37, 41–48; NGOs in, 26, 30–31, 44–45; peacekeepers in, 25, 26, 29, 35, 38, 40–42, 44–46, 48; protests and peril in, 35–41
Battle of Algiers (1957), 6–7
Bogotá, Colombia: with community-based security, 188–90, 193–97; with conflict, multilayered, 185–86; crime and, 186, 191–92, 193; drug trafficking in, 185–86; economy in, 189, 191; kidnapping in, 186; law enforcement in, 186–88, 190, 193–94, 196–97; politics in, 188, 193–94, 196; with respect for rule of law, 21, 194; security in, 184–97; with socioeconomic inequality, 190–93; socioeconomic stratification in, 192; wars in, 186–88
bombs: explosions, 55, 60, 83, 187; IEDs, 25, 45, 59–60; suicide, 8, 25, 45, 60; threats, 69, 155
British East India Company, 139
British Mandate (1920–32), 82
business-funded campaigns, in Ciudad Juárez, 126
business lobby groups, in Karachi, 143
Campo del Ghetto Nuevo, 7
Capstone urban warfare manual, U.S., 6
checkpoints: in Baghdad, 97; in Ciudad Juárez, 122; in Farza District, 66–67; in Kabul City, 57; in Karachi, 150–51; police at, 57, 66–67; U.S. Border Patrol, 111
Citizen Police Liaison Committee (CPLC), 143
Citizens for a Better Public Administration (Ciudadanos por una Mejor Administración Publica), 124
Ciudadanos por una Mejor Administración Publica (Citizens for a Better Public Administration), 124
Ciudad Juárez, Mexico: Borderplex alliance and, 125–26; with business-funded campaigns, 126; checkpoints in, 122; criminal violence and, 14, 20; death toll in, 104, 115, 117–18; drug trafficking and, 104–5, 107, 109–11, 114–18, 124, 129nn8–9; El Paso and, 103–5, 109, 115–16, 120, 125–28; enclavization in, 14, 20, 230; federal police in, 104, 115, 122, 123; on frontlines, 110–11; green zone in, 122; industrial plants in, 108, 118–21; kidnapping in, 115, 116; population, 103, 109, 116; retaking of, 123–28; security cultures in, 105, 107–9; wages in, 121, 123, 130n29; war on drugs and, 105, 110, 114–18, 124, 129nn8–9. See also United States–Mexico border
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 79, 90
Comités locaux de gouvernance participative (CLGP), 166
communities: Bogotá with security based in, 188–90, 193–97; Islamic Community of Serbia, 224n12
Conjunto Chihuahua (Joint Operation Chihuahua), 110
conventional forces, 2, 5
crimes: Bogotá and, 186, 191–92, 193; bribes, 55, 62–63, 218, 223n2; community watch and, 135, 137–38, 142–43, 147; drug trafficking, 104–5, 107, 109–11, 114–18, 124, 129nn8–9, 185–86; extortion, 10, 69, 78, 104, 115, 120, 134, 218; geo-referencing of, 193; kidnapping, 38, 55, 59, 61, 66, 69, 86, 115, 116, 134, 186; organized, 2, 8, 12, 79, 120, 128, 129n8, 206; reduction, 189; residents and police against, 56, 70, 71–76; rise in, 59, 61, 64, 67, 86–87; terrorism and, 12, 31, 46, 107, 110–14, 134, 229
criminal violence, 14, 20
Current Anthropology (journal), 50n1
Customs and Border Patrol (CBP), 113
deaths: from bombs, 55; casualties, 9, 12, 37, 45, 65, 93, 186; of children, 117–18, 214–15; civilian, 12, 75n1; from drug-related violence, 104, 107, 111, 117–18; ethnic cleansing, 5, 8, 20, 167, 168; femicide, 107, 111, 121; homicides, 114–15, 189, 191–92; in Mali, 37; of Novi Pazar economy, 204; of peacekeepers, 51n7; in Red Zone, 85; “the road of,” 92; suicide bombs, 8, 25, 45, 60; threats, 91; toll, 45, 55, 104, 115, 117–18
de-Ba’athification, 20, 79
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): civil war and urbanization in, 163–66; hinterlands, 168, 175; IDPs and, 162, 164, 167–70, 178; MONUSCO, 167–68, 176; politics in, 170; population, 163; trade in, 171; UN in, 160. See also Goma
Department of Defense, U.S., 113
displacement: forced, 167–70; IDPs, 33, 162, 164, 167–70, 178; refugees, 9, 45, 81, 83–84
Duffield, Mark R., 29, 35
eagerness to engage with people socially (mɔgɔya), 32
