NOTES

Abbreviations

AMPAS	Margaret Herrick Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills, CA
HUAC-NARA	Records of the House Un-American Activities records at the Center for Legislative Archives at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C.
COM PIC	FBI files on Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry
NIXON	The Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, CA
UWISC	Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI

Program Notes

  1.    “Red Quiz Barnum Show,” Daily Variety, October 20, 1947, 1.

  2.    Lillian Hellman, “The Judas Goats,” Screen Writer, December 1947, 7.

  3.    Fred Othman, “I’ll Tell the Truth If It Kills Me,” Washington News, October 28, 1947, 27.

  4.    Eric Bentley, liner notes to Bertolt Brecht before the Committee on Un-American Activities Committee, Folkways Records, 1963.

  5.    “Public Hearings on Studio Red Probe,” Motion Picture Daily, April 30, 1947, 2.

  6.    “Red Probe on Today; 50 Called,” Hollywood Reporter, October 20, 1947, 1, 11.

  7.    Florence S. Lowe, “Hearing Opens with Pomp of Big Show Debut,” Daily Variety, October 21, 1947, 9.

  8.    “Film Industry to Fire Reds; Votes to Suspend Cited Ten,” Box Office, November 29, 1947, 8–9.

  9.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, October 20, 1947, 1–2.

10.    Terry Ramsaye, “On the Potomac,” Motion Picture Herald, October 25, 1947, 7.

1. How the Popular Front Became Unpopular

  1.    Raymond Moley, The Hays Office (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1945), 122.

  2.    Douglas Bell, An Oral History with Philip Dunne (Academy Foundation Oral History Program, 1991), 64.

  3.    Harvey Klehr, The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 365–367. Accurate numbers for CPUSA membership are hard to come by: party leaders and FBI agents alike inflated the numbers and not everyone attended meetings or paid their dues. Klehr bases his figures on CPUSA recruitment reports to the Poltiburo and statements by Earl Browder, who after leaving the party admitted that membership in the 1930s never rose above one hundred thousand. “Irish Groups Hail Pope,” New York Times, March 5, 1939, 40.

  4.    “Chicago Throng Fills Hall to Honor Lenin,” Daily Worker, Janaury 25, 1937, 2.

  5.    Robert Osborne Baker, The International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employes and Moving Picture Machine Operators of the United States and Canada (Lawrence, Kansas, 1933), 66–73. The original title of the union contained only one “e” in “Employes.”

  6.    Murray Ross, Stars and Strikes: Unionization of Hollywood (New York: Columbia University Press, 1941), 14, and 3–22 passim.

  7.    “Studios Go Closed Shop Jan. 2,” Daily Variety, December 16, 1935, 1, 4; “Full Text of Producer and Union Agreement Pledging Closed Shop,” Daily Variety, December 20, 1935, 4.

  8.    Charles Higham, Hollywood at Sunset (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972), 33.

  9.    Florabel Muir, “ ‘All Right, Gentlemen, Do We Get All the Money?,’ ” Saturday Evening Post, January 27, 1940, 9–11, 81–82, 84.

10.    Otto Friedrich, City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), 247.

11.    “Actor’s Chief on Stand in Labor Inquiry,” Hollywood Citizen-News, November 17, 1937, 1, 5.

12.    Muir, “ ‘All Right, Gentlemen, Do We Get All the Money?,’ ” 82.

13.    Arthur Ungar, “Willie, the ‘Keedle,’ ” Daily Variety, November 22, 1939, 1, 3.

14.    Oliver Pilat, Pegler: Angry Man of the Press (Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), 166–171.

15.    “Hollywood Inside,” Daily Variety, December 1, 1939, 2; Westbrook Pegler, “Fair Enough,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, 7.

16.    Arthur Ungar, “Thugs and Pictures,” Daily Variety, December 1, 1939, 1, 3.

17.    Ralph Roddy, “Studio Labor Rides Gravy Train,” Daily Variety, October 29, 1941, 12.

18.    “Independent Studio Locals Federating,” Motion Picture Herald, November 8, 1941, 34.

19.    F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Pat Hobby Stories (New York: Scribner, 1962), xi; S. J. Perelman, The Best of S. J. Perelman (New York: Random House, 1962), 79.

20.    Lester Cole, Hollywood Red: The Autobiography of Lester Cole. (Palo Alto: Ramparts Press, 1981), 123–127.

21.    “Reorganized Screen Writers’ Guild Pledges Members to Closed Shop,” Variety, April 11, 1933, 4.

22.    “Mayer Swats Writers,” Daily Variety, September 20, 1933, 1.

23.    Morrie Ryskind with John H. Roberts, I Shot an Elephant in My Pajamas: The Morrie Ryskind Story (Lafayette, LA: Huntington House, 1994), 155–156.

24.    “New Writers Group Votes Constitution,” Motion Picture Daily, May 23, 1936, 1, 4.

25.    “Hughes Won’t Quit,” Daily Variety, August 4, 1937, 13.

26.    “Writers’ Guild Is Dissolved on Coast,” Motion Picture Daily, March 3, 1937, 7.

27.    “Writers to Revive Guild on the Coast,” Motion Picture Daily, June 2, 1947, 1, 8; “SWG Seeks Position as Labor Bargainer,” Motion Picture Daily, June 15, 1937, 1, 9.

28.    “NLRB Rules Out Coercion Instances,” Motion Picture Daily, October 17, 1937, 9; “Pioneer Testifies,” Motion Picture Daily, October 7, 1937, 4; “Jones Resumes Testimony,” Motion Picture Daily, October 20, 1937, 11.

29.    “Writers’ Guild Sweeps Studios in Collective Bargaining Voting,” Motion Picture Herald, July 2, 1938, 17.

30.    Theodore Draper, “The Man Who Wanted to Hang,” The Reporter, January 6, 1953, 26–30.

31.    “In 19 Months League Has Grown to Organization of Nearly 5,000 Members,” Hollywood Now, January 26, 1938, 5.

32.    “Film Artists Rally in Support of Labor,” Hollywood Now, April 23, 1938, 1.

33.    Melvyn Douglas, “Voice of Hollywood,” Hollywood Now, May 28, 1938, 1, 3.

34.    “7,000 Roar OK to Collective Action Against War-Makers,” Hollywood Now, February 4, 1938, 1; “Highlights from Shrine Messages,” Hollywood Now, February 4, 1938, 2.

35.    August Raymond Ogden, The Dies Committee: A Study of the Special House Committee for the Investigation of Un-American Activities (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1945), 47.

36.    Martin Dies, Martin Dies’ Story (New York: Bookmailer, 1963), 30–31.

37.    Douglas Warrenfels, “House Probers Ask Red Curb, Uphold Butler,” Washington Post, February 16, 1935, 1; Robert K. Carr, The House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1945–1950 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1952), 13–14.

38.    Howard Lancaster, “Martin Dies Grows in U.S. Esteem as ‘Ism’ Investigation Bears Fruit,” Lima (NY) Recorder, January 11, 1940, 2.

39.    Francis L. Burt, “Charges Arouse Little Interest in Washington,” Motion Picture Herald, August 20, 1938, 28; Vance King, “Hollywood’s Anti-Nazis Repudiate U.S. Agents Charge of ‘Communist,’ ” Motion Picture Herald, August 20, 1938, 20; “Federal Official Protects Bridges, Dies Aide Charges,” New York Times, August 15, 1938, 1, 6.

40.    J. B. Matthews, Odyssey of a Fellow Traveler (New York: Mount Vernon, Inc., 1938), 269.

41.    Robert E. Stripling, The Red Plot Against America, ed. Bob Considine (Drexel, PA: Bell Publishing Company, 1949) 29.

42.    “ ‘Reds’ Run WPA Theater; Film Players, Dies Group Hears,” Motion Picture Herald, August 27, 1938, 29–30.

43.    Stripling, The Red Plot Against America, 30.

44.    “ ‘I’ll Bare Everything,’ Tease Girl Declares,” Albany Times-Union, November 26, 1938, 4.

45.    The extent of antisemitic activity and fifth column Nazism in Hollywood in the 1930s is chronicled in Steven J. Ross, Hitler in Los Angeles: How Jews Foiled Nazi Plots Against Hollywood and America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2017), and Laura Rosenzweig, Hollywood’s Spies: The Undercover Surveillance of Nazis in Los Angeles (New York: New York University Press, 2017).

46.    Ring Lardner Jr., “Confessions of a Coughlin Reader,” Hollywood Now, June 23, 1939, 3. See also Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Vintage, 1982), 269–273.

47.    Representative Martin Dies, “The Reds in Hollywood,” Liberty, February 17, 1940, 47–50; Representative Martin Dies, “Is Communism Invading the Movies?,” Liberty, February 24, 1940, 57–60. Dies and Liberty give the date of Dies’s visit with Harry Warner as 1938, impossible given the screening of Confessions of a Nazi Spy. He actually visited the Warner lot on May 2, 1939. See “Dies Guest at Warner,” Daily Variety, May 3, 1939, 4.

48.    “Bogart Carries ‘Red’ Denial Before Dies,” Hollywood Citizen-News, August 16, 1940, 1, 3.

49.    “Dies Clears March, Cagney, Bogart of Red Charges,” Los Angeles Times, August 21, 1940, 1, 3.

50.    “ ‘Communists’ in Hollywood,” Variety, August 21, 1940, 3; “Films Fight Red Charges,” Variety, August 21, 1940, 3.

51.    Martin Dies, The Trojan Horse in America (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1940).

52.    “Fitts Gives Actors Clean Bill of Health,” Daily Variety, August 12, 1940, 6.

53.    Charles Glenn, “The Cameras Shoot for War,” New Masses, June 11, 1940, 31.

54.    “The Writers Don’t Want War,” New Masses, June 25, 1940, 21.

55.    William Wright, Lillian Hellman: The Image, the Woman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), 161–162; “Sees Finnish Aid Imperiling Peace,” New York Times, January 21, 1940, 27; “Actors Widen Split on Finn Benefits,” New York Times, January 20, 1940, 11.

56.    Dunne, quoted in Bell, An Oral History with Philip Dunne, 64.

57.    “The Soviet-Nazi War,” New Masses, July 1, 1941, 3, 8.

58.    Walter Winchell, “In New York,” New York Mirror, November 6, 1947, 11.

2. Hollywood’s War Record

  1.    James Dugan, “The First War Film,” New Masses, February 13, 1940, 29; Alvah Bessie, “Out of Hollywood,” New Masses, August 20, 1940, 22; Joy Davidman, “Rover Boys on Wings,” New Masses, April 8, 1941, 28–29.

  2.    A. U., “Always the ‘Patsy,’ ” Daily Variety, August 4, 1941, 1, 3.

  3.    “U.S. Probe of Films War Stand Asked,” Motion Picture Daily, August 4, 1941, 2.

  4.    “The Washington Idea on Hollywood,” Variety, August 27, 1941, 4.

  5.    “Film Blasting Starts Today,” Daily Variety, September 9, 1941, 1, 7.

  6.    Bertram F. Linz, “Public Influences Pictures: Schenck,” Motion Picture Daily, September 25, 1941, 4.

  7.    “Willkie Tells Sen. Clark Off,” Daily Variety, September 26, 1941, 9; “Warner Defends Picture Policy,” Motion Picture Daily, September 26, 1941, 1, 6.

  8.    “Zanuck Attacks Censor Attempt,” Motion Picture Daily, September 29, 1941, 5.

  9.    Bureau of Motion Pictures, The Government Information Manual for the Motion Picture Industry (Washington, DC: Office of War Information, 1942), Section III, 1, 5.

