Index

Note: Page numbers followed by a t refer to text boxes.

• abortion debate, 97–99
• actors in moral dilemmas, 10, 111, 181, 187, 192
• adultery, 75
• advertising agency dilemma, 51–54
• affluence, 45
• age and moral attitudes, 43
• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 192–96
• altruism, 37
• amorality, 33
• Aristotle, 63–64t, 143, 145
• athletes, 44, 226
• Auden, W. H., 103
• automobiles, 61

• baby boomers, 224–25
• Bacon, Roger, 145
• Baker, James K., 188
• barometer of societal morality, 35
• Bath Iron Works, 25–28
• BD (Becton, Dickinson and Co.), 77
• Bell, Daniel, 132
• Berenbeim, Ronald E., 78t
• Bible, 138
• bin Laden, Osama, 217
• Bok, Derek, 90, 225
• Bok, Sissela, 117, 158
• bonuses dilemma, 140–42
• Boy Scouts, 38, 74, 77, 79
• Branch Davidians, 216, 217
• Brandt, Richard B., 82–83
• bribery, 64, 113–14
• Bush, George H. W., 96
• businesses
  • and compliance officers, 29
  • and corporate citizenship, 37
  • cultures of, 54, 225–32
  • and dilemma paradigms, 130, 136–37, 140–42
  • ethics codes in, 78–79t
  • ethics training in, 37–38
  • and relativism, 89

• canoe-rescue dilemma, 67–68
• capitalism, 132, 133, 223
• care-based thinking
  • description of, 13, 152, 157–59
  • examples of, 14–17, 196, 200–201, 205–6
  • and resolution principles, 160, 164, 167, 170, 172
• cars, 61
• case studies used to teach ethics, 34–35
• catalysts, 209
• categorical imperatives, 12, 14–17, 41t, 145t, 155–56
• character, 54, 147
• character education, 30–31t, 61
• Character Education Partnership, 31t
• charity, 29, 62
• cheating, 39–41, 42, 43, 44–45, 46, 94–95
• checkpoints for ethical decision-making, 178–86
• Chernobyl, 19–21, 22, 28, 47
• children, 41–42t
• Christianity, 13, 157
• Christians, Clifford, 144–45t
• civic life, 89–90
• civil disobedience, 66–69
• civil society, 197, 217
• Cleveland, Harlan, 133–34
• coalition building, 102
• codes of ethics, 73–82
• communism, 62–63, 126, 175–78, 196–201
• compassion, 54, 138
• compassion fatigue, 215
• compensation dilemma, 3–4
• competitiveness, 225
• compliance officers, 29
• computer hackers, 23–24, 211–12, 225
• condom distribution, 192–96
• Conrad, Joseph, 65–66
• consequentialism
  • criticisms of, 13
  • definition of, 154
  • examples of, 185, 199
  • and resolution principles, 163–64
  • and utilitarianism, 12, 154
• conservation, 201–6
• consumption, 132, 134, 201–6
• core values, 70–104
  • and codes of ethics, 73–82
  • conflicts between, 209
  • and deer-on-the-road dilemma, 70–71
  • definition of, 72–73
  • and dilemma paradigms, 148
  • in organizations, 230–31
  • and relativism, 86–91, 93–94
  • and situation ethics, 92–93t
  • universal values, 82–86
  • and values-tactics ladder, 94–104
• corporate citizenship, 37
• corporate culture, 54, 225–32.
  • See also businesses
• cults, 216, 217
• cultural context of right and wrong, 32–33
• cultures, ethical, 229–32
• customs-officials dilemma, 113–14

• decision-making principles, 11–17. See also care-based thinking; ends-based thinking; rule-based thinking
• decline in morality, 45, 62
• democracy, 126, 149, 197, 198, 224
• demography, 224–25
• deontological thinking, 13, 155
• dilemma paradigms
  • definitions of, 109–10 (see also specific paradigms)
  • examples of, 6–11, 16–17, 111–15
  • other paradigms, 143–48
  • personal preferences in, 218, 220
  • and process of decision-making, 183
• dilemmas, definition of, 109–10
• dioxin dilemma, 105–7, 109–15
• Donaldson, William H., 132
• drug-use example, 140

