* Raymond IV, count of Toulouse, and Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy.
† The Via Egnatia running from Durazzo to Constantinople.
‡ Bohemund of Taranto, son of Robert Guiscard, ruler of Apulia; Richard, son of Count William of the principality of Salerno; Robert II, count of Flanders; Robert II, duke of Normandy, eldest son of William the Conqueror; Hugh, count of Vermandois, brother of King Philip I of France; Everard III of Le Puiset, viscount of Chartres; Achard, castellan of Montmerle in Burgundy; Isoard of Mouzon in the Ardennes.
§ William, son of Emma, Bohemund’s sister, and brother of Tancred; journeyed east with Hugh of Vermandois.
* The Turcopole – i.e. Turkish – and Pecheneg mercenaries were regularly employed by the Greeks.
* Count Roger the Great, brother of Robert Guiscard and conqueror of Sicily after 1060.
† September 1096. This is a fanciful story. Bohemund had close contacts with Urban II whom he had met on a number of occasions. It is inconceivable that Bohemund knew nothing of Urban’s plans, still less of Alexius’ invitation a year after the pope began his visit to France and eighteen months after the Greek embassy to Piacenza. This story is a conveniently uplifting fiction; it also lets Bohemund escape any suggestion of prior collusion with the Greeks.
‡ Taranto in the heel of Italy.
§ Tancred, Bohemund’s nephew and later successor as prince of Antioch; Richard and Ranulf of the principality of Salerno; Robert of Ansa, former rebel, loyal to Bohemund and Tancred on crusade; Hermann of Canne, son of Duke Humphrey of Apulia; Robert of Sourdeval, originally from the Cotentin in Normandy, vassal of Count Roger of Sicily; Robert Fitz-Toustan of the Norman family of the counts of Molise; Humphrey FitzRalph, vassal of Bohemund’s brother Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia; Richard, son of Count Rainulf of Caiazzo; Count Godfrey of Ruscinolo; Boel of Chartres, vassal of Roger Borsa; Aubrey of Cagnano, killed at Harenc, October 1097; Humphrey, probably actually Godfrey of Monte Scaglioso, related to Robert Guiscard; his aunt later married Robert II of Normandy. Details from E. Jamison, ‘Some Notes on the Anonymi Gesta Francorum’, in Studies in French Language and Mediaeval Literature Presented to Professor M. K. Pope by Pupils, Colleagues and Friends (University of Manchester Press, 1939).
* The river Drim or Drino.
† Highest Byzantine honoric title, invented by Alexius I for his brother Isaac.
* Hugh, count of Vermandois, or ‘the Great’, was the brother of King Philip I of France. Elias served in the early 1080s during the Balkan War with Robert Guiscard; William was viscount of Melun.
† If so, he was not alone; Raymond of Toulouse also probably bore a papal banner. Such emblems were favourite tools of the eleventh-century papacy; William of Normandy carried one on his invasion of England in 1066.
‡ Manuel Butumites, Greek admiral.
* c.26 October 1096; for Richard of the principate of Salerno see above, p. 71n.
† Experienced Greek admiral in the Balkans in the 1080s and after.
‡ Latin excussatum, a boat apparently reserved for the second-in-command.
* 6 December 1096.
* Anna is shocked at a priest fighting – a common enough western phenomenon at the time.
* Over the Normans in 1083 in the Balkans.
† Unidentified.
‡ Movable siege engines.
§ The palace of Blachernae.
* 2 April 1097; the reference is to the capture of the city by Alexius in 1081.
† Nicephorus Bryennius, later Anna’s husband.
* The Caesar was Nicephorus Bryennius; the quotation is from Iliad, IV.123.
* Godfrey crossed c.20 February 1097.
† Nothing is known of his origins.
‡ Opus was another experienced Greek general.
* Greek naval commander.
* A sign of the importance of the oath to Alexius’ view of the enterprise.
* Perhaps Manichaean heretics, supposedly not uncommon in the Balkans at the time.
† 18 February 1097.
‡ Note the pejorative epithet applied to Alexius.
§ Lord of the imperial palace.
* Actually Bohemund’s was probably one of the smallest of the leaders’ contingents.
† Unidentified place west of the River Maritza.
‡ 1 April 1097.
* Compare the other accounts that provide very different explanations for Bohemund’s behaviour. These are examined by J. Shepard, ‘When Greek Meets Greek’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, xii (1988).
* For Raymond of Aguilers’s fuller explanation, see below, pp. 106–7.
† Bohemund reached Constantinople c.10 April 1097.
‡ In 1082–3 and 1085.
* A reference to the origins of Bohemund’s father, Robert Guiscard, a younger son of a minor aristocratic family of Hauteville in Normandy.
* In fact Raymond had caused the most difficulty in swearing an oath; only later did relations warm between him and Alexius. Anna reverses the responses of Raymond and Bohemund at Constantinople.
† Count Raymond reached Nicaea on 16 May 1097.
‡ On the Asiatic side of the Sea of Marmara; see map p. xliv.
* The Balkans; October 1096.
† 21 October 1096.
‡ Stephen, count of Blois and Chartres; Robert II, count of Flanders.
§ Robert of Normandy and Count Stephen were the last to reach Nicaea, 3 June 1097.
¶ Psalms 86:9.
* More complicated than that; see Raymond of Aguilers, below, pp. 106–7.
† Greek gold coin.
‡ 3 June 1097.
§ The Seljuks, who had penetrated Iraq in the 1050s and Anatolia in the 1070s.
¶ Refers to the slaughter of the followers of Peter the Hermit and others killed in the area September–October 1096.
† The Provençals were in Slavonia, which roughly corresponds to modern Dalmatia, December 1096 to January 1097.
* Early February 1097.
† Alexius’ nephew.
‡ Pontius Rainard and his brother Peter, Provençal knights.
§ The Provençals took the Via Egnatia across the Balkan peninsula.
¶ Mid-February 1097.
** Bucinat not identified.
* Keshan in Thrace, 12 April 1097.
† Count Raymond met Greek envoys there 18 April 1097.
‡ For these negotiations see above and below, pp. 82–5, 101, 106–7.
* Raymond reached Constantinople c.27 April 1097.
* Raymond’s conditional oath may have been modelled on Provençal custom, but it scarcely altered the relationship and obligations to Alexius that all the leaders shared.