economy: in Bogotá, 189, 191; business-funded campaigns and, 126; business lobby groups and, 143; in Karachi, 143; maquiladoras and, 108, 118–21; neoliberal security and, 118–23; in Novi Pazar, 204, 205–6, 212; socioeconomic stratification, 192; wages, 121, 123, 130n29
El Paso, Texas: Borderplex alliance and, 125–26; Ciudad Juárez and, 103–5, 109, 115–16, 120, 125–28; industrial plants and, 108; security culture in, 104; Trump in, 103–4; U.S. Border Patrol in, 112. See also United States–Mexico border
“Enclaves as Process” (Kaker), 138
enclavization: in Ciudad Juárez, 14, 20, 230; etymology of, 156n2; insecurity and relational, 145–49; in Karachi, 12, 13, 20, 31, 74, 133–49, 153, 155–56, 230; makings of, 153–56; processes of, 136–38, 144, 146, 156; urbanization and, 138–44
enclosure, failure of complete, 149–53
enemy groups, women negotiating with, 3–4
environment: climate change and, 16; laws, 15
ethnic cleansing, 5, 8, 20
European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM), 30–31, 37, 40
exclusion: identity politics and, 21; insecurity and, 2, 78; processes of, 79; of Sunni Muslims, 20
families, in hot zone, 91–96
FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), 187, 197n1
Farza District, Afghanistan: checkpoints in, 66–67; councils in, 67; Fainda village, 69; geography of (in-)security and, 54, 56, 65–67; Hassan Khail village, 68, 69, 71; Kabul City and, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 75; kidnapping of women in, 66; population, 65; Qala-e-Karim village, 68, 71; residents in, 67–76; rural capabilities and, 74; with security, zone of, 65–75; security practices and perceptions in, 69–75; with threats and sources of insecurity, 67–69; urban capabilities in, 17
faso kanu (love of father’s house), 32
FAST (Free and Secure Trade), 122
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations), 112
food, women securing, 3, 4
Forward Juárez (Adelante Juárez), 126
Free and Secure Trade (FAST), 122
geo-referencing, of crime, 193
Al Ghazaliyya, Baghdad: hinterlands and, 87–89; as hot zone, 78; Sons of Iraq in, 96–99
global insecurity, urban capabilities and, 15–18
global security interventions, 10–14
global south (third world), 9, 19, 139
Goma, DRC, 14; Amani festival in, 176, 179n14; Anti-Gang and, 166; with civil war and urbanization, 163–66; with displacement, forced, 167–70; IDPs in, 167–70, 178; la Lucha and, 176; M23 rebels and, 160–61, 170–73, 178n1; NGOs in, 174–75, 177; peace-building and humanitarian industry in, 173–76; police in, 168, 175; RCD and, 171–72, 179n10; as urban arena for diverging agencies, 166; urban capabilities in, 17–18, 20; violent conflict in, 176–78
Goma Conference (2008), 178n4
Hassan Khail village (Hassankhell), 68, 69, 71
High Commission for Refugees (UN HCR), 9, 45, 83–84
hinterlands, Iraq: Baghdad and safety in, 83–84; Al Ghazaliyya and, 87–89
history: Baghdad in context, 80–83; with violence, 69, 74
Homeland Security, U.S., 107
Hue in Vietnam (1968), 6–7
humanitarians: industry with peace, 173–76; UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 167
identity: NGOs and, 8; NICs, 154; politics, 7–8, 13, 18, 21, 79, 201, 218, 221
improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 25, 45, 59–60
industrial plants (maquiladoras), 108, 118–21
insecurity: in Afghanistan, 26; exclusion and, 2, 78; Farza District with threats and sources of, 67–69; from insurgents, 60–61, 64, 68, 69; Kabul City and zone of, 56–65, 73; Karachi residents on, 156n1; in Novi Pazar, 210–14; pervasive, 13, 19, 26; from police, 62–63, 73, 95; red zones, 12, 35, 78–80, 85–87, 91–96, 99; relational enclavization and, 145–49; rising, 190–93; from Taliban, 60–61, 67, 68, 69, 71; UN and, 29; urban capabilities and global, 15–18
insurgents: insecurity from, 60–61, 64, 68, 69; support for, 61; war on terror and, 88
“Intelligent Frontiers” (2002), 112