• economics, 72–73, 131–33, 201–6
• education
  • character education, 30–31t
  • cheating, 39–41, 42, 43, 44–45, 46
  • and relativism in ethics, 89, 90
  • science/humanities dichotomy in, 145–46
  • teaching ethical behavior, 37, 46–47, 90, 92t
  • technological emphasis in, 22–23
• Edwards, Gary, 51
• Einstein, Albert, 88
• election corruption, 36
• Elliot, Deni, 36
• employee dilemma, 130, 168–70
• ends-based thinking
  • and actors in moral issues, 181
  • description of, 12, 13, 152, 153–55
  • examples of, 14–17, 185, 190, 195, 199, 205
  • and the Potter Box, 145t
  • and resolution principles, 153–55, 160, 163–64, 166–67, 169, 171–72
  • and situation ethics, 92t
  • and stages of moral judgment, 41–42t
• Enron, 24, 36, 80, 224, 226
• environmentalism, 133–34, 201–6
• ethical dilemmas (defined), 110
• ethical fitness, 48–69
  • and civil disobedience, 66–69
  • defining, 50–51
  • examples of, 48–49, 51–54
  • and morals and manners, 55–58
  • and obedience to the unenforceable, 59–66
  • results of, 210
• ethics compared to morals, 57
• Ethics Resource Center, 37, 118, 228, 230
• Etzioni, Amitai, 127–28
• Europe, 62, 78t
• euthanasia, 214–15
• Exxon Valdez oil spill, 23

• fairness, 53, 86, 138
• Fanning, Katherine, 150–52, 159–61
• financial industry, 65, 78t
• Fitzgerald, Duane D. “Buzz,” 27–28
• Fletcher, George P., 117–18
• Fletcher, Joseph, 92–93t
• forgiveness, 139
• free enterprise, 224
• free-tickets dilemma, 135
• free will, 59–60, 62–64

• Gallup News Service, 38, 39
• Gardner, John W., 126–27
• Gardner, John W., 87
• gender and morality, 44, 105–7, 107–8t, 109–15
• Gert, Bernard, 84
• Gewirth, Alan, 83
• Gilligan, Carol, 107–8t
• girls’ basketball-team dilemma, 140, 171–72
• Girl Scouts, 43
• golden mean, 62, 63–64t
• Golden Rule
  • description of, 13, 157–58
  • and the golden mean, 64t
  • and the Potter Box, 145t
  • and stages of moral judgment, 41t
  • See also care-based thinking
• Gordon, Ted, 175–78, 184–86
• greatest good for the greatest number. See ends-based thinking
• Gross, David, 89
• ground-water contamination example, 129–30

• Haggett, William, 26–28
• Hartshorne, Hugh, 30t
• Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 65–66
• honesty, 44
• Hooker, Michael, 56, 99
• Horowitz, Daniel, 132
• Howard, Ronald A., 86–87
• humanism, 143, 145–46, 148
• humanities, 145–46

• Icarus (Brueghel), 103
• The Illusion of Choice (Schmookler), 132
• immorality, 33
• importance of ethics, xiv
• individualism, 62–63, 198
• individual-versus-community dilemma paradigm
  • description of, 109, 124–30
  • examples of, 7–8, 112–13, 190, 195, 204–5
  • personal preferences in, 220
  • quantitative nature of, 147
  • and resolution principles, 166
• information gathering, 182
• Institute for Global Ethics, 85, 86
• instrumental values, 72
• insurance agent dilemma, 91, 93–94
• integrity, 45, 227–28
• intelligence, 22, 28
• intensity, moral, 214–15, 218
• interest in ethics, 36
• Internet, 24
• inventiveness, 211–14, 218

• Jesus, 13, 75, 115
• Johnson & Johnson, 80–82
• journalism, 149–52, 160–61, 222–23
• justice-versus-mercy dilemma paradigm
  • character-based nature of, 147
  • description of, 109, 137–43
  • examples of, 9–10, 16–17, 111, 185, 199, 205
  • personal preferences in, 220
  • and resolution principles, 163