10.    “World Premiere of ‘North Star’ Set,” Motion Picture Herald, October 16, 1943, 40.

11.    “Hollywood in Wartime,” Yank, September 24, 1943, 21.

12.    Phil M. Daily, “Along the Rialto,” Film Daily, April 29, 1943, 5.

13.    Martin Dies, The Martin Dies Story (New York: Bookmailer, 1963).

14.    Robert K. Carr, The House Committee on Un-American Activities 1945–1950 (New York: Cornell University Press, 1952), 19–22. Carr calls Rankin’s gambit to make HUAC a standing committee “one of the most remarkable procedural coups in modern Congressional history.”

15.    “We Agree with You, Walter Winchell,” Pittsburgh Courier, February 5, 1944, 1; “Winchell Defended Against Rankin,” Jamestown Post-Journal, February 22, 1944, 5; “Rankin Silenced in Winchell Attack,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 13, 1946, 10; Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 332–333.

16.    Carr, The House Committee on Un-American Activities 1945–1950, 19.

17.    Milton Murray, “House Liberals Seek Caucus to Fight Rankin Coalition,” PM Daily, January 8, 1945, 8.

18.    “Offer Jackson Film Probe Group Chairmanship,” Motion Picture Daily, July 3, 1945, 5.

19.    “ ‘Witch Hunt’ Bar May K.O. Rankin’s Hollywood Probe; Cal Dems Oppose,” Variety, July 8, 1945, 2.

20.    Ibid.

21.    Ralph A. Edgerton, “The Eric Johnston Story,” Pacific Northwesterner, Fall 1989, 55–62.

22.    “Eric Johnston Dies; Aided Three Presidents,” New York Times, August 23, 1963, 1, 3.

23.    “Johnston Takes Over Next Week,” Daily Variety, September 15, 1945, 1, 14.

24.    “Eric Johnston Studies Film Job Offer,” Daily Variety, July 13, 1945, 9.

25.    Terry Ramsaye, “Johnston New President of MPPDA; Directors Name Hays as Consultant,” Motion Picture Herald, September 22, 1945, 12–13.

3. The Preservation of American Ideals

  1.    “H’wood Alliance Formed to Combat Alien Isms in Pix; Sam Wood Prexy,” Variety, February 9, 1944, 8.

  2.    “Motion Picture Alliance States Its Principles,” Daily Variety, February 7, 1944, 5; “Wood Outlines Aims of New Alliance,” Motion Picture Daily, February 8, 1944, 4.

  3.    David Platt, “Robert Taylor Struts His Stuff for House Un-Americans,” Daily Worker, May 19, 1947, 11.

  4.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Another Vote for Stalin!,” Hollywood Reporter, August 14, 1946, 1, 4, 14.

  5.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, August 19, 1946, 1, 2.

  6.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Red Beach-Head!,” Hollywood Reporter, August 20, 1947, 1, 4; W. R. Wilkerson, “More Red Commissars!,” Hollywood Reporter, August 22, 1947, 1, 2.

  7.    Ezra Goldman, The Fifty-Year Decline and Fall of Hollywood (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961), 63.

  8.    For a complete account of Hopper’s political career, see Jennifer Frost, Hedda Hopper’s Hollywood: Celebrity Gossip and American Conservativism (New York: New York University Press, 2011).

  9.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, May 7, 1947, 9; Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, May 5, 1947, A3.

10.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1946, 9.

11.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, August 24, 1946, A5.

12.    Burton Crane, “Hearst Built Corporate Empires in Newspaper, Magazines, Radio, and Real Estate,” New York Times, August 15, 1951, 21.

13.    Kenneth MacGowan, “Keep the Lines Open,” Screen Writer, February 1946, 22.

14.    Milt Watt, “Meet Today to Settle Coast Union Problem,” Motion Picture Daily, April 27, 1947, 1, 6.

15.    “Who Is Roy Brewer?,” North American Labor, September 1948, 2.

16.    Victor Riesel and Murray Kempton, “Labor’s Antidote for Communism,” North American Labor, September 1948, 22.

17.    “Threat to Shut Theaters,” Daily Variety, March 14, 1945, 6.

18.    For the official Warner Bros. version, see “The Facts About Violence at Warner Bros. Studios!” Daily Variety, October 12, 1945, 12–13.

19.    “Pickets Seek to Close Warner Bros. Studio,” Motion Picture Daily, October 8, 1945, 3.

20.    “35 More Injured at Studio Picket Line,” Motion Picture Daily, October 9, 1945, 1, 10.

21.    Griffin Fariello, Red Scare: Memories of the American Inquisition, An Oral History (New York: Norton, 1995), 115.

22.    “Coast Hails AFL’s Directive, Era of Labor Peace Seen,” Motion Picture Daily, January 4, 1946, 1, 11.

23.    “Police Hunt Two Men in Sorrell Shooting,” Daily Variety, October 31, 1945, 10.

24.    Sherwin Kane, “Tradewise,” Motion Picture Daily, October 29, 1945, 2.

25.    “Coast Hails AFL’s Directive, Era of Labor Peace Seen,” Motion Picture Daily, January 4, 1946, 1, 11.

26.    “6-Man Union Committee to Pick Labor Arbitrator Points the Way to Strike Settlement This Week,” Variety, October 30, 1946, 10.

27.    “IBEW Charter Threat Told,” Daily Variety, October 21, 1946, 1, 10. On July 1, 1946, there had earlier been a brief two-day work stoppage by the painters and carpenters unions.

28.    “CSU Calls Strike,” Daily Variety, July 1, 1946, 1, 20.

29.    Robert J. Landry, “Pat Casey: The Man Behind the Scenes,” Variety, February 14, 1962, 4.

30.    Pat Casey, “The Truth About the Strike!,” Daily Variety, November 18, 1946, 8–9.

31.    “MPA Starts Work on Editorials,” Motion Picture Herald, May 3, 1947, 24.

32.    Details vary in accounts of Sorrell’s abduction. “Brass Knucks of Chi Mobsters Seen in Kidnap-Beating of CSU’s Sorrell,” Variety, March 5, 1947, 9, 18; “CSU Head Shot and Beaten in Calif.,” Motion Picture Daily, March 4, 1947, 2; “Need Mediator on Coast: Johnston,” Motion Picture Herald, March 8, 1947, 25.

33.    “Need Mediator on Coast,” Motion Picture Herald, March 8, 1947, 25.

34.    “Labor,” Motion Picture Herald, June 28, 1947, 13.

35.    “Congressmen Get Story of Strike,” Motion Picture Herald, August 16, 1947, 22.

36.    “Hope Grows for Coast Settlement,” Motion Picture Herald, August 30, 1947, 16.

37.    “Labor Tops Talk Good Fight as House Group Tours Lots; Not a Blow Tossed,” Daily Variety, August 22, 1947, 3.

4. The Magic of a Hollywood Dateline

  1.    “Federal Theater Project Dies at Congress’ Hands,” Film Daily, July 3, 1939, 1, 7.

  2.    J. A. Otten, “Screen Sets Careful Stage for Red Inquiry Hearings,” Motion Picture Herald, October 4, 1947, 25–26.

  3.    Crosswell Bowen, “The ‘Americanization’ of J. Parnell Thomas,” PM Daily, November 30, 1947, 8.

  4.    Robert E. Stripling, The Red Plot Against America, ed. Bob Considine (Drexell Hill, PA: Bell Publishing, 1949), 13, 14, 22.

  5.    “ ‘Thought Control’ Fight,” Daily People’s World, October 28, 1947, 3.

  6.    “Hollywood Communist Probe to Be ‘Sensational,’ Prober Says,” Washington Evening Star, July 30, 1947, A-3.

  7.    J. Parnell Thomas, “The Price of Vigilance” (unpublished manuscript, 1957), 3-C-2, 107, 5-C-2, J. Parnell Thomas file, Richard Nixon Presidential Library.

  8.    Willard Edwards, “One Man’s War on Communism,” Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1947, G5, G32.

  9.    “Californians Ask Probe of Communism in Hollywood,” Motion Picture Herald, February 1, 1947, 27.

10.    “ ‘Good Airing’ for Hollywood Reds, Says Rep. Thomas,” Hollywood Reporter, January 23, 1947, 1.

11.    “Activities of Reds Effective Here, Says FBI Chief,” Hollywood Reporter, March 27, 1947, 1, 2.

12.    “FBI Head Warns of Reds’ Aim to Destroy U.S.,” New York Times, March 27, 1947, 1.

13.    “FBI Hits H’d Red Menace,” Daily Variety, March 27, 1947, 1, 10.

14.    “Johnston Defends H’d,” Daily Variety, March 28, 1947, 1, 8.

15.    Manning Clagett, “Reds Fear American Films,” Film Daily, March 28, 1947, 1, 6.

16.    “Statement by Eric Johnston, President, Motion Picture Association of American Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities,” March 27, 1947, Eric Johnston FBI file.

17.    “Johnston Scoffs at Red Danger,” Hollywood Reporter, March 28, 1947, 1, 6.

18.    “Reds Failed in Effort to Take Studios: Johnston,” Motion Picture Herald, April 5, 1947, 21.

19.    “Hollywood Probe Urged by Head of Un-American Committee,” Film Daily, March 31, 1947, 2.

20.    “Red Quiz Goes on Despite Johnston,” Hollywood Reporter, March 31, 1947, 1, 3.

21.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, May 12, 1947, 1, 2; W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, March 31, 1947, 1, 2.

22.    “Red Menace Very Real in Hollywood Declares IA Exec,” Hollywood Reporter, April 3, 1947, 1, 14.

23.    Hoover’s handwritten responses in Memo from D. M. Ladd to J. Edgar Hoover, April 21, 1947; Memo from D. M. Ladd to J. Edgar Hoover, April 20, 1947, Eric Johnston FBI file.

24.    “Nixon Lauds 20th Anti-Red Feature,” Hollywood Reporter, April 11, 1947, 2.

25.    “Just for Variety,” Daily Variety, April 4, 1947, 4.

26.    Clyde Tolson to L. B. Nichols, May 13, 1947, 2, HUAC FBI files. See also Seth Rosenfeld, Subversives: The FBI’s War on Student Radicals and Reagan’s Rise to Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012), 128–129; Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 254–256.

27.    J. Edgar Hoover to SAC [Special Agent in Charge], Los Angeles, May 13, 1947, 2, HUAC FBI file.

28.    “House Group Starts Red Probe,” Hollywood Reporter, May 9, 1947, 1, 3.

29.    “Red Probers Quiz Three,” Hollywood Reporter, May 12, 1947, 1, 4.

30.    “Congress Red Hunters to Quiz Hanns Eisler,” Daily Variety, May 12, 1947, 14.

31.    “House to Probe Hollywood Reds,” Motion Picture Herald, May 3, 1947, 34.

32.    “Sumner Welles to Be Called in Film Probe,” Film Daily, August 27, 1947, 1, 3.

33.    Tony Sharp, Stalin’s American Spy: Noel Field, Allen Dulles, and the East European Show Trials (London: Hurt & Company, 2014), 35–36, 94–96, 143–145.

34.    Stripling, The Red Plot Against America, 63.

35.    “U.S. Officials to Figure in Hollywood Red Inquiry,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 1947, A1, A8.

36.    Alvah Bessie, “Meet Hanns Eisler,” New Masses, May 13, 1947, 8–10.

37.    “Hanns Eisler Hearing Halts,” Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1947, 1, 2; “Hanns Eisler Answers Un-American Witch-Hunters,” Daily Worker, May 17, 1947, 11; “ ‘Publish Text of Hanns Eisler’s Testimony,’ Un-Americans Told,” People’s Daily World, May 14, 1947, 4.

38.    “Quiz H’wood Tunesmith on Commie Activities,” Variety, May 14, 1947, 22.

39.    “Eisler Evasive at Grilling: Will Be Quized at Capital,” Hollywood Reporter, May 13, 1947, 4.

40.    “New Dealer Forced Taylor to Enact Red Roles, He Says,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 1947, 5.

41.    Ibid., 1.

42.    “Pressured Into ‘Song of Russia,’ Role, Says Taylor,” Hollywood Reporter, May 15, 1947, 1, 2.

43.    “Mellett Denies Actor’s Claim That He Forced Role in Film,” Motion Picture Herald, May 16, 1947, 3.

44.    Red Kann, “On the March,” Motion Picture Herald, May 24, 1947, 18.

45.    “Mayer Invites Red Probers to ‘Song,’ ” Hollywood Reporter, May 19, 1947, 17.

46.    “Coast Red Probe Draws Headlines,” Motion Picture Herald, May 24, 1947, 51.

47.    “Menjou Wants Role of ‘Modern Paul Revere,’ ” People’s Daily World, May 16, 1947, 1; “Probers Learn ‘Hundreds’ in Films Pro-Red,” Hollywood Citizen News, May 15, 1947, 1.

48.    “Warner, Menjou at Coast ‘Red’ Inquiry,” Motion Picture Daily, May 16, 1947, 3.

49.    “Former Russian Office Surprise Inquiry Witness,” Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1947, 1, 2.

50.    Ibid.

51.    “Red Probers Pledge Wide Film Inquiry,” Hollywood Citizen-News, May 16, 1947, 1.

52.    “ ‘Red Herring’ Just Another Fish Story, Major H’Wood Opinion Feels of Baiting,” Variety, May 21, 1947, 2.

53.    Terry Ramsaye, “Those Un-Americans,” Motion Picture Herald, May 31, 1947, 7.

54.    “Katharine Hepburn Explains Why Artists Are Targets of Witch-Hunts,” Daily Worker, May 24, 1947, 11.

5. Smearing Hollywood with the Brush of Communism

  1.    “Byrnes Joins Industry As Special Legal Advisor,” Motion Picture Herald, June 7, 1947, 15.

  2.    “Mr. Byrnes’ Assignment,” Motion Picture Herald, June 7, 1947, 7.

  3.    “McNutt Named to Speak for Industry,” Motion Picture Daily, September 17, 1947, 1, 7.

  4.    Hearings Before the Committee on Un-American Activities (Eightieth Congress), 312.

  5.    Eddie Mannix testimony, Loew’s Inc. v. Lester Cole, December 8, 1948, 277–281.

  6.    Communist Infiltration-Motion Picture Industry (COMPIC) Excerpts, File Number 100–138754, Part 6 of 15, 193.

  7.    Communist Infiltration-Motion Picture Industry (COMPIC) Excerpts, File Number 100–138754, Part 6 of 15, 184.

  8.    Eddie Mannix testimony, Loew’s Inc. v. Lester Cole, December 8, 1948, 287–291.

  9.    Mary Spargo, “Meyer Flees and Hughes Chuckles at Irate Senator,” Washington Post, August 9, 1947, 1, 2.

10.    William S. White, “Senators Suspend Inquiry on Hughes; Cowardly, He Says,” New York Times, August 12, 1947, 1.

11.    Mary Spargo, “Meyer Flees and Hughes Chuckles at Irate Senator,” Washington Post, August 9, 1947, 1, 2.

12.    Florabel Muir, “Just for Variety,” Daily Variety, August 7, 1947, 4.

13.    Russell Birdwell, “You Don’t Have to Take It,” Daily Variety, August 4, 1947, 9.

14.    J. A. Otten, “Screen Sets Careful Stage for Red Inquiry Hearings,” Motion Picture Herald, October 4, 1947, 24.

15.    “Coast Commie Probe May Be Postponed,” Film Daily, August 1, 1947, 3.

16.    “Rankin Will Miss Red Probe Hearings,” Motion Picture Daily, September 23, 1947, 7.

17.    “Wall Street Rules H’d Production, Graham Charges,” Daily Variety, July 7, 1947, 4.

18.    “McManus’ Pix Forum of the Air,” Variety, September 3, 1947, 6.

19.    George V. Denny, “Forum,” Daily Variety, September 3, 1947, 9.

20.    “Lavery Admits SWG Coin Goes to Kenny Group,” Daily Variety, October 8, 1946, 4.

21.    “A Disgraceful Debate on Communism and Hollywood,” Harrison’s Reports, September 20, 1947, 152; “Town Hall ‘Red’ Debate Offers Sound and Fury, Few New Facts,” Daily Variety, September 3, 1947, 3; Red Kann, “Insider’s Outlook,” Motion Picture Daily, September 4, 1947, 2.

22.    Hobe, “Public Dis-service,” Variety, September 10, 1947, 6.

23.    “Unique Angle of Radio Delivery in Libel Suit vs Mrs. Lela Rogers,” Variety, September 10, 1947, 6, 22; “Lela Rogers, Co-Defendants Pay Lavery in Full for Rap on ‘Gentleman,’ ” Daily Variety, September 28, 1951, 1, 13.

24.    “43 Called to House ‘Red’ Probe on Oct. 20,” Motion Picture Daily, September 22, 1947, 1, 5.

25.    Albert Maltz, who kept track of such things, affirmed with certainty that “the nineteen divided into nine Christian, nine Jews, and one of mixed parentage.” I rounded up. “Interview of Albert Maltz,” November 21, 1978. UCLA Oral History Project, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/viewFile.do?itemId=30065&fileSeq=3&xsl=http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/xslt/local/tei/xml/tei/stylesheet/xhtml2/tei.xsl#session16a.

26.    “Chaplin Denies Communism, Says He Will Testify,” Motion Picture Herald, July 26, 1947, 32.

27.    “Can’t Scare Me,” Motion Picture Herald, September 20, 1947, 9; “Chaplin Would Play Host to Probers,” Motion Picture Daily, September 19, 1947, 3; “Chaplin Comedy ‘Verdoux’ With Kick Off of H’d Red Inquiry,” Daily Variety, September 15, 1947, 3.

28.    “Chaplin On Deck for Un-American Hearing,” Film Daily, July 11, 1947, 1, 6.

29.    Letter from Eric Johnston to J. Parnell Thomas, September 29, 1947, Eric Johnston HUAC-NARA file.

30.    “MPA-Sponsored Short Stresses Nation’s Power,” Motion Picture Herald, September 20, 1947, 14.

31.    Sherwin Kane, “Tradewise,” Motion Picture Daily, September 25, 1947, 2.

32.    “Note From Mrs. Roosevelt in Eisler Red Hearing,” Daily Variety, September 25, 1947, 1, 10.

33.    “Statement Made by Hanns Eisler to the House Committee on Un-American Activities,” September 24, 1947, Hanns Eisler HUAC-NARA file.

34.    Fred Vast, “Un-Americans Tough on Diplomat at Eisler Hearings,” Daily Worker, September 26, 1947, 12.

35.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, September 27, 1947, A5.

36.    Rob F. Hall, “Hanns Eisler, Rankin Duel,” Daily Worker, September 25, 1947, 1, 2.

37.    “House Group Opens Hanns Eisler Probe,” Motion Picture Daily, September 25, 1947, 4.

38.    William S. White, “Eisler Plea Made by Mrs. Roosevelt to Sumner Welles,” New York Times, September 25, 1947, 1, 19.

39.    Fred Vast, “Un-Americans Demand, S. D. Deport Hanns Eisler,” Daily Worker, September 27, 1947, 3.

40.    “Hanns Eisler Released on Bail,” Daily Worker, October 7, 1947, 3.

41.    “Hanns Eisler Flies For London; Lays Exile to Truman,” Washington Post, March 27, 1948, M8; “Hanns Eisler Calls Hollywood ‘City in State of Hysteria,’ ” Washington Post, March 30, 1948, 6.

42.    Westbrook Pegler, “Westbrook Pegler Says,” Jamestown (N.Y.) Post-Journal, November 5, 1947, 7.

43.    Philip Dunne, who offers the most reliable take on CFA’s origin and strategies, says Huston, Wyler, and he were the founders, not mentioning Wilder. Take Two: A Life in the Movies and Politics (New York: Limelight Editions, 1992 [1980]), 190–208.

44.    Gordon Kahn, Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the Ten Who Were Indicted (New York: Boni & Gaer, 1948), 135.

45.    John Huston to Harry L. Kingman, April 23, 1948, John Huston papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

46.    According to blacklist historians Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, “Dunne, Wyler, and Huston were the Committee for the First Amendment.” Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics and the Film Community, 1930–1960 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003 [1979]), 275.

47.    “Protest Group to Fly to Capital,” Los Angeles Times, October 25, 1947, 3.

48.    Sam Jaffe was a prominent Hollywood agent who should not be confused with the popular character actor of the same name.

49.    “ ‘The 19’ Back to Coast; B’Way Legit Alerted,” Daily Variety, November 5, 1947, 4.

50.    John Huston to Harry L. Kingman, April 23, 1948, John Huston Papers, File 1138, AMPAS.

51.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 3, 1947, 29.

52.    Chris Mathisen, “Hollywood Red Probe Becomes One of Capitol’s Biggest Shows,” Washington Star, October 26, 1947, A-6.

6. Showtime

  1.    Herbert Golden, “School Kids Jam Hearing and 2 Film Openings,” Daily Variety, October 24, 1947, 11.

  2.    Gordon Kahn, Hollywood on Trial (New York: Boni & Gaer, 1948), 4.

  3.    “Hollywood, D.C.,” New York Times, October 26, 1947, E2.

  4.    Florence S. Lowe, “Washington Hullabaloo,” Daily Variety, October 21, 1947, 10.

  5.    I. F. Stone, “The Grand Inquisition,” Nation, November 8, 1947, 492–493.

  6.    George Dixon, “Washington Scene,” New York Mirror, October 23, 1947, 4.

  7.    “Radio’s Big Coverage,” Variety, October 29, 1947, 4.

  8.    Manning Clagett, “Ready to Smash Smear Attack on Films,” Film Daily, October 20, 1947, 4; “Tele Abandons Show on Red Hearings,” Daily Variety, October 21, 1947, 9.

  9.    Martin Codel, “Every Home a Newsreel Theater,” Television Digest, November 1, 1947, 1.

10.    Attorneys Kenny, Crum, Katz, Margolis, and McTernan to J. Parnell Thomas, October 10, 1947, WISC.

11.    “Fight Moves to the Advertising Columns,” Motion Picture Herald, November 1, 1947, 15.

12.    Virginia Gardner, “So Long, Washington,” New Masses, September 23, 1947, 5; Virginia Gardner, “J. Parnell Thomas: Headsman,” New Masses, March 18, 1947, 11.

13.    J. Parnell Thomas, “The Price of Vigilance” (unpublished manuscript, 1957), 104, J. Parnell Thomas file, Richard Nixon Presidential Library.

14.    Stanley R. Brav, “Mississippi Incident,” American Jewish Archives (June 1952), 59–65.

15.    “Call 43 Industry Figures for Red Inquiry,” Motion Picture Herald, September 27, 1947, 23.

16.    Walter Winchell, “In New York,” New York Mirror, October 22, 1947, 10.

17.    Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, 4.

18.    News of the Day, MGM, vol. 19, Issue 214, October 20, 1947.

19.    Ibid.

20.    Quentin Reynolds, “Film Magnates, on Stand, Play Roles as Though Coached,” PM Daily, October 21, 1947, 2.

21.    “U.S. Honors Jack Warner,” Motion Picture Herald, March 15, 1947, 33.

22.    Thomas, “The Price of Vigilance,” 251, J. Parnell Thomas file, Richard Nixon Presidential Library.

23.    In 1964, in his highly embroidered autobiography, Warner told a different story: that he had made the film at the personal request of FDR. “This picture must be made, and I am asking you to do it,” FDR said during a dinner at the White House in 1942, according to Warner. Presumably, Warner kept quiet so as not to aid HUAC in discrediting the late president. “I kept silent for twenty years because I had no choice, but the principals are all dead now, and I can tell the facts for the first time.” He makes no mention of either his May or October testimonies before HUAC in 1947 in the entire memoir. Jack L. Warner with Dean Jennings, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood (New York: Random House, 1964), 290.

24.    Manning Clagett, “Ship ‘Ideological Termites’ to Russia—Warner,” Film Daily, October 21, 1947, 1, 6.

25.    Florence S. Lowe, “Washington Hullabaloo,” Daily Variety, October 21, 1947, 10.

26.    “Sam Wood Says Reds Seek Control of Hollywood Guilds and Unions,” New York Sun, October 20, 1947, 12.

27.    Morrie Ryskind with John H. M. Roberts, I Shot an Elephant in My Pajamas: The Morrie Ryskind Story (Lafayette, LA: Huntington House Publishers, 1994), 115.

28.    H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947. Sam Wood HUAC-NARA file.

29.    Fred Niblo Jr., “Correspondence,” The Screen Writer, November 1945, 43.

30.    Dalton Trumbo, “Samuel Grosvenor Wood: A Footnote,” The Screen Writer, June 1945, 30.

31.    Telegram to Lewis Milestone from the Screen Directors Guild, October 20, 1947, WISC.

32.    Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, 27–28.

33.    Neal Gabler: An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood (New York: Crown Publishers, 1988).

34.    “Rites Tomorrow for L. B. Mayer,” Daily Variety, October 30, 1957, 1, 12; James M. Jerauld, “L. B. Mayer Career a Record of Many Ambitions Realized,” Motion Picture Daily, October 30, 1957, 3.

35.    Memo from A. B. Leckie, August 28, 1947, Louis B. Mayer HUAC-NARA file.

36.    “Regulate Reds Employ—Mayer,” Film Daily, October 21, 1947, 1, 4.

37.    Herman Lowe, “Hollywood Red blues Sung by Congressional Probe Witnesses,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 24.

38.    Robert Mayhew, Ayn Rand and Song of Russia: Communism and Anti-Communism in 1940s Hollywood (Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, 2005), 71–82.

39.    “From Dresses to Scripts,” Variety, July 25, 1933, 7; “Ayn Rand,” Daily Variety, March 8, 1982, 6.

40.    H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, Ayn Rand HUAC NARA file.

41.    Bob Considine, “Film Group Fighting for Americanism,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 27, 1947, 10.

42.    Joseph North, “Torquemada in Technicolor,” New Masses, November 4, 1947, 6.

43.    Herman Lowe, “Hollywood Red Blues Sung by Congressional Probe Witness,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 24.

44.    “Filmites Named as Reds,” Daily Variety, October 21, 1947, 1, 7, 8.

45.    Quentin Reynolds, “Film Magnates, on Stand, Play Roles as Though Coached,” PM Daily, October 21, 1947, 2.

46.    Ibid, 3.

47.    “McNutt Offers to Screen Films for Probers to Decide First Hand,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 4; Ralph Izard, “Probers Call for Pro-War Films,” Daily Worker, October 21, 1947, 3.

48.    “McNutt Offers to Screen Films for Provers to Decide First Hand,” Variety, Octover 22, 1947, 4.

49.    Guy Hottell to Director, FBI, “Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry,” October 21, 1947, 2.

7. Lovefest

  1.    “Menjou’s Debut,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 24.

  2.    Walter Winchell, “In New York,” New York Mirror, October 26, 1947, 10.

  3.    Adolphe Menjou and M. M. Musselman, It Took Nine Tailors (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948), 179. Written several months before his HUAC testimony, Menjou’s charming, sartorially titled memoir is chock full of amusing Hollywood anecdotes, but it contains not a hint of political commentary, either about Communism or his membership in the MPA-PAI.

  4.    Memo from H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, Adophe Menjou HUAC NARA file.

  5.    Quentin Reynolds, “House Movie Probers Carry On Almost the Way Hitler Did,” PM Daily, October 22, 1947, 3.

  6.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, November 14, 1947, A10.

  7.    “Menjou’s Debut,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 24.

  8.    Herman Lowe, “Hollywood Red Blues Sung by Congressional Probe Witnesses,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 4.

  9.    Ibid., 24.

10.    John Mason Brown, “ ‘It Can’t Happen Here’ Staged at the Adelphi,” New York Post, October 28, 1936, 26.

11.    Archer Winsten, “Washington Film Tempest Judged from the Record,” New York Post, October 27, 1947, 30.

12.    Jack Moffitt to Rep. Norris Poulson, April 7, 1947; Jack Moffitt, “Communism in Hollywood” (unpublished manuscript, 1947), 5; Jack Moffitt to Rep. Norris Poulson, April 11, 1947. Moffitt wrote his local congressman, who passed his letters on to Thomas.

13.    Memo from H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, James C. Moffitt HUAC NARA file.

14.    Herman A. Lowe, “Hughes Tells Red Threats,” Daily Variety, October 22, 1947, 8.

15.    Quentin Reynolds, “House Movie Probers Carry On Almost the Way Hitler Did,” PM Daily, October 22, 1947, 3.

16.    “Ejected from the Show,” New York Post, October 21, 1947, 29.

17.    Earl Wilson, “It Happened Last Night,” New York Post, October 24, 1947, 67.

18.    Joseph Kahn and Robert C. Williams, “Broadway Producers Deny Red Tinge,” New York Post, October 22, 1947, 5.

19.    James O. Kemm, Rupert Hughes: A Hollywood Legend (Beverly Hills: Pomegranate Press, 1997).

20.    “Against Censorship,” Variety, April 9, 1920, 1.

21.    “Women Reformers ‘Told Off’ in Rupert Hughes Speech,” Variety, June 18, 1924, 1, 33.

22.    Rupert Hughes, “Hughes Wired Howard This—,” Daily Variety, May 12, 1936, 5.

23.    Herbert Lowe, “Hollywood Red Blues Sung by Congressional Probe Witnesses,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 4.

24.    Red Kann, “Washington Ringside,” Motion Picture Daily, October 22, 1947, 6.

25.    “Newsmen Shout Down Morris Ryskind at McNutt’s Press Parlay,” Variety, October 22, 1947, 4.

26.    Telegram from Chalmers H. Goodlin to J. Parnell Thomas, October 28, 1947, HUAC NARA.

8. Friendlies, Cooperative and Uncooperative

  1.    Paul Trivers, “Town Meeting Comes to Hollywood,” Screen Writer, October 1945, 9; “McGuinness Resigns,” Screen Writer, November 1945, 42.

  2.    Memo from H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, James McGuinness HUAC NARA file.

  3.    Lee Garling, “Industry Points for a Fight on Freedom of the Screen,” Box Office, October 25, 1947, 10.

  4.    J. A. Otten, “Trying to Dictate and Control,’ Says McNutt,” Motion Picture Herald, October 25, 1947, 13–14, 16.

  5.    Ibid.

  6.    “Links Hollywood Reds to Espionage,” New York Sun, October 22, 1, 2.

  7.    “McNutt Reneges on Talk About McGuinness,” Daily Variety, October 24, 1947, 10.

  8.    “Thomas Hints at ‘Sensation,’ ” New York Sun, October 22, 1947, 1; “Links Hollywood Reds to Espionage,” New York Sun, October 22, 1, 2.

  9.    Letter from Robert Taylor to H. A. Smith, September 23, 1947, Robert Taylor HUAC NARA file. See also Linda Alexander, Reluctant Witness: Robert Taylor, Hollywood, and Communism (Swansboro, N.C.: Tease Publishing, 2008), 213. Alexander’s sympathetic account of the actor’s brush with HUAC argues that he was a reluctant, not friendly, witness.

10.    H. A. Smith to Robert Taylor, September 24, 1947, Robert Taylor HUAC NARA file.

11.    Florence S. Lowe, “Taylor Steps Hearing Out of Bush League,” Daily Variety, October 23, 1947, 9.

12.    Ralph Izard, “Taylor Plays Hero of ‘Un-American’ Script,” Daily Worker, October 23, 1947, 2, 10.

13.    George Dixon, “Washington Scene,” New York Mirror, October 27, 1947, 4.

14.    Samuel A. Towers, “79 In Hollywood Found Subversive, Inquiry Head Says,” New York Times, October 23, 1947, 1, 15.

15.    Mary Spargo, “Women Cheer Robert Taylor as He Urges Ban on Reds,” Washington Post, October 23, 1947, 1, 2.

16.    George E. Sokolsky, “Difficult Life,” The Leader Herald, January 9, 1958, 4.

17.    Howard Rushmore, “Life on the Daily Worker,” American Mercury, June 1940, 215–221.

18.    James Dugan, “G’wan with the Wind,” New Masses, January 2, 1940, 28–30.

19.    Herb Golden, “Press ‘Wolves’ Yap at Chaplin’s Politics, But Get Little of His Hide,” Variety, April 16, 1947, 4, 20.

20.    George Dixon, “Washington Scene,” New York Mirror, October 27, 1947, 4.

21.    Herman A. Lowe, “Reds Have Hollywood Inside,” Daily Variety, October 23, 1947, 1, 8.

22.    Irving Hoffman, “Tales of Hoffman,” Hollywood Reporter, October 27, 1947, 3.

23.    “Repudiation of a Smear, Affirmation of a Purpose,” Daily Variety, March 17, 1944, 14–15.

24.    H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, Morrie Ryskind HUAC NARA file.

9. Hollywood’s Finest

  1.    “Montgomery and 2 Other Stars Call Reds Active in Actors Guild,” New York Sun, October 23, 1947, 11.

  2.    Herbert Golden, “Barricades Bar Gate Crashers as Stars Testify,” Daily Variety, October 23, 1947, 11.

  3.    Archer Winsten, “Washington Film Tempest Judged from the Record,” New York Post, October 27, 1947, 30.

  4.    Memorandum from A. B. Leckie, September 13, 1947, Richard Macaulay HUAC NARA file.

  5.    Richard Macaulay, “A Little of This and That,” Daily Variety, October 20, 1947, 10.

  6.    Telegram from Ranald MacDougall, October 25, 1947, HUAC NARA.

  7.    Keith Love, “Robert Montgomery, Film and TV Star, Dies at 77,” Los Angeles Times, September 28, 1981, A9, 26.

  8.    David Bird, “Robert Montgomery, Actor, Dies at 77,” New York Times, September 28, 1981, B6.

  9.    George Murphy, Say…Didn’t You Used to Be George Murphy? (Bartholomew House, LTD, 1970), 220–224.

10.    Louella Parsons, “Hollywood,” Albany (NY) Times Union, November 7, 1947, 14.

11.    Murphy, Say…Didn’t You Used to Be George Murphy?, 5–44.

12.    Kathleen O’Steen, “Actor, SAG Prexy, Senator George Murphy Dies at 89,” Daily Variety, May 5, 1992, 3.

13.    A Wounded Marine, “Open Forum,” Hollywood Reporter, August 20, 1946, 13; Edith Gwynn, “Rambling Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, August 21, 1946, 2; Audie Murphy, et al., “A Letter to the Hollywood Reporter,” Hollywood Reporter, August 22, 1947, 13. The exchange was precipitated by a letter Reagan wrote to the Hollywood Reporter, defending the American Veterans Committee, of which he was a member, from charges of being a Communist front.

14.    Memo from H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, Ronald Reagan HUAC NARA file.

15.    Communist Infiltration-Motion Picture Industry (COMPIC) Excerpts, File Number 100-15732. Part 6 of 15: 24. Reagan is identified by his code designation, T-10.

16.    Carl Levin, “Inquiry Takes New Turn With Insistence on Retaining Civil Rights,” New York Herald Tribune, October 24, 1947, 1, 2; Quentin Reynolds, “Ronald Reagan, Foe of Both ‘Isms,’ Faces Film Probers Today,” PM Daily, October 23, 1947, 3.

17.    Samuel A. Tower, “Hollywood Communists ‘Militant,’ But Small in Number Stars Testify,” New York Times, October 24, 1947, 1, 12.

18.    “Montgomery and 2 Other Stars Call Reds Active,” New York Sun, October 23, 1947, 1.

19.    Quentin Reynolds, “Movie Probers Let Down by Stars But Customers Love the Show,” PM Daily, October 24, 1947, 3.

20.    Telegram from Loyd Wright to J. Parnell Thomas, October 14, 1947, Gary Cooper HUAC NARA file.

21.    J. Parnell Thomas to Loyd Wright, October 15, 1947, Gary Cooper HUAC NARA file.

22.    Memo from H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, Gary Cooper HUAC NARA file.

23.    George Dixon, “Washington Scene,” New York Mirror, October 27, 1947, 4.

24.    Peter Bogdanovich, Who the Devil Made It (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 388.

25.    Mark Kelly, “At $2.48 a Bushel, Corn Ain’t Hay,” Daily Variety, October 20, 1947, 20.

26.    Bob Thomas, “ ‘Bells’ Termed Christmas Gift to the Nation,” Binghamton Press, November 28, 1945, 27.

27.    “Herald-Tribune Blasts Quiz Again,” Daily Varity, October 27, 1947, 6.

28.    Mona Z. Smith, Becoming Something: The Story of Canada Lee (New York; Farber and Farber, 2004), 241–249. Like the Los Angeles branch, the New York branch of CFA had been infiltrated by an informant who kept tabs on the group for the FBI.

29.    “Running Memorandum on Communist Infiltration into the Motion Picture Industry,” January 3, 1956, 3–4 (Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry: FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood 1942–1958, edited by Daniel J. Leab, a microfilm project of University Publication of America, 1991).

30.    Oliver Pilat, “Film Probers Told Odets Is Communist,” New York Post, October 24, 1947, 4.

31.    Earl Wilson, “It Happened Last Night,” New York Post, October 24, 1947, 67.

10. Doldrums

  1.    “Moment of Reality,” New York Herald Tribune, October 25, 1947, 10.

  2.    Florence S. Lowe, “Washington Hullabaloo,” Daily Variety, October 29, 1947, 6; “Johnston Faces Probers Today,” Hollywood Reporter, October 27, 1947, 4.

  3.    “Committee for the First Amendment,” Daily Variety, October 24, 1947, 9.

  4.    “Hollywood Is Angered at Hearings,” People’s Daily World, October 22, 1947, 1; “Broadway Stars Joining in ‘Thought Control’ Fight,” People’s Daily World, October 25, 1947, 3.

  5.    Lauren Bacall, By Myself (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 174.

  6.    “New Dealer Forced Taylor to Enact Red Role, He Says,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 1947, 5.

  7.    Memo from H. A. Smith, September 2, 1947, Lela Rogers HUAC NARA file.

  8.    Carl Levin, “Disney Testifies Reds Took Over Studios,” New York Herald Tribune, October 25, 1947, 1, 9.

  9.    Oliver Carlson, Red Star Over Hollywood (New York: Catholic Information Society, 1947), 3.

10.    Mary Spargo, “Reds Tried to Ruin Him, Disney Says,” Washington Post, October 25, 1947, 1, 2.

11.    See either Richard Schickel, The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art, and Commerce of Walt Disney (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968) or Neal Gabler, Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2006).

12.    “Mickey Mouse Guild,” Daily Variety, December 17, 1937, 13.

13.    Walt Disney, “To My Employees On Strike,” Daily Variety, July 2, 1941, 5.

14.    Memo from H. A. Smith, September 8, 1947, Walt Disney HUAC NARA file.

11. Crashing Page 1

  1.    Abel Green, “That Commie ‘Probe,’ ” Variety, October 22, 1947, 3.

  2.    Quoted in “As the Press Views the Inquiry,” Film Daily, October 30, 1947, 6.

  3.    Joseph North, “Nuremberg in Technicolor,” New Masses, November 4, 1947, 3.

  4.    Eleanor Roosevelt, “No Art Flourishes on Censorship and Repression,” Washington News, October 29, 1947, 35.

  5.    Herb Golden, “Tactics of ’41 ‘Warmongering’ Probe and Now Put Pix Biz in Eclipse in ’47,” Variety, October 29, 1947, 4, 18.

  6.    “Communism in Hollywood,” Los Angeles Examiner, October 31, 1947, 18.

  7.    Quoted in “As the Press Views the Inquiry,” Film Daily, October 29, 1947, 6.

  8.    George E. Sokolsky, “These Days,” New York Sun, October 24, 1947, 21; George E. Sokolsky, “These Days,” New York Sun, October 31, 1947, 31.

  9.    “Hollywood in Washington,” New York Herald Tribune, October 22, 1947, reprinted in the Hollywood Reporter, October 23, 1947, 5. See “Hollywood in Washington,” Daily Variety, October 23, 1947, 12.

10.    Walter Winchell, “In New York,” New York Mirror, November 28, 1947, 10.

11.    Walter Winchell, “In New York,” New York Mirror, October 26, 1947, 10.

12.    Press release, “The Citizen Before Congress,” October 25, 1947. Eric Johnston HUAC NARA file.

13.    A complete program for the Conference on Cultural Freedom and Civil Liberties is in the Herbert Biberman HUAC NARA file.

14.    “Two Sessions Here Score Film Inquiry,” New York Times, October 26, 1947, 53.

15.    “Quiz Witnesses Blast Inquiry at NY Meets,” Daily Variety, October 27, 1947, 7.

16.    Lillian Hellman, “The Judas Goat,” from “House Un-American Activities” file, William Wyler papers, AMPAS.

17.    Samuel Sillen and Louise Mitchell, “Film Snoopers Front for War Planners, Pepper Tells PCA,” Daily Worker, October 27, 1947, 2, 10.

18.    R. P. Hood to Director, FBI, COMPIC, October 25, 1947, 1.

19.    R. B. Hood to Director, FBI, COMPIC, October 28, 1947, 1–4. The name of the Warner Bros. official supervising the license plate surveillance is redacted in the FBI report but he could only have been Blayney Matthews, head of security on the Warner Bros. lot.

20.    Telemeter from Los Angeles to Director, FBI, October 21, 1947, COMPIC.

21.    Bryson Rash, “Heard and Seen on the Air,” Washington Evening Star, October 26, 1947, C-8.

22.    Gladwin Hall, “Stars Fly to Fight Inquiry into Films,” New York Times, October 27, 1947, 1.

23.    Norman Corwin, “On a Note of Warning,” Screen Writer, December 1947, 6.

24.    “Actor Charles Boyer Becomes U.S. Citizen,” Atlanta Constitution, February 14, 1942, 6.

25.    “On the Air,” Hollywood Reporter, October 29, 1947, 12.

26.    Telegram from Stan Anderson to Norman Corwin, care of Ethel Kirshner at CBS, October 27, 1947, Norman Corwin Papers, Thousand Oaks Library, Thousand Oaks, CA.

27.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 29, 1947, 30.

28.    “Movie Protest Group Flies to Inquire on Reds,” New York Herald Tribune, October 27, 1947, 1, 7.

29.    Wyler quoted in Paul Jacobs “Fund for the Republic” (unpublished manuscript, March 9, 1956), File 596, William Wyler Papers, AMPAS.

30.    “30 Filmites Leave on Protest Dash to Washington,” Daily Variety, October 27, 1947, 6.

31.    Lauren Bacall, By Myself (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1978), 175.

32.    “Movie Protest Group Flies to Inquire on Reds,” New York Herald Tribune, October 27, 1947, 7.

33.    Philip Dunne, Take Two: A Life in the Movies (New York: Limelight Editions, 1992 [1980]): 194, 198. In 1951, before HUAC, Hayden admitted Communist Party membership. Kober, a loyal contributor to the New Masses, never veered from the CPUSA line.

34.    “Stars Fly East to Fight Film Probe,” Daily Worker, October 27, 1947, 1, 16.

35.    “Protesting Stars Attending Film Inquiry Today,” Washington Evening Star, October 27, 1947, 5.

36.    “Lawson Is Cited for Contempt After Refusing to Tell Probers Whether He Is a Film Communist,” Washington Evening Star, October 27, 1947, A6.

37.    Florence S. Lowe, “Washington Hullabaloo,” Daily Variety, October 29, 1947, 6.

12. Contempt

  1.    “Johnston Faces Probers Today,” Hollywood Reporter, October 27, 1947, 1.

  2.    “Speech by Robert W. Kenny,” November 9, 1947, WISC.

  3.    Robert W. Kenny to Albert Maltz, March 22, 1973, WISC.

  4.    Charles J. Katz to Albert Maltz, April 2, 1973, WISC.

  5.    Interview with Dalton Trumbo in the documentary Hollywood on Trial (1976).

  6.    Ben Margolis to Albert Maltz, April 6, 1973, WISC.

  7.    News of the meeting leaked a couple of days later. Jim Brady, “Split Injures Movies’ Case,” Hollywood Citizen-News, October 21, 1947, 2.

  8.    In 1949, his testimony in Loew’s, Inc. v. Lester Cole, Johnston recalled his reassurance to Kenny less emphatically. “Of course I have made no deal with the House Un-American Activities Committee to blacklist these men.” United States Court of Appeals, Loew’s, Inc. v. Lester Cole, (1949), 771. Bartley Crum’s recollection, recounted in his daughter’s biography, accords with Kenny’s. Patricia Bosworth, Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story (New York; Simon and Schuster, 1997), 233–234.

  9.    Herman A. Lowe, “Johnston Fights Gov’t Pix Rule,” Daily Variety, October 28, 1947, 1, 10.

10.    For a comprehensive and largely laudatory account of Lawson’s career, pre- and post-hearings, see Gerald Horne, The Final Victim of the Blacklist: John Howard Lawson, Dean of the Hollywood Ten (Berkeley: University of California Press), 2006.

11.    John Howard Lawson, “Notes from an Exile,” Screen Guilds’ Magazine, July 1934, 5, 22.

12.    Advertisement for The International, Daily Worker, January 14, 1928, 6.

13.    “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, March 4, 1931, 56.

14.    “Double Cross Charged to SWG,” Daily Variety, October 20, 1937, 15.

15.    Griffin Fariello, Red Scare: Memories of the Inquisition, An Oral History (New York: Norton, 1995), 297.

16.    Virginia Waner, “Hollywood Writers Rise to Defense of ‘Mission,’ ” Daily Worker, July 6, 1943, 7.

17.    Herbert Cohn, “Picture Parade,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 25, 1938, 5.

18.    Carl Levin, “Johnston Rejects Any Dictate to Hollywood by Government,” New York Herald Tribune, October 28, 1947, 1, 14.

19.    Willard Shelton, “Row at Movie Probe Opening Gun in Court Test,” PM Daily, October 28, 1947, 3.

20.    Earl Wilson, “Reputations Are the Stakes in Capital’s Commie Card Game,” New York Post, October 29, 1947, 34.

21.    “Lawson Brings Near Riot to His Brief Act,” Daily Variety, October 28, 1947, 11, 12.

22.    Gordon Kahn, Hollywood on Trial (New York: Boni and Gaer, 1948): 77.

23.    “Lawson’s Statement ‘Silence,’ ” Variety, October 29, 1947, 4. This is the truncated version of Lawson’s statement printed in the trade press and elsewhere, which he handed out to reporters. A longer version appears in Kahn’s Hollywood on Trial, 72–77.

24.    “Lawson Is Cited for Contempt After Refusing to Tell Probers Whether He Is a Film Communist,” Washington Evening Star, October 27, 1947, A6.

25.    “Johnston Says Movies Will Insist on Rights,” New York Sun, October 22, 1947, 2.

26.    “H’d Group Holds Press Sessions in Washington,” Daily Variety, October 28, 1947, 12.

27.    “Glamour Takes a Back Seat,” Washington Post, October 31, 1947, B10.

28.    “Prober Nixon Flees Bogart and Bacall,” Daily Worker, October 29, 1947, 3.

29.    Tom Donnelly, “The Hearing Needs a Hero,” Washington Daily News, October 28, 1947, 5.

30.    Cecelia Agar, “How Free Speech Committee Practices It,” PM Daily, October 28, 1947, 3.

31.    “Johnston Faces Probers Today,” Hollywood Reporter, October 27, 1947, 1.

32.    Cecelia Agar, “How Free Speech Committee Practices It,” PM Daily, October 28, 1947, 3.

33.    Manny Claggart, “Weary of Whipping Boy Role–Johnston,” Film Daily, October 28, 1947, 1, 5; “Johnston Asks Three Corrections,” Film Daily, October 28, 1947, 1, 3.

34.    Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, 77.

35.    Samuel Sillen, “Prober Nixon Flees Bogart and Bacall,” Daily Worker, October 28, 1947, 3.

36.    Florence S. Lowe, “Probe Sidelights,” Variety, October 29, 1947, 4.

37.    Florabel Muir, “Just for Variety,” Variety, November 5, 1947, 4.

38.    Lowe, “Probe Sidelights,” Variety, October 29, 1947, 4.

39.    “2 More Screen Writers Ejected by Red Inquiry,” Washington Evening Star, October 28, 1947, A6.

40.    Lauren Bacall, “Exclusive: By Lauren Bacall, Why I Came to Washington,” Washington Daily News, October 29, 1947, 1.

13. $64 Questions and No Answers

  1.    Dalton Trumbo, “Dalton Trumbo’s Own Story,” Daily Worker, March 13, 1940, 7. Trumbo’s story is sympathetically and comprehensively told in Larry Ceplair and Christopher Trumbo, Trumbo: Blacklisted Hollywood Radical (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky), 2014.

  2.    Dalton Trumbo, “Trumbo Hits War Makers,” Hollywood Now, January 19, 1940, 1, 3.

  3.    Eileen Creelman, “Thirty Seconds over Tokyo,” New York Sun, November 16, 1944, 23.

  4.    Frank Scully, “Scully’s Scrapbook,” Variety, October 25, 1944, 2.

  5.    Dalton Trumbo, “Dalton Trumbo’s Own Story,” Daily Worker, March 13, 1940, 7.

  6.    Alvah Bessie, Inquisition in Eden (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 184–185.

  7.    Dalton Trumbo, WQQW radio address, October 19, 1947, WISC.

  8.    Gordon Kahn, Hollywood on Trial (New York: Boni and Gaer, 1948), 78.

  9.    As usual, the crowd reaction is in the ear of the beholder. The Congressional Record notes applause after Chairman Thomas’s line, as if it might have been for him. The New York Sun reported “loud applause” for Trumbo as he was excused from the witness table.

10.    “2 More Writers Ejected by Red Inquiry,” Washington Evening Star, October 28, 1947, A1, A6.

11.    Red Kann, “Washington Ringside,” Motion Picture Daily, October 29, 2947, 6.

12.    “Writers Statements Admitted to Record,” Daily Variety, October 29, 1947, 9.

13.    “Sorrell Asks Chance to Tell His Side,” Daily Variety, October 29, 1947, 8.

14.    Herschel Brickell, “Books of Our Times,” New York Post, July 20, 1938, 11.

15.    “Interview of Albert Maltz,” August 26, 1976, by Joel Gardner, UCLA Oral History Project. http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/viewFile.do?itemId=30065&fileSeq=3&xsl=http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/xslt/local/tei/xml/tei/stylesheet/xhtml2/tei.xsl#session1a.

16.    Albert Maltz, “Should Ezra Pound Be Shot?,” New Masses, December 25, 1946, 4.

17.    Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, 90. The moment is confirmed in the HRCIMPI, Congressional Record, 366.

18.    Earl Wilson, “Reputations Are at Stake in Commie Card Game,” New York Post, October 29, 1947, 34.

19.    Albert Maltz, “What Shall We Ask of Writers?,” New Masses, February 12, 1946, 19–22.

20.    Howard Fast, “Art and Politics,” New Masses, February 26, 1947, 6–8; Joseph North, “No Retreat for the Writer,” New Masses, February 26, 1946, 8–10.

21.    Alvah Bessie, “What Is Freedom for Writers?,” New Masses, March 12, 1946, 8–10.

22.    John Howard Lawson, “Art Is a Weapon,” New Masses, March 19, 1946, 18–20.

23.    Albert Maltz, “Moving Forward,” New Masses, April 9, 1946, 8–10, 21–22.

24.    Earl Wilson, “19 Ready to Stick to ‘Rights’ If It Means Jail for Contempt,” New York Post, October 22, 1947, 5.

25.    Crosswell Bowen, “Congress’ Bouting Thomas,” PM Daily, December 7, 1946, M7.

26.    HRCIMPI, Congressional Record, 367.

27.    Red Kann, “Washington Ringside,” Motion Picture Daily, October 29, 2947, 6.

28.    “Four Are Cited for Contempt,” Washington Evening Star, October 29, 1947, A3.

29.    Alvah Bessie, “Letters to the Eagle,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 2, 1939, 8.

30.    Bessie, Inquisition in Eden, 26.

31.    Bessie, Inquisition in Eden, 210.

32.    Herman A. Lowe, “MPA Challenges Committee,” Daily Variety, October 29, 1947, 8.

33.    “Cheyfitz with MPA Two Years,” Motion Picture Herald, November 1, 1947, 15.

34.    Ibid.

35.    “Effects of the Hearings on the MPAA,” COMPIC, LA 100-15732, 12–13.

36.    “Glamour Strikes Back,” Variety, October 29, 1947, 5.

37.    Manning Clagett, “MPAA to Fight Charges of Probe ‘Fix’ Try,” Film Daily, October 29, 1947, 5.

38.    Quentin Reynolds, “Hollywood Probe Unmasks Itself as Political Trial,” PM Daily, October 29, 1947, 3. Reynolds pretended to be more starstruck than he really was: he and his wife were close friends of the Bogarts.

39.    “H’Wood Tourists Will Start on New Junket,” Daily Variety, October 29, 1947, 8.

40.    Garfield was a signatory to “The Moscow Trials: A Statement by American Progressives,” New Masses, May 3, 1938, 19.

41.    Joseph North, “Crossfire,” New Masses, November 11, 1947, 9.

14. Jewish Questions

  1.    “Thomas Charges Move to Stop H’D Inquiry,” Daily Variety, October 30, 1947, 15.

  2.    Alvah Bessie, Inquisition in Eden (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 188.

  3.    “Dreiser Group of Ten Indicted,” Los Angeles Times, November 17, 1931, 5.

  4.    Quoted in Charles Higham, Hollywood at Sunset (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972), 36.

  5.    Samuel Ornitz, “Hollywood Blitsmear,” New Masses, April 27, 1940, 12.

  6.    Telegram from Samuel Ornitz to J. Parnell Thomas, October 2, 1947, Samuel Ornitz HUAC NARA file.

  7.    “A Jew Before the Un-American Committee,” HUAC NARA, also reprinted in Jewish Life (December 1947). As with several of the statements by the Unfriendlies, the wording of Ornitz’s statement varies depending on the draft. Two versions appear in his HUAC file, an early handwritten version that begins “In speaking as Jew” and the version cited here. The version Ornitz provided Gordon Kahn in Hollywood on Trial also varies from the other two. Samuel Ornitz HUAC NARA file.

  8.    “Racial Issue Is Raised by ‘Unfriendly’ Witnesses,” Daily Variety, October 30, 1947, 17.

  9.    “$22,000 for Sound in Guild’s Stage ‘Verdun’: Projectors Employed,” Variety, March 18, 1931, 5; “Legends of America,” Variety, October 10, 1933, 34.

10.    “Picture Possibilities,” Variety, December 25, 1929, 32.

11.    “Two More Movie Figures Cited for Contempt,” New York Sun, October 29, 1947, 2.

12.    “Lavery’s First Concern Is Jobs for SWG War Vets,” Daily Variety, November 9, 1944, 3.

13.    Emmet Lavery to SWG Members, “Washington Hearings,” October 20, 1947, WISC.

14.    On February 22, 1979, Lavery recollected his political agenda in October 1947 as part of the History Project of the Writers Guild of America, Writers Guild of America West, on file at the Writers Guild of America.

15.    Emmet Lavery, “You Never Can Tell,” Screen Writer, August 1946, 35.

16.    “Contempt,” Daily Sentinel, Rome, New York, October 28, 1947, 9; “Lavery Wants to Tell Probers How Motion Pictures Are Made,” Washington Evening Star, October 28, 1947, A6.

17.    “Four Are Cited for Contempt Probe Today,” Washington Evening Star, October 29, 1947, A3.

18.    Red Kann, “Washington Ringside,” Motion Picture Daily, October 30, 1947, 5.

19.    Mary Spargo, “Four More Hollywood Figures Cited in Contempt,” Washington Post, October 30, 1947, 1, 2.

20.    Florence S. Lowe, “Washington Hullabaloo,” Daily Variety, May 26, 1948, 6.

21.    Edward Dmytryk, Odd Man Out: A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 14–15.

22.    Dmytryk, Odd Man Out, 20–21.

23.    “Racial Issues Raised by ‘Unfriendly’ Witnesses,” Daily Variety, October 20, 1947, 17.

24.    Jennifer E. Langdon, Caught in the Crossfire: Adrian Scott and the Politics of Americanism in 1940s Hollywood (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 301–353.

25.    Adrian Scott, “You Can’t Do That!,” Screen Writer, August 1947, 7.

26.    “Ornitz, Biberman, Scott, Dmytryk, Draw Citations,” Daily Variety, October 30, 1947, 15.

27.    Jay Carmody, “RKO’s Schary, Not the Tycoon Type, Talks as Practical Idealist,” Washington Evening Star, October 29, 1947, B14.

28.    Schary fondly recalled his kosher childhood in For Special Occasions (New York: Random House, 1961).

29.    “Too Many Heroes,” Daily Variety, November 16, 1937, 1, 4.

30.    Jennifer E. Langdon expresses skepticism about Schary’s professed obliviousness to the political leanings of Scott and Dmytryk in Caught in the Crossfire, 348.

31.    Herbert A. Lowe, “Schary, Lavery Talk Frankly,” Daily Variety, October 30, 1947, 1, 14.

32.    Schary always regretted he didn’t have the presence of mind to tell Thomas, re Rip Van Winkle, “Yes, Mr. Chairman, I’ve read that story. I am quite familiar with the art of fiction and the many uses of it.” Dore Schary, Heyday: An Autobiography (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979), 163.

33.    Florence S. Lowe, “Inquiry Big Show in Wash.—Really 10 Shows in One,” Daily Variety, October 30, 1947, 17.

15. The Curtain Drops

  1.    Ring Lardner Jr., The Lardners: My Family Remembered (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 124.

  2.    “Hollywood Inside,” Daily Variety, August 25, 1941, 2.

  3.    “Inside Stuff—Pictures,” Variety, April 8, 1942, 26.

  4.    Ring Lardner Jr., I’d Hate Myself in the Morning: A Memoir (New York: Nation Books, 2000), 105, 107.

  5.    Lardner, I’d Hate Myself in the Morning: A Memoir, 5.

  6.    “David Lardner Killed,” Daily Variety, October 23, 1944, 1.

  7.    “Statement of Ring Lardner Jr.,” Ring Lardner Jr. HUAC NARA file.

  8.    “Statement by Lester Cole,” Lester Cole file, WISC.

  9.    A recording of Lester Cole’s testimony is available at the WISC.

10.    Doyce B. Nunis Jr., “Robert W. Kenny: My First Forty Years in California Politics, 1922–1962” (Oral History Program: University of California, Los Angeles, 1964): Oral History 349.

11.    Herman A. Lowe, “Commie Carnival Closes,” Daily Variety, October 31, 1947, 1, 12–13.

12.    “Witness Called to Tell Inquiry of Red ‘Spying,’ ” Washington Evening Star, October 20, 1947, A1, A4.

13.    Lee Garling, “Probe Falls of Own Weight As Industry Chiefs Predicted,” Box Office, November 1, 1947, 8–9.

14.    Jonathan Miles, The Dangerous Otto Katz: The Many Lives of a Soviet Spy (New York: Bloomsbury, 2010), 164.

15.    Oliver Pilat, “Soviet Agents Pumped Oppenheimer for Radiation Data, Film Probe Told,” New York Post, October 30, 1947, 3.

16.    “Mellett Broadcasts Statement Planned at Hollywood Probe,” Washington Evening Star, October 31, 1947, 14.

17.    “Mellett Offers Subversive Test,” Daily Variety, October 31, 1947, 13.

18.    “Goldwyn Says Movie Hearings Were a ‘Flop’ ,” New York Herald Tribune, October 31, 1947, 7.

19.    “Lawson Is Cited in Contempt After Refusing to Tell Probers Whether He Is a Film Communist,” Washington Evening Star, October 27, 1947, A6.

20.    Memo from H. A. Smith, August 8, 1947, Sam Goldwyn HUAC NARA file.

21.    Walter Winchell, “In New York,” New York Mirror, October 26, 1947, 10.

22.    “Goldwyn Says Movie Hearings Were a ‘Flop’,” New York Herald Tribune, October 31, 1947, 7.

23.    Quentin Reynolds, “A Bomb ‘Plot’ Fizzles, Thomas Calls Halt to Movie Probe,” PM Daily, October 31, 1947, 3.

24.    “Hearing Halt Laid to Move By Reds,” Washington Post, November 1, 1947, 3.

25.    Manning Claggart, “Film Probe Fizzles Out with Suddenness,” Film Daily, October 31, 1947, 3.

26.    Robert E. Stripling, The Red Plot Against America, ed. Bob Considine (Drexel, PA: Bell, 1949), 75.

27.    Guy Hottel to Director, FBI, “COMPIC-International Security,” October 30, 1947, 1–2.

28.    “Film Business Vindicated Says MPA Statement,” Daily Variety, October 31, 1947, 1, 12.

29.    Red Kann, “Washington Ringside,” Motion Picture Daily, October 31, 1947, 1.

16. The Waldorf and Other Declarations

  1.    “Eisler Is Among 8 Honored Guests at Civil Rights Dinner,” New York Mirror, November 3, 1947, 10.

  2.    “Johnston Hits Cited Ten,” Daily Variety, November 19, 1947, 14.

  3.    Manning Clagett, “Film Probe Fizzles Out with Suddenness,” Film Daily, October 31, 1947, 1, 3, 6.

  4.    “Goldwyn Brands Com. Activity ‘Un-American,’ ” Film Daily, October 31, 1947, 1, 6.

  5.    Billy Rose, “Pitching Horseshoes,” PM Daily, November 11, 1947, 2.

  6.    “Eric Johnston and Paul McNutt Are ‘Kidding’ Themselves,” Harrison’s Reports, November 8, 1947, 177.

  7.    George E. Sokolsky, “These Days,” Kingston Daily Freeman, November 3, 1947, 4.

  8.    “The Un-American Way,” Variety, June 4, 1947, 3.

  9.    “Johnston Hits Cited Ten,” Daily Variety, November 19, 1947, 14.

10.    “Film Industry to Ban all Reds,” Hollywood Reporter, November 26, 1947, 1, 4.

11.    “Film Bigwigs Confer on Purge,” PM Daily, November 25, 1947, 2.

12.    “50 Meet Today to Map Policy on Reds,” Film Daily, November 24, 1947, 4; “May Announce Policy on Pix Reds Today,” Film Daily, November 25, 1947, 1, 7.

13.    “Congress Votes 10 in Contempt,” Motion Picture Herald, November 29, 1947, 13, 14.

14.    “Statement by Helen Gahagan Douglas on the Un-American Activities Committee,” November 24, 1947, 1, 3.

15.    Dore Schary, Heyday: An Autobiography (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979), 164–167.

16.    Johnston’s version of the Waldorf discussion was put on the record, under oath, in Loew’s Inc.v. Lester Cole, United States Court of Appeals, 1949, 785–799.

17.    “Recalls Waldorf Creed of 1947,” Variety, November 18, 1964, 11.

18.    Schary, Heyday, 165–166.

19.    “Effects of the Hearings on the MPAA,” no date, COMPIC, 11–12.

20.    “Studios Vote to Ban Red Employment,” Film Daily, November 28, 1947, 1, 8. Although no reporters were in the room where it happened, the New York–based Film Daily seems to have had the best sources and most precise chronology. I have relied on its contemporaneous account for the timeline of the decision making. In his memoir, Dore Schary insisted, “No vote was ever taken.”

21.    “Industry Drives on Reds As House Cites Ten,” Motion Picture Herald, November 29, 1947, 13.

22.    Joyce O’Hara to Helen Clare Nelson, December 9, 1947, WISC.

23.    “Film Industry to Ban All Reds,” Hollywood Reporter, November 25, 1947, 1.

24.    “Film ‘10’ Plan Court Fight on Moguls’ Edict,” Daily Worker, November 25, 1947, 3, 7.

25.    Howard Koch, “Letter to My Fellow Workers in the Motion Picture Industry,” Hollywood Reporter, November 26, 1947, 14.

26.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, November 27, 1947, 1, 2.

27.    “The Industry Takes Positive Action,” Harrison’s Reports, November 29, 1947, 189, 192.

28.    Max Lerner, “The Surrender of Hollywood,” PM Daily, November 26, 1947, 10.

29.    “Film Chiefs Vote Purge, Cited 10 Go First,” PM Daily, November 26, 1947, 2.

30.    John Maynard, “Film Chiefs Meet to Map Red Drive,” New York Journal American, November 24, 1947, 10.

31.    Otto Friedrich, City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940’s (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), 335.

32.    Bosley Crowther, “A Business Matter,” New York Times, December 7, 1947, 85.

33.    “Mayer Tells Cole Firing,” Daily Variety, December 9, 1948, 1, 11.

34.    “Johnston Denies He Pressured Films on Red Issue,” New York Star, December 22, 1948, 25.

35.    “The Federal Government Must Censor Motion Pictures,” Los Angeles Examiner, November 3, 1947, 1.

36.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, November 7, 1947, 10.

37.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1947, 8.

38.    Affidavit of Eric Johnston, Dalton Trumbo v. Loew’s Inc., April 22, 1948, 11.

39.    Victor Riesel, “Ranting Could Hurt Filmland,” Hollywood Citizen-News, November 1, 1947, 10.

40.    “Who Is Hysterical?,” Washington Evening Star, October 30, 1947, A16.

41.    “ ‘Crossfire’ Pair Fired as Movies Launch Purge,” PM Daily, November 27, 1947, 4.

42.    “Thomas Group Seeks Propaganda in Films,” PM Daily, December 7, 1947, 14.

43.    Transcription of MBS radio show, October 29, 1947, Danny Kaye FBI FOIA file.

44.    “Hollywood Hails Return on the 22,” New York Sun, October 31, 1947, 1.

45.    Ed Sullivan, “Behind the Big-City Scenes at Broadway and 42nd Street,” Hollywood Citizen-News, October 30, 1947, 22; “Going Home,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 30, 1947, 20. Above the doorway, the “red sea” part of the logo was hastily painted out.

46.    Sidney Olsen, “The Movie Hearings,” Life, November 24, 1947.

47.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times, November 7, 1947, 10.

48.    “Indianapolis,” New York Mirror, October 31, 1947, 26.

49.    “Gag the Prima Donnas,” Harrison’s Reports, December 6, 1947, 193, 196.

50.    “ ‘The Unfriendly Nineteen,’ ” Daily Variety, October 31, 1947, 15. See also N. A. Daniels, “Hollywood After the Hearings,” New Masses, November 25, 1947, 4.

51.    “Committee for the First Amendment,” E. P. Kirby Papers, File 24, no date.

52.    William Wyler to Billy Wilkerson, November 6, 1947, William Wyler Papers, Committee for the First Amendment, File 596, AMPAS. The letter was printed as an “Open Forum” submission in the Hollywood Reporter, November 7, 1947, 11. Wyler always insisted that the group was not in league with the Hollywood Ten. CFA “was not a Communist front organization. There may have been some Communists in the group, but there are probably Communists in any organization. The point is, they did not run the Committee and a Communist-front organization is one that is run by Communists. We ran the Committee and we were not Communists.”

53.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, November 7, 1947, 1.

54.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, November 25, 1947, 1.

55.    “Rankin’s Needle Caught in Groove,” PM Daily, November 28, 1947, 4.

56.    “RKO Fires Scott, Dmytryk In Studio Red ‘Cleanup,’ ” Hollywood Citizen-News, November 27, 1947, 2.

57.    “Guild Execs, Film Toppers Meet Today on Ousted 10,” Daily Variety, November 28, 1947, 1, 9.

58.    “ ‘1st Amendment’ Group Folds; Urges Members to Join Committee of 1,000,” Variety, February 25, 1948, 16.

59.    Hedda Hopper, “Looking at Hollywood,” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 1, 1947, 14.

60.    “Exhibitionism,” New York Mirror, October 29, 1947, 26.

61.    “ ‘1st Amendment’ Group Folds; Urges Members to Join Committee of 1,000,” Variety, February 25, 1948, 4, 16.

62.    W. R. Wilkerson, “Tradeviews,” Hollywood Reporter, November 25, 1947, 1, 2.

63.    “Bogart Admits Red Defense Was ‘Mistake,’ ” Los Angeles Times, December 3, 1947, 2; “Bogart Flays Reds, Regrets D.C. Visit,” Washington Times Herald, December 3, 1947, 1. By Myself, Lauren Bacall’s otherwise detailed and reliable memoir, elides this episode from her adoring portrait of her life with Bogart.

64.    Humphrey Bogart, “I’m No Communist,” Photoplay, May 1948, 53.

65.    “Katherine Hepburn,” Katherine [sic] Hepburn HUAC NARA file.

66.    “ ‘1st Amendment’ Group Folds; Urges Members to Join Committee of 1,000,” Variety, February 25, 1947, 4, 16.

17. Blacklists and Casualty Lists

  1.    George Dixon, “Washington Scene,” Washington Times-Herald, June 10, 1948, 17.

  2.    J. Parnell Thomas as told to Stacy V. Jones, “What I Really Think of Hollywood,” Liberty, June 1948, 18–19, 75–76.

  3.    Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Vintage, 1979), 5. Chambers initially charged Hiss merely with being a Communist, and thus a foreign agent by implication. In a subsequent affidavit on November 4, 1948, he ratcheted up the accusation to espionage.

  4.    “Hill Coverage,” Broadcasting/Telecasting, June 2, 1952, 30. Ultimately, twenty-one days of the Hiss-Chamber hearings were televised.

  5.    “Film ‘Red’ Hearings to Be Resumed in Sept: Thomas,” Motion Picture Daily, August 27, 1948, 1.

  6.    “Few D.C. Changes for Pix Biz,” Variety, November 10, 1948, 11.

  7.    “Let Us Give Thanks,” Daily Variety, November 24, 1948, 9.

  8.    N. A. Daniels, “Hollywood Letter,” New Masses, July 1, 1947, 16.

  9.    “Newsreels Back Anti-Red Stance,” Variety, September 26, 1951, 20.

10.    Eric Johnston affidavit, Dalton Trumbo v. Loews Inc., April 22, 1948, 16–17.

11.    Lardner Jr. quoted in Griffin Fariello, Red Scare: Memories of the American Inquisition. (New York: Norton, 1995), 263.

12.    Lester Cole, Hollywood Red: The Autobiography of Lester Cole (Palo Alto, CA: Ramparts, 1981), 320. Cole’s memoir is fraught with mistakes and misrememberings—and he always seems to get the best lines—but Ring Lardner Jr. tells the same story in Fariello, Red Scare: 263.

13.    “Congress’ New Pic Probe Seen Calmer Than ’47’s,” Variety, March 14, 1951, 55.

14.    Herb Golden, “Job Blues for Hollywood Reds,” Variety, March 14, 1951, 1, 55.

15.    Mike Kaplan, “Hollywood Red Probe at Close, Report to Congress by End of Year,” Variety, September 26, 1951, 20.

16.    “Stander Taunts Red Probe; Gorney Sings—Only a Song; Mrs. Abe Burrows Names 24,” Daily Variety, May 7, 1953, 3.

17.    Los Angeles Daily News, April 24, 1951, 10.

18.    “TV Turndown on Red Hearing,” Hollywood Reporter, March 21, 1951, 1, 2.

19.    Larry Parks, WQQW broadcast, October 19, 1947, WISC. Parks made the same statement on WWBC on October 22, 1947.

20.    Sworn testimony of Larry Parks, Executive Session testimony, March 21, 1951, 7. Larry Parks HUAC NARA file.

21.    “What’s the Risk of Opening Up,” Variety, March 28, 1951, 5, 55.

22.    “Jury Still Out on Parks’ Future,” Variety, March 28, 1951, 5, 16.

23.    “One of Hollywood Ten Denies Red Ties,” Los Angeles Times, September 11, 1950, 30.

24.    Edward Dmytryk, Odd Man Out: A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 156.

25.    C. P. Trussell, “Once a Communist, Dmytryk Reveals,” New York Times, April 26, 1951, 17.

26.    “Riesel Warns That Pix Face ‘Worst Black Eye,’ ” Variety, March 28, 1951, 16.

27.    “Will Co-op Fully With Red Probers, Say Garfield, Ferrer, Denying Charges,” Variety, March 28, 1951, 5, 16.

28.    David Platt, “Sorry Spectacle of Garfield, Ferrer,” Daily Worker, March 20, 19051, 11.

29.    Sworn testimony of John Garfield, April 9, 1951, 89. John Garfield HUAC NARA file. On the front page of the printed transcript, someone on the HUAC staff wrote the word: “Deceased.”

30.    “Never Was a ‘Red’: Garfield,” Motion Picture Daily, April 24, 1951, 1, 10.

31.    Herman Lowe, “Garfield Does a Solo in Taking Mon. Stand,” Variety, April 25, 18, 20; “ ‘Red’ Probe,” Motion Picture Daily, May 21, 1951, 6. Jackson and Velde had reason to be skeptical: Garfield also lied about speaking at the “Keep America Free” rally for the Unfriendly Nineteen on October 25, 1947.

32.    “Name Policy Mapped for Summer Stock,” Variety, May 21, 1952, 57.

33.    “Film Figures Deny Being Members of the Communist Party,” Daily Variety, June 10, 1949, 9.

34.    Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television (New York: American Business Consultants, 1950), 122–123.

35.    “E. G. Robinson No Commy, At Worse ‘Choice Sucker’ Say D.C. Red Probers,” Daily Variety, May 1, 1952, 1, 11.

36.    Edward G. Robinson, “How the Reds Made a Sucker Out of Me,” American Legion Magazine, October 1952, 11, 62, 64–65, 66–67, 68, 70.

37.    “John Garfield of Films Dead of Heart Attack,” Washington Post, May 22, 1952, B2.

38.    Victor Riesel, “Red Pressure Revealed by Actor on Day of Death,” Philadelphia Inquirer, May 25, 1952, B19.

39.    “Heat Floors Garfield,” Variety, September 28, 1949, 2.

40.    “Tribute by Clifford Odets to the Late John Garfield,” New York Times, May 25, 1952, X3.

41.    “Legion ‘Clearing’ Most Filmites,” Daily Variety, July 30, 1952, 1, 7.

18. Not Only Victims

  1.    Ring Lardner Jr., “My Life on the Blacklist,” Saturday Evening Post, October 14, 1961, 38–40, 42–44.

  2.    Alvah Bessie to Ring Lardner Jr., February 2, 1977. Ring Lardner Jr. to Alvah Bessie, February 8, 1977, Ring Lardner Jr. papers, AMPAS.

  3.    Leonard J. Berry, “Herbert Biberman at 69; Still Not Beaten, Afraid or Tired,” Albany Times-Union, July 6, 1969, H-2.

  4.    “Lester Cole Dies; In ‘Hollywood 10,’ ” New York Times, August 18, 1985, 36.

  5.    Lester Cole, Hollywood Red: The Autobiography of Lester Cole (Palo Alto, CA: Ramparts Press, 1981), 171–172.

  6.    Alvah Bessie, Inquisition in Eden (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 268.

  7.    Harold Myers, “In London,” Daily Variety, July 30, 1963, 11.

  8.    Jennifer E. Landgon, Caught in the Crossfire: Adrian Scott and the Politics of Americanism in 1940s Hollywood (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 377–382.

  9.    A. D. Murphy, “20th Wins 9 Oscars,” Variety, April 17, 1971, 6.

10.    Gerald Horne, The Final Victim of the Blacklist: John Howard Lawson, Dean of the Hollywood Ten (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), xxii.

11.    G. Gerald Fraser, “John Howard Lawson, 82, Writer Blacklisted by Hollywood in ’47,” New York Times, August 14, 1977, 46.

12.    “Dalton Trumbo Admits Identity as ‘Robert Rich,’ Oscar Winner,” Daily Variety, January 19, 1959, 1, 4.

13.    “Heated Denial by Brewer to Charge of Bossing H’wood Purge,” and “Brewer Gives Views,” Variety, May 12, 1954, 5.

14.    Roy M. Brewer, “Waldorf Declaration: A Perspective,” Variety, March 21, 1962, 15.

15.    Griffin Fariello, Red Scare: Memories of the American Inquisition, An Oral History (New York: Norton), 1995, 117.

16.    “Herb Sorrell, Firebrand of H’wood Labor Front in ’40s, Dies at 76,” Daily Variety, May 10, 1973, 7.

17.    “Racketeer Willie Bioff Blown to Bits by Bomb,” Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1955, 1, 3.

18.    “Academy Repeals ‘Blacklist’ Ruling,” Daily Variety, January 14, 1959, 1, 4.

19.    “Harry Truman Blasts Hollywood Blacklist,” Daily Variety, April 9, 1959, 1, 14.

20.    “Blacklist Scribes Work Upheld by Kramer,” Daily Variety, October 15, 1959, 1, 5.

21.    A. H. Weiler, “Movie Maker Hires Blacklisted Writer,” New York Times, January 20, 1960, 1, 8.

22.    Robert Landry, “Licensed to Handle Dynamite,” Variety, January 27, 1960, 5; Hy Hollinger, “Preminger’s Private Hornet: Trumbo,” Variety, January 27, 1960. The previous October, Preminger had denied to Variety that he had hired Trumbo.

23.    Murray Schumach, “Kramer Defies American Legion Over Hiring of Movie Writers,” New York Times, February 8, 1960, 1, 35.

24.    “A Statement from Frank Sinatra,” Daily Variety, March 28, 1960, 7.

25.    Hedda Hopper, “Wagner Signed for Olympic Film,” Los Angeles Times, April 8, 1960, A9; Hedda Hopper, “Columnist Tells of Her Travels,” Los Angeles Times, April 1, 1960, A8.

26.    Tom Santopietro, Sinatra in Hollywood (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2008), 300–301.

27.    Frank Sinatra, “Statement,” Daily Variety, April 4, 1960, 7.

28.    “Spartacus LA Bow Nets Cedars $100G,” Daily Variety, October 20, 1960, 4.

29.    “ ‘Exodus’ Is Picked by American Legion,” New York Times, December 22, 1960, 16.

30.    “Am. Legion Halts School Bus’ Use to See Spartacus,” Daily Variety, December 12, 1960, 4.

31.    “Hearst Keeps Up Drumfire on Writers Cited for Past Ties to Communism,” Variety, April 6, 1960, 15.

32.    “Trumbo B.O. OK; Raps Vs ‘Exodus, Spartacus’ Fail,” Variety, March 7, 1962, 12.

33.    “Kennedy as Fan,” Variety, February 15, 1961, 15.

34.    “Film Hiring Defended,” New York Times, July 3, 1961, 9.

35.    Asked if the MPAA had ever voted to officially revoke or repudiate the Waldorf Declaration, the association responded: “Unfortunately, at this time the information you are seeking is not available to the public. A vote, such as the one you are inquiring about, would be recorded in meeting minutes of the MPAA’s Board of Directors and/or Members and as such, such information is confidential and solely intended for the MPAA Board and its Members.” From the MPAA in an email to the author, August 25, 2017.

36.    “Eric Johnston, MPAA Prez Who Sold Hollywood Around Globe, Dies at 66,” Variety, August 28, 1963, 4, 22.

37.    “Ike, Top-Tier D.C. Officialdom at Johnston Rites,” Daily Variety, August 27, 1963, 1, 11.

38.    “Gunther R. