1. Transformations
p. 3. Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book XV, lines 169–75.
2. Werewolves: Agitation at the Full Moon
p. 6. Genevieve Liveley, Ovid’s ‘Metamorphoses’ (London: Continuum Books, 2011), p. 22.
p. 6. M. D. Angus, ‘The rejection of two explanations of belief in a lunar influence on behavior’, in D. E. Vance, ed., ‘Belief in lunar effects on human behavior’, Psychological Reports, 76 (1995), p. 32.
p. 7. Charles Raison, Haven Klein and Morgan Steckler, ‘The moon and madness reconsidered’, The Journal of Affective Disorders vol. 53, no. 1, April 1999, pp. 99–106.
p. 7. Jean-Étienne Esquirol, Mental Maladies, A Treatise On Insanity (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1845, translated from the French), pp. 32–33.
p. 10. In 1969 it was proposed that King George III (reigned 1760–1820) had a variant of porphyria, but this has since been debunked as unlikely. See I. Macalpine and R. Hunter, George III and the Mad Business (London: Penguin Press, 1969).
p. 10. L. Illis, ‘On porphyria and the aetiology of werwolves’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine vol. 57, 1964, pp. 23–26.
p. 11. Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose and Henry John Rose, eds (London: B. Fellowes et al., 1845), p. 618.
p. 12. Paul M. C. Forbes Irving, Metamorphosis in Greek Myths (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).
p. 12. The History of the World, Commonly Called the Natural History of C. Plinius Secundus, or Pliny (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), Book VIII, chapter 22, p. 65.
p. 12. Virgil, Eclogues VI, ‘The Song of Silenus’.
p. 12. Daniel 4:33.
p. 12. C. G. Jung, Collected Works, vol. 17 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954). Jung’s story is an interesting reversal of the legend of Dante Alighieri’s mother, who famously dreamed while pregnant that her unborn son would transform into a peacock.
p. 14. See Forbes Irving, Metamorphosis in Greek Myths.
p. 15. Paul E. Keck, Harrison G. Pope, James I. Hudson, Susan L. McElroy and Aaron R. Kulick, ‘Lycanthropy: alive and well in the twentieth century’, Psychological Medicine vol. 18, no. 1, 1988, pp. 113–20.
3. Conception: The First and Second Reason for Existing
p. 18. Quoted in Sarah Bakewell, How to Live: A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer (London: Random House, 2011), p. 20.
p. 18. Notebook from 1504: ‘Questo scriver si distintamente del nibbio par che sia mio destino, perchè nella prima ricordatione della mia infantia e’ mi parea che, essendo io in culla, un nibbio venisse a me e mi aprissi la bocca colla sua coda e molte volte mi percuotesse colla sua coda dentro alle labbra.’ Translated in Meyer Shapiro’s paper ‘Leonardo and Freud – An art historical study’, Journal of the History of Ideas vol. 17, no. 2, April 1956, pp. 47–78: ‘This writing distinctly about the vulture seems to be my destiny, because among the first recollections of my infancy it seemed to me that as I lay in my cradle a vulture came to me and opened my mouth with its tail and struck me many times with its tail inside my lips.’
p. 18. Pliny’s Natural History: ‘It seems that this bird by the movements of its tail taught the art of steermanship, nature demonstrating in the sky what was required in the deep.’
p. 20. In English it was published another twenty years later, in 1545, as The Byrth of Mankynde.
p. 20. Cited in V. C. Medvei, A History of Endocrinology (Lancaster and Hingham, Massachusetts: MTP Press, 1982), p. 357; Albrecht von Haller, Physiology: Being a Course of Lectures, vol. 2 (1754), paragraphs 823–26, pp. 301–303.
p. 20. Q. U. Newell et al., ‘The time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle as checked by the recovery of ova from the Fallopian tubes’, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 19, February 1930, pp. 180–85; George W. Corner, ‘Our knowledge of the menstrual cycle, 1910–1950’, The Lancet vol. 240, no. 6661, 28 April 1951, pp. 919–23.
p. 25. Robert Latou Dickinson, Human Sex Anatomy (Baltimore: The Wilton and Williams Company, 1933). Dickinson lists dozens of German sources, including Litzmann (1846), Kristeller (1871), Wernich (1872) and Kisch (1895).
p. 26. Dickinson, Human Sex Anatomy, p. vii.
p. 26. Ibid., p. 84.
p. 26. Ibid., p. 109.
p. 26. ‘Magnetic resonance imaging of male and female genitals during coitus and female sexual arousal’, in BMJ vol. 319, 1999, pp. 596–600.
4. Sleep: The Chamber of Dreams
p. 32. Fabian Guénolé, Geoffrey Marcaggi and Jean-Marc Baleyte, ‘Do dreams really guard sleep? Evidence for and against Freud’s theory of the basic function of dreaming’, Frontiers in Psychology vol. 4, no. 17, 2013.
p. 34. As translated by Henry Riley, London, 1893.
p. 34. The Epic of Gilgamesh, Book III: ‘then he transformed me so that my arms became wings covered with feathers’.
p. 37. Richard Stephenson and Vern Lewis, ‘Behavioural evidence for a sleep-like quiescent state in a pulmonate mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus)’, Journal of Experimental Biology vol. 214, 2011 pp. 747–56.
p. 37. The Interpretation of Dreams, digested into five books by that ancient and excellent philosopher, Artemidorus, Robert Wood, trans. (London, 1644).
5. Bodybuilding: Unhelmed by Fury
p. 39. Quoted by Xenophon in Memorabilia, Book II, chapter 1, in E. C. Marchant, ed., Xenophon 4 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd, 1923).
p. 42. The trophy turned out to be brass thinly plated in gold. See Andrew Lycett, Conan Doyle: The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes (London: Phoenix Books, 2008), p. 284.
p. 42. For a deeper exploration of these themes, see Maria Wyke, ‘Herculean muscle!: The classicizing rhetoric of bodybuilding’, Journal of Humanities and the Classics, Third Series, vol. 4, no. 3, Winter, 1997, pp. 51–79.
p. 43. Arnold Schwarzenegger: The Education of a Bodybuilder (London: Sphere Books, 1979), pp. 14–15.
p. 43. Psychiatrists have found a preponderance of ‘pathological narcissism’ among weightlifters, particularly those who use steroids. See J. H. Porcerelli and B. A. Sandler, ‘Narcissism and empathy in steroid users’, American Journal of Psychiatry vol. 152, no. 11, 1995, pp. 1672–74.
p. 44. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding (London: Michael Joseph, 1987), p. 725.
p. 45. The Complete Greek Drama Volume One, Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O’Neill Jr, eds, with plays by Euripides translated by E. P. Coleridge (New York: Random House, 1938).
p. 47. See, for example, Brian Corrigan, ‘Anabolic steroids and the mind’, Medical Journal of Australia vol. 165, 1996, pp. 222–26.
p. 47. Helen Keane, ‘Diagnosing the male steroid user: drug use, body image and disordered masculinity’, Health vol. 9, no. 2, 2005, pp. 89–208.
6. Scalp: Of Horns, Terror and Glory
p. 53. Totem and Taboo, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. XIII (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), p. 213.
p. 53. ‘Equally amazed was Cipus, the Republican general, when he looked at himself in the waters of the river: for he saw horns sprouting from his brow.’ Ovid, Metamorphoses, Mary Innes, trans. (London: Penguin Classics, 1955), Book XV, line 560.
p. 53. Sir Thomas Browne, Selected Writings, Claire Preston, ed. (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995), Pseudodoxia Epidemica, p. 69.
p. 54. Leon J. Saul, MD and Clarence Bernstein Jr, MD, ‘Emotional settings of some attacks of Urticaria’, Psychosomatic Medicine vol. 3, no. 3, October 1941, pp. 49–69.
p. 54. L. Landois, ‘Das plötzliche Ergrauen der Haupthaare’, Archiv fur pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie vol. 35, 1866, p. 575.
p. 55. For an irreverent but scholarly appreciation of the phenomenon, see J. E. Jelinek’s review ‘Sudden whitening of the hair’, presented at a meeting of the Section on Historical Medicine of the New York Academy of Medicine, 22 March 1972.
p. 55. Byron recognised that the phenomenon didn’t happen overnight, when he wrote of Sforza in The Prisoner of Chillon, as quoted at the beginning of this chapter: ‘My hair is grey / but not with years / Nor grew it white / In a single night / As men’s have grown from sudden fears.’
p. 55. Stefan Zweig, Mary Stuart (London: Pushkin Press, 2010); Wordsworth’s ‘Lament for Mary Queen of Scots’: ‘Those shocks of passion can prepare / That kill the bloom before its time / And blanch, without the owner’s crime / The most resplendent hair.’