• Kant, Immanuel, 12, 13, 155–56, 158. See also rule-based thinking
• Kerviel, Jérôme, 24
• Kevorkian, Jack, 214
• King, Rodney, 100
• Kluckhohn, Clyde, 83
• knowledge, 112
• Kohlberg, Lawrence, 30t, 41–42t, 107t, 108t, 220t
• Kolb, Edward W., 89
• Koresh, David, 216, 217
• Küng, Hans, 84

• language of ethics, 173–74
• law
  • Moulton on, 59–60
  • relation of ethics to, 61–62, 165
  • and right-versus-wrong issues, 182
  • violation of, 29–30, 66–69
• lawyers, 62, 65
• leaders, 31t, 96–97, 126–27
• legalism, 62
• Leming, James S., 30t, 46, 61, 220t
• librarian confidentiality dilemma, 1–3, 15
• litter, 61
• Los Angeles riots, 100
• love, 86, 92t, 139
• Love and Justice (Robertson), 139
• loyalty, 117–18, 144–45t
• lust, 75
• lying
  • attitudes toward, 40, 42, 43, 45, 225
  • definition of, 117
  • and dilemma paradigms, 118–19

• Madoff, Bernard, 36, 222, 223
• manners, 55–58, 59–60
• market analysis dilemma, 136–37
• market economy, 132
• marriage, cheating on, 43
• May, Mark, 30t
• MBA programs and graduates, 37, 42
• McCabe, Donald, 39, 40, 45
• McCarthyism, 126
• McDonnell-Douglas Code of Ethics, 76–77, 80
• Media Ethics: Cases and Moral Reasoning (Christians), 144t
• mercy. See justice-versus-mercy dilemma paradigm
• military power, 197–98
• mindfulness, 220
• Minnesota Principles, 75–76, 80
• missile tests, 175–78, 184–86
• Moffett, George D., 202
• Moral Courage (Kidder), 86
• moral discussion approach, 30–31t, 220t
• The Moral Rules (Gert), 84
• morals, ix–x, 55–58
• moral temptations, 5–6, 11, 110
• Morris, Robert Tappan, 211–12, 214
• Moulton, John Fletcher, 59–60, 61, 62, 64, 71

• NASA, 175–78, 184–86
• Nash, Laura L., 81
• National Business Ethics Survey, 37, 79t, 228–29
• national security, 197–98
• national strength, ethics as measure of, 64–65
• nature-nurture debate, 146
• Nazi Germany, 66
• new ethical issues, 211–18
• news articles on ethics, 36
• New York Times, 36
• Niebuhr, H. R., 93t, 139
• Nuremberg trials, 66

• obedience to the unenforceable, 59–66, 71
• operational values, 72
• organizations, 55

• paradigms, defined, 110
• A Passion for Justice (Solomon), 138
• philosophy, x
• physics, 88–89, 146
• Piaget, Jean, 41t
• plagiarism dilemma, 9–10, 16–17
• Plato, 143
• politics, 72, 188–92, 226
• population growth, 133, 201–6
• positive law, 59–60
• post-communist world order, 196–201
• Potter Box, 144–45t
• poverty, 45, 204
• Prisoner’s Dilemma, 179–80t
• private and public ethics, 186–92
• process of ethics, 174
• productiveness, 132
• professions and ethics standards, 39
• public and private ethics, 186–92
• publishing, democratization of, 24–25
• purity, 210–11