International Committee of the Red Cross, 38
international military forces, 59, 63–64, 71–72, 73. See also specific outfits
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 59, 63–64
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 61
intervention, Bamako with mapping of, 19, 26, 27–35
Iraq: British Mandate (1920–32), 82; Fallujah, 11–12, 88, 92; green zones in, 12; Gulf War (1991), 81; hinterlands, 83–84, 87–89; Hussein and, 83, 84, 85–86, 89; INA, 90–91; Iran–Iraq War, 81, 82; law enforcement in, 86; politics in, 100n3; Ramadi, 84, 92; Sons of Iraq, 96–99. See also Baghdad
Iraqi National Accord (INA), 90–91
Iraqi Special Operations, 98
ISIS, 6; expansion of, 99; Intelligence Group on, 113; U.S. and proliferation of, 12
Islamic Community of Serbia, 224n12
jihadists: groups, 113, 134, 214; in Mali, 25, 29, 37, 39, 43, 46, 47
Joint Operation Chihuahua (Conjunto Chihuahua), 110
joking relations (senenkunya), 32–33
Kabul City, Afghanistan: bunkering in, 19; checkpoints in, 57; Farza District and, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 75; geography of (in-)security and, 54–55, 56–59; with insecurity, zone of, 56–65; kidnapping in, 55, 59, 61, 69; with men in public spaces, 57; population, 56; residents in, 56, 60–62, 64, 69, 73; security practices and perceptions in, 62–65, 75; street in, 58; with threats and sources of insecurity, 59–61, 73
Karachi, Pakistan: bunkering in, 134; business lobby groups in, 143; CCTV cameras in, 137, 142, 149, 151, 153; checkpoints in, 150–51; Clifton Block 7 in, 142, 151–55; community watch in, 135, 137–38, 142–43, 147; economy in, 143; enclave-making in, 153–56; enclavization in, 12, 13, 20, 31, 74, 133–49, 153, 155–56, 230; with enclosure, failure of complete, 149–53; with insecurity and relational enclavization, 145–49; katchi abadis in, 140–42, 141, 144–46, 148, 153; kidnapping in, 134; land development in, 140; Muslims in, 139; police, 143, 144, 147–48, 151, 157n3; politics in, 145–46, 147; population, 138–40; Port Grand in, 135; residents in, 147–48, 156n1; urbanization and enclavization in, 138–44
kidnapping: in Baghdad, 86; in Bogotá, 186; in Ciudad Juárez, 115, 116; in Farza District, 66; in Kabul City, 55, 59, 61, 69; in Karachi, 134; in Mali, 38
land development, in Karachi, 140
law: above, 218; environmental, 15; failure of, 85, 86, 104, 114, 127, 207; national, 17; respect for rule of, 21, 61, 86, 194; security and, 13; urban, 17, 22n9
love of father’s house (faso kanu), 32
Mali: Azawad, 25, 39–40; deaths in, 37; EUTM, 30–31, 37, 40; Gao, 29, 36, 43–46; green zones in, 35; jihadists in, 25, 29, 37, 39, 43, 46, 47; Kidal, 29, 36, 39–41, 44–45; kidnapping in, 38; peacekeepers in, 25, 26, 29, 35, 38, 40–42, 44–46, 48; red zones in, 35; Timbuktu, 29, 44, 50; UN in, 28–30, 34, 36–37, 39, 41–43, 45, 47. See also Bamako
maquiladoras (industrial plants), 108, 118–21
men: gender imbalance and, 94; in public spaces, 57, 93–94
Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en République démocratique du Congo. See MONUSCO
MONUSCO (Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en République démocratique du Congo), 167–68, 176
Mouvement du 23 Mars, 178n1
mɔgɔya (eagerness to engage with people socially), 32
Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), 145
Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA): Bamako and, 25–26, 29–30, 35–37, 41–48; bunkering and, 51n8
Muslims (“Bosniaks”), 223n1; agenda against, 205, 207; Bajram and, 219; in Karachi, 139; in Novi Pazar, 204–5, 208, 214, 219, 223n1; prostitution and, 43; Shi’i, 20; Sunni, 12, 20, 79, 88–89, 95–96, 100n3. See also Baghdad; Novi Pazar
Al Mustansariyya school (1234), 81
national identity cards (NICs), 154
National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), 39–40
New Year’s Eve celebrations, 218–19
No Go World (Andersson), 50n1