7. Birth: Reshaping the Heart
p. 61. M. S. Sutton, A. Groves and A. MacNeill et al., ‘Assessment of changes in blood flow through the lungs and foramen ovale in the normal human fetus with gestational age: a prospective Doppler echocardiographic study’, Heart vol. 71, 1994, pp. 232–37.
p. 61. D. C. Little et al., ‘Patent ductus arteriosus in micropreemies and full-term infants: The relative merits of surgical ligation versus indomethacin treatment’, Journal of Pediatric Surgery vol. 38, no. 3, 2003, pp. 492–96.
p. 62. Quoted in Charles Harris, The Heart and the Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine: From Alcmaeon to Galen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 294–95.
p. 63. J. E. Dice and J. Bhatia, ‘Patent ductus arteriosus: An overview’, The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics vol. 12, no. 3, July–September 2007, pp. 138–46.
p. 66. Robert E. Gross, MD, ‘Surgical management of the patent ductus arteriosus with summary of four surgically treated cases’, Annals of Surgery vol. 110, no. 3, 1939, pp. 321–56.
8. Rejuvenation: An Alchemy of Youth and Beauty
p. 69. A. S. F. Gow and A. F. Scholfield, Nicander: The Poems and Poetical Fragments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), pp. 42–45. This is fragment 62.
p. 69. Mikhail Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita, Michael Glenny, trans. (London: Vintage Classics, 2010).
p. 75. Chou-i ts’an t’ung ch’i.
9. Tattooing: The Art of Transformation
p. 83. Arthur Conan Doyle, The Red-Headed League, p. 3.
p. 84. See Donaghy’s poem ‘Liverpool’ in Errata (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
p. 84. See Ronald Scutt and Christopher Gotch, Skin Deep (London: Peter Davies Ltd, 1974).
p. 88. See Chee-Leok Goh and Stephanie G. Ho, ‘Lasers for tattoo removal’, in K. Lahiri, A. De and A. Sarda, Textbook of Lasers in Dermatology (London: J. P. Medical Ltd, 2016).
10. Anorexia: The Enchantment of Control
p. 90. Diane Mickley, MD, Wilkins Center for Eating Disorders, Greenwich, Connecticut; personal communication.
p. 92. Rudolph Bell, Holy Anorexia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
p. 92. L. K. Oyewumi and S. S. Kazarian, ‘Abnormal eating attitudes among a group of Nigerian youths: II. Anorexic behaviour’, East African Medical Journal vol. 69, 1992, pp. 67–69.
p. 92. S. Lee, T. Ho and L. Hsu, ‘Fat phobic and non-fat phobic anorexia nervosa: a comparative study of 70 Chinese patients in Hong Kong’, Psychological Medicine vol. 23, 1993, pp. 99–1017.
p. 92. D. Wassenaar, D. le Grange and J. Winship et al. ‘The prevalence of eating disorder pathology in a cross-ethnic population of female students in South Africa’, European Eating Disorders Review vol. 8, 2000, pp. 25–36.
p. 92. M. Husni, N. Koye and J. Haggarty, ‘Severe anorexia in an Amish Mennonite teenager’, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry vol. 46, no. 2, 2001, p. 183.
p. 92. There are an abundance of these, but in terms of essay-length pieces I can recommend Carrie Arnold’s ‘A grown-up approach to treating anorexia’, published online by Mosaic Science on 29 March 2016 (mosaicscience.com).
p. 96. Charles Lasègue, ‘On Hysterical Anorexia’, 1873.
p. 96. ‘There once was a girl – against the false narratives of anorexia’, Slate, December 2015 cover story.
11. Hallucination: A Sphere of Devils
p. 100. Eugen Bleuler, Dementia Praecox, or the Group of Schizophrenias, Joseph Zinkin, trans. (New York: International Universities Press, 1950), p. 143.
p. 101. D. T. Suzuki, in the preface to R. H. Blyth, Zen and Zen Classics Volume Four ‘Mumonkan’ (Tokyo: Hokusaido Press, 1966).
p. 101. See Koji Sato’s illuminating paper, ‘D. T. Suzuki, Zen and LSD 25’, Psychologia vol. 10, 1967, pp. 129–32.
p. 102. Johann M. Faber, Strychnomania explicans strychni manici antiquorum, vel solani furiosi recentiorum, historiae monumentum, indolis nocumentum, antidoti documentum, 1677.
p. 106. R. D. Laing, The Divided Self (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), p. 151.
p. 106. Giovanni Stanghellini, Disembodied Spirits and Deanimated Bodies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 126.