• quantum mechanics, 88–89

• racial stereotypes, 57–58
• rationality, 64t, 179–80t
• Rawls, John, 138–39, 158–59t
• Reagan, Ronald, 96
• recession, economic, 133, 226–27
• recession, ethics, 222, 227–32
• recognition of moral issues, 181
• relativism, 41t, 86–91, 93–94, 187, 220, 225
• religion, 13, 63, 131, 157, 216–17
• repetition, morality of, 220
• resolution principles, 149–74
  • application of, 161–72
  • description of, 152–61
  • and language of ethics, 173–74
  • and middle ground, 174
  • and process of decision-making, 183–84
• respect, 53
• responsibility, 53, 86
• restraint, 65–66
• reversibility, 13, 157–58, 159t
• right-versus-right model
  • description of, 6
  • and ethical dilemmas, 110
  • examples of, 4–5
  • and process of decision-making, 183
  • and right-versus-wrong model, 5, 11
  • See also dilemma paradigms
• right-versus-wrong model, 19–47
  • Bath Iron Works example, 25–28
  • and case studies used to teach ethics, 34–35
  • Chernobyl example, 19–21, 22, 28, 47
  • and moral temptations, 5–6, 11
  • and process of decision-making, 182–83
  • right-versus-right model compared to, 5, 11
  • and societal morality barometer, 35–47
  • technology’s effect on ethics, 21–25
  • ways to be wrong, 28–35
• Robertson, D. B., 139
• Rotary Four-Way Test, 75
• rule-based thinking
  • and actors in moral issues, 181
  • description of, 12–13, 152, 155–56
  • examples of, 14–17, 196, 199–200, 201, 205
  • and resolution principles, 160, 163–64, 167, 169–70, 172
• Russia, 64

• Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), 29, 79t, 224
• Schab, Fred, 44–45
• Schaechter, Kurt Werner, 67
• Schmookler, Andrew Bard, 132
• Schramm, David, 88–89
• science, 143, 145–46, 148
• selfishness, 62
• self verses community. See individual-versus-community dilemma paradigm
• Senate Ethics Committee, 66
• separatism, 215–16, 218
• short-term versus long-term dilemma paradigm
  • description of, 109, 130–37
  • examples of, 8–9, 111–12, 195, 204
  • personal preferences in, 220
  • quantitative nature of, 147
  • and resolution principles, 163, 166
• Simon, Sidney, 30t, 92t
• situation ethics, 92–93t
• social aspect of character fitness, 54–55
• social sciences, 146
• social services counselor dilemma, 122–23, 166–68
• Société Générale, 24
• Solomon, Robert C., 138
• Soviet Union, 20, 22–23, 47, 62–63, 64, 175–78
• space race, 175–78
• speeding-penalties dilemma, 142–43
• sports, 44, 226
• spouse, cheating on, 43
• Stace, Walter T., 90–91
• Stafford, William, 70–71, 103
• stages of moral judgment, 41–42t
• stakeholders, 181
• Stoll, Sharon Kay, 44
• subjectivism, 82
• suicide, morality of, 128–29

• taxes, cheating on, 43
• teachers, 31t
• technology and ethics, 21–25, 225–26
• teleological philosophy, 154
• Ten Commandments, 73–74, 80
• terrorism, 199, 217
• theory of relativity, 88, 146
• Toffler, Alvin, 212–13
• tolerance, 86, 91
• Toulouse archives, 67
• trilemmas, 165, 184, 185–86, 206
• trooper’s dilemma, 48–49, 162–65
• trust, 65, 117
• truth, 30–32, 53, 86, 115–17
• truth-versus-loyalty dilemma paradigm
  • character-based nature of, 147
  • description of, 109, 115–20
  • examples of, 6–7, 113–14, 120–23, 150–52, 190
  • personal preferences in, 220
  • and resolution principles, 166
• Tuchman, Barbara, xiii
• Tucker, Albert, 179–80t
• Tyco, 36
• Tylenol tampering incident, 80–82

• uncertainty principle, 146
• United Kingdom, 78t
• United Nations, 36, 83
• United States, 38, 78t, 124–26, 196–201, 217
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 83
• universal values, 82–86, 87
• U.S. Congress, 39
• U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, 24
• utilitarianism. See ends-based thinking

• values, 72, 92t, 96–97, 144–45t
• values clarification, 30t, 219–20t
• Values Impact Statement, 101–2
• values-tactics ladder, 94–102
• veil of ignorance, 158–59t
• violence, 108t
• virtue, 63–64t
• volunteerism, 37, 62

• Walker Research, Inc., 34
• Wallace, Douglas, 33
• Westermarck, Edward, 82–83
• West Point Honor Code, 74–75
• World War II, 67

• youth, 41–42t, 46