Non-Aligned Nations conference (1982), 82
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): in Bamako, 26, 30–31, 44–45; in Goma, 174–75, 177; identity-based, 8; liberal peace and, 13; in Novi Pazar, 220–21
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 109, 127
Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), 169
Novi Pazar, Serbia: alcohol ban in, 220; with civic capabilities and broken city contract, 215–23; economy in, 204, 205–6, 212; with insecurity and urban reconfiguration, 210–14; Muslims in, 204–5, 208, 214, 219, 223n1; New Year’s Eve celebrations in, 218–19; NGOs in, 220–21; peace in, 201–2; poverty in, 212–13, 224n10; transitions and social transformation in, 203, 204–10; unemployment in, 224n30; urban capabilities in, 17, 21; youth in, 219–20
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN, 167
Operation Barkhane, France and, 35
Operation Serval, France and, 25, 35
opposition groups, in Syria, 7
Orgulloso Ser Juarense (Proud To Be from Juárez), 126
Pakistan–Afghanistan border, 134, 146
peace: brokers and new wars, 13; City of Peace, 81; Goma with humanitarian industry and, 173–76; historical violence and, 69, 74; liberal, 11, 13–14, 18–20, 29, 42, 230; in Novi Pazar, 201–2
peacekeepers: death of, 51n7; liberal peace and, 13; in Mali, 25, 26, 29, 35, 38, 40–42, 44–46, 48; UN, 36–37, 41–43, 160
police: ALP, 71, 74; ANP, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 64, 70–71; bribes for, 55, 62–63; at checkpoints, 57, 66–67; CPLC, 143; in Goma, 168, 175; insecurity from, 62–63, 73, 95; on ISAF, 63–64; Karachi, 143, 144, 147–48, 151, 157n3; Mexican federal, 104, 115, 122, 123; with residents against crime, 56, 70, 71–76; shootings, 157n3; traffic, 101n12; training, 63, 70; violence, 147–48, 157n3
politics: in Afghanistan, 53–54, 61–62; in Bogotá, 188, 193–94, 196; bribes, 218; in DRC, 170; identity, 7–8, 13, 18, 21, 79, 201, 218, 221; in Iraq, 100n3; in Karachi, 145–46, 147
populations: Baghdad, 81; Ciudad Juárez, 103, 109, 116; discarding of, 19–20, 79–80, 90–91, 99; DRC, 163; Farza District, 65; Kabul City, 56; Kabul Province, 53, 65; Karachi, 138–40; of U.S. Border Patrol, 112. See also residents
power, people, drug trafficking and, 109–11
privatizing, of security, 190–93
protests: Bamako with peril and, 35–41; by la Lucha, 176
Proud To Be from Juárez (Orgulloso Ser Juarense), 126
Qala-e-Karim village, 68, 71
Raise Your Voice (Alta La Voz) campaign, 124
Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD), 171–72, 179n10
refugees: IDPs, 33, 162, 164, 167–70, 178; NRC, 169; Palestinian, 81; Rwandan, 168; UNHCR, 9, 45, 83–84
relational enclavization, insecurity and, 145–49
residents, in Farza District: against crime, 70, 71–76; on electricity, need for, 67–68; on international military forces, 71–72; on security practices and perceptions, 70–71; on Taliban, 67, 68, 69
residents, in Kabul City: against crime, 56; on insurgents, 60–61, 64, 69; on international military forces, 73; on past regimes, 61–62; on security practices and perceptions, 62; on Taliban, 60–61, 64
residents, in Karachi: on insecurity, 156n1; on police violence, 147–48
revenue-generating activities, with violence, 10
rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), 60, 93
safety, in hinterlands, 83–84
scorched-earth policy, of Taliban, 66
security: ANSF, 59, 62, 65; in Bogotá, 184–97; Bogotá with community-based, 188–90, 193–97; Farza District and zone of, 65–75; FAST, 122; global interventions, 10–14; green zones, 12–13, 35, 80, 85–87, 99, 110, 122; imperative of, 18; ISAF, 59, 63–64; in Kabul City, practices and perceptions, 62–65, 75; law and, 13; privatizing of, 190–93; from Taliban, 64; UN Security Council, 25, 37, 45, 172; U.S. Homeland Security, 107; U.S.–Mexico border and national, 105, 107, 111, 114–18
security cultures: cities and, 14; citizen or public, 105, 107, 117, 126, 129n7; in Ciudad Juárez, 105, 107–9; defined, 105; in El Paso, 104; global security interventions and, 10, 11; neoliberal, 20, 105, 108, 118–23; with “relatively absent state,” 126; urban capabilities and, 15, 157n2; U.S.–Mexico border, 105, 106–9, 111. See also liberal peace; war on terror
senenkunya (joking relations), 32–33
social transformation, in Novi Pazar, 203, 204–10
socioeconomic inequality, in Bogotá, 190–93
strategic urban spaces, 228–29
street, in Kabul City, 58
Syria, 84; Aleppo, 16, 229; Damascus, 1, 81; Ghouta, 1; opposition groups in, 7; Raqqa, 11, 12
tactical urbanism, spaces for: strategic, 228–29; urban map of terror and, 229–30; yogurt run and, 227, 231
Taliban: expansion of, 68, 134; insecurity from, 60–61, 67, 68, 69, 71; scorched-earth policy of, 66; security from, 64; support for, 142
La Terrasse nightclub, 31
terrorism: GWOT, 107, 110, 112–14; 9/11, 107; organized crime and, 12; rise in, 134; targets, 31, 46, 111, 229
third world (global south), 9, 19, 139
threats: bombs, 69, 155; deaths, 91; Farza District with sources of insecurity and, 67–69; Kabul City with sources of insecurity and, 59–61, 73; via letters, 94
Todos Somos Juárez (“We Are All Juárez”), 124–25
trade: in DRC, 171; FAST, 122; NAFTA, 109, 127; World Trade Organization, 120
transnational corporations (TNCs), 108
Ugljanin, Sulejman, 223n4
United Nations (UN): in DRC, 160; High Commission for Refugees, 9, 45, 83–84; insecurity and, 29; in Mali, 28–30, 34, 36–37, 39, 41–43, 45, 47; MONUSCO, 167–68, 176; Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 167; Security Council, 25, 37, 45, 172
United States (U.S.): in Afghanistan, 59, 66; Air and Marine Operations Division, 113; in Baghdad, 19, 30, 78, 85, 88, 91, 96–98; Border Patrol, 111–14; Capstone urban warfare manual, 6; CBP, 113; Department of Defense, 113; FBI, 112; Homeland Security, 107; hot zones and, 79; ISIS and, 12; Media Initiative and, 114; with war on terror, 112. See also El Paso
United States–Mexico border: fence at, 103–4, 106–9, 111; global warriors at, 113–14; national security at, 105, 107, 111, 114–18; neoliberal security cultures and, 118–23; people, drug trafficking and power at, 109–11; security cultures at, 105, 106–9, 111; Trump at, 103–4; war on terror and, 112
urban capabilities: community-based security through, 193–97; with global insecurity and cities, 15–18; in Goma, 17–18, 20; in Novi Pazar, 17, 21; security cultures and, 15, 157n2
urbanisation sauvage, 163
urbanism: military, 136; spaces for tactical, 227–31
urbanization: civil war in Goma with, 163–66; enclavization and, 138–44; forced, 9; of wars influencing cities, 16, 229
urban reconfiguration, Novi Pazar and, 210–14
Villas de Salvácar shootings, 117–18
violence: with Ciudad Juárez, retaking of, 123–28; toward civilians, 8; criminal, 14, 20; deaths from drug-related, 104, 107, 111, 117–18; expansion of, 120, 123, 133–34, 144; forms of, 5–6, 15; Goma with conflict and, 176–78; historical, 69, 74; police, 147–48, 157n3; revenue-generating activities with, 10; urban, 5–10, 133, 147; war on drugs and, 114–18
war on terror: in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 139; components of, 11; insurgents and, 88; liberal peace and, 11, 13–14; as security-culture type, 11; at U.S.–Mexico border, 112
wars: asymmetric, 2, 6–7, 11, 48; in Bogotá, 186–88; cold, 6, 47, 48; new, 5–11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 47, 223; old, 6, 11; urbanizing of, 16, 229. See also specific wars
“We Are All Juárez” (Todos Somos Juárez), 124–25
women: enemy groups negotiating with, 3–4; femicide, 107, 111, 121; food secured by, 3, 4; gender imbalance and, 94; kidnapping of, 66; maquiladoras economy and, 119, 121; in public spaces, 57, 93; in war zones, 3–4, 22n3
World Trade Organization, 120