12. Puberty: Suddenly Accelerated Youth
p. 112. J. M. Tanner, Growth at Adolescence 2nd Edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 1962), p. 240.
p. 112. W. A. Marshall and J. M. Tanner, ‘Variation in the pattern of pubertal changes in girls’, Archives of Disease in Childhood vol. 44, 1969, p. 291; and W. A. Marshall and J. M. Tanner, ‘Variation in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys’, Archives of Disease in Childhood vol. 45, 1970, p. 13.
p. 114. See James S. Chisholm et al., ‘Early stress predicts age at menarche and first birth, adult attachment, and expected lifespan’, Human Nature vol. 16, no. 3, 2005, pp. 233–65.
p. 116. Tanner, Growth at Adolescence (1962), p. 220, referencing L. K. Frank, R. Harrison, E. Hellersberg, K. Machover and M. Steiner, ‘Personality development in adolescent girls’, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development vol. 16, 1951, p. 316.
p. 118. J. M. Siegel et al., ‘Body image, perceived pubertal timing, and adolescent mental health’, Journal of Adolescent Health vol. 25, no. 2, August 1999, pp. 55–65.
p. 118. C. Berge, ‘Heterochronic processes in human evolution: An ontogenetic analysis of the hominid pelvis’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 41–59.
13. Pregnancy: The Most Meticulous Work
p. 119. Hogarth’s personal correspondence, quoted in John L. Thornton and Patricia C. Want, ‘William Hunter (1718–1783) and his contributions to obstetrics’, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology vol. 90, September 1983, pp. 787–94.
p. 119. I. Donald, J. Macvicar and T. G. Brown, ‘The investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasound’, Lancet vol. 271, no. 7032, 7 June 1958, pp. 188–95.
p. 122. Chitra Ramaswamy, Expecting: The Inner Life of Pregnancy (Salford: Saraband, 2006), p. 101.
p. 122. Ibid., p. 67.
p. 126. Peter M. Dunn, ‘Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) and reproductive anatomy’, BMJ vol. 77, no. 3, November 1997.
p. 126. From da Vinci’s notebooks, quoted in Antonio J. Ferreira, ‘Emotional factors in prenatal environment: A review’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease vol. 141, no. 1, July 1965, pp. 108–18.
p. 127. Virgina Woolf, Orlando: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 136.
p. 127. Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale (London: Vintage, 2016), p. 42 and p. 43.
p. 127. Chitra Ramaswamy, Expecting, p. 70.
p. 128. J. van Rymsdyk and A. van Rymsdyk, Museum Britannicum (London: Moore, 1778), p. 83.
p. 129. Notes from an exhibition: ‘Contributions of the Hunter brothers to our understanding of reproduction: An exhibition from the University Library’s collections’, Special Collections department, Glasgow University Library 16 July–30 September 1992.
p. 129. See Margaret Hunt, Women in Eighteenth-Century Europe (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 100.
p. 129. An anatomical description of the human gravid uterus and its contents, by the Late William Hunter, MD (London: printed for J. Johnson, and G. Nicol, 1794).
14. Gigantism: Two Giants of Turin
p. 133. Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche, Christopher Middleton, trans. (Indianapolis: Hackete, 1996), p. 296.
p. 133. Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche, Christopher Middleton, trans., letter to Peter Gast, 30 October 1888, p. 318.
p. 135. Friedrich Nietzsche, Ecce Homo (London: Macmillan, 1911), p. 120.
p. 135. Friedrich Nietzsche, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Marianne Cowan, trans. (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1996), p. 3.
p. 136. John of Salisbury: ‘Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to [puny] dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants’, Metalogicon (1159), quoted in The Metalogicon of John of Salisbury: A Twelfth-Century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium, Daniel D. McGarry, trans. (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1982).
p. 137. At least according to Miroslav Holub, the Czech poet and immunologist. See ‘The intimate life of nude mice’, in The Dimension of the Present Moment and Other Essays (London: Faber and Faber, 1990), p. 39.
p. 138. See J. T. Lie and S. J. Grossman, ‘Pathology of the heart in acromegaly: anatomic findings in 27 autopsied patients’, American Heart Journal vol. 100, no. 1, 1980, pp. 1–52.
p. 138. Quoted in Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 46.
p. 139. Stephen Hall, Size Matters (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), p. 177.
p. 141. ‘That to philosophize is to learn to die’, in The Complete Essays of Montaigne, Donald Frame, trans. (Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 1965), p. 67.
p. 141. The Complete Works of Montaigne, Donald Frame, trans. (Palo Alta, California: Stanford University Press, 1957), pp. 69–70.
15. Gender: The Two Lives of Tiresias
p. 152. F. Abraham, ‘Genitalumwandlungen an zwei männlichen Transvestiten’, Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualpolitik vol. 18, 1931, pp. 23–26, translated and republished as ‘Genital reassignment on two male transvestites’, International Journal of Transgenderism vol. 2, no. 1, January–March 1998.
p. 153. Burou is quoted on the website, Trans Media Watch.
p. 154. This was suggested in a 1995 paper in Nature: J.-N. Zhou, M. A. Hofman, L. J. Gooren and D. F. Swaab, ‘A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality’, Nature vol. 378, pp. 68–70. A later study from California disputed the chain of causation, arguing that the brain structure changed slowly over time due to a change in behaviour.
p. 155. Maggie Nelson, The Argonauts (London: Melville Press, 2016), pp. 65, 103.
p. 155. The Guardian, ‘Family’ section, 16 September 2017, p. 5.
16. Jetlag: The Brain that Holds the Sky
p. 161. Aarti Jagannath et al., ‘The CRTC1-SIK1 pathway regulates entrainment of the circadian clock’, Cell vol. 154, no. 5, 29 August 2013, pp. 100–111.
p. 162. Gavin Francis et al., ‘Sleep during the Antarctic winter: Preliminary observations on changing the spectral composition of artificial light’, Journal of Sleep Research vol. 17, 2008, pp. 54–60.
17. Bonesetting: An Algebra of Healing
p. 172. See Michael Marmot, Status Syndrome (London: Bloomsbury, 2015).
18. Menopause: Third Face of the Goddess
p. 176. ‘The 30 or 35 years of menstrual life, i.e. from puberty to menopause’, ‘Ovarian Tumours’, 1872, cited in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
p. 177. Respectively, ‘Georgius Castriotus … died upon this day in his climactericall year 63’ in Lloyd’s Dial Daies; and ‘the climacteric effacement of the breast’ in Bryant’s Practical Surgery, as cited in the OED.
p. 177. Louise Foxcroft, Hot Flushes, Cold Science: A History of the Menopause (London: Granta, 2009), from the introduction.
p. 177. Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (London: HarperCollins, 1999), pp. 706–7.
p. 178. Nancy Datan, ‘Aging into transitions: Cross-cultural perspectives on women at midlife’, in The Meanings of Menopause, Ruth Formanek, ed. (Hillsdale, New Jersey: The Analytic Press, 1990), pp. 117–31.
p. 180. Eleanor Mann et al., ‘Cognitive behavioural treatment for women who have menopausal symptoms after breast cancer treatment (MENOS 1): a randomised controlled trial’, The Lancet Oncology vol. 13, no. 3, March 2012, pp. 309–18.
p. 181. Germaine Greer, The Change: Women, Ageing and the Menopause (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1991), p. 124.
p. 182. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 171.
p. 182. Ursula K. Le Guin, ‘The Space Crone’, in Dancing at the Edge of the World (New York: Grove Press, 1989).
19. Castration: Hope, Love and Sacrifice
p. 184. Quoted in Anatole Broyard, ‘Reading and writing; Life before death’, New York Times, 6 June 1982.
p. 187. Martha Feldman, The Castrato (Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2015), p. 14.
p. 189. Anatole Broyard, Intoxicated by my Illness (New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1992), p. 22.
p. 189. Ibid.
p. 189. Ibid., p. 36.
p. 189. Ibid., p. 40.
p. 189. Ibid., p. 26.
p. 191. Ibid., p. 27.
p. 193. Brian Steidle and Gretchen Wallace, The Devil Came on Horseback: Bearing Witness to the Genocide in Darfur (New York: Perseus Books, 2007), p. 88.
p. 193. Sir Thomas Browne, Selected Writings, Claire Preston, ed., Pseudodoxia Epidemica.
p. 193. Lucretius, The Nature of Things (London: Penguin Classics, 2007), Book VI, line 1207.
p. 194. Matthew 19:12.
20. Laughter: Some Eminency in Ourselves
p. 197. M. Demir, ‘Effects of laughter therapy on anxiety, stress, depression and quality of life in cancer patients’, The Journal of Cancer Science & Therapy vol. 7, 2015, pp. 272–73.
p. 197. See R. Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation (London: Penguin, 2000).
p. 198. Charles Darwin, On the Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (London: John Murray, 1872), p. 343.
p. 199. Hippocratic Writings, G. Lloyd, ed. (London: Penguin Classics, 1983), ‘Epidemics, Book III’.
p. 200. Charles Darwin, On the Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, p. 342.
p. 200. P. C. Jacob and R. P. Chand, ‘Pathological laughter following intravenous sodium valproate’, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences vol. 25, 1998, pp. 252–53.
p. 200. J. Parvizi et al., ‘Pathological laughter and crying: A link to the cerebellum’, Brain vol. 124, no. 9, 2001, pp. 1708–719.
p. 200. F. A. Gondim, B. J. Parks and S. Cruz-Flores, ‘“Fou rire prodromique” as the presentation of pontine ischaemia secondary to vertebrobasilar stenosis’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry vol. 71, 2001, pp. 802–804.
p. 201. Basil Bunting, Briggflatts (Hexham: Bloodaxe Books, 2009).
21. Prosthetics: Humanity 2.0
p. 202. The sixth book of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, verse 401.
p. 209. Some studies have found that calamitous events, such as disabling accidents, or longed-for events, such as winning the lottery, have little long-term effect on levels of personal happiness. See P. Brickman, D. Coates and R. JanoffBulman, ‘Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?’, The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology vol. 36, 1978, pp. 917–27.
22. Memory: Palaces of Forgetting
p. 213. William James, The Principles of Psychology, authorised edn, vol. 1 (New York: Henry Holt, 1890; repr., New York: Dover, 1950), pp. 680–81.
p. 218. See Schrödinger’s Nature and the Greeks, first published in 1954, which attempted to bridge an understanding gap between religion and modern science.
p. 218. Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life? & Mind and Matter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), Epilogue, p. 96.
p. 218. Schrödinger, ‘Oneness of Mind’ in What is Life? & Mind and Matter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 145.
p. 218. Schrödinger, What is Life? & Mind and Matter, p. 147.
p. 218. Homer’s The Odyssey, D. C. H. Rieu, ed. (London: Penguin Classics, 2003), Book VIII, line 487.
p. 221. Janine M. Cooper et al., ‘Neonatal hypoxia, hippocampal atrophy, and memory impairment: Evidence of a causal sequence’, Cerebral Cortex vol. 25, no. 6, 1 June 2015, pp. 469–76.
p. 221. Susan M. Ravizza et al., ‘Cerebellar damage produces selective deficits in verbal working memory’, Brain vol. 129, no. 2, February 2006, pp. 306–20.
p. 223. The History of the World, Commonly Called the Natural History of C. Plinius Secundus, or Pliny (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), Book VII, chapter 24.
p. 226. W. H. R. Rivers, ‘An address on the repression of war experience’, The Lancet vol. 191, no. 4927, 2 February 1918, p. 173.
p. 227. The Muse in Arms, E. B. Osborn, ed. (London: John Murray, 1917).
23. Death: The Celebration of Life
p. 229. ‘Damien Hirst: “We’re here for a good time, not a long time”’, interview with Alastair Sooke, Daily Telegraph, 8 January 2011.
p. 238. See Anny Sauvageau et al., ‘Agonal sequences in 14 filmed hangings with comments on the role of the type of suspension, ischemic habituation, and ethanol intoxication on the timing of agonal responses’, American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology vol. 32, no. 2, June 2011, pp. 104–107.
24. Transformations
p. 241. Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book XV, line 260.
p. 241. James Hutton, ‘Theory of the Earth’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh vol. I, part II, pp. 209–304, plates I and II, published 1788 (paper given 7 March and 4 April 1785).
p. 242. Ovid, Metamorphoses, Mary Innes, trans. Book XV, line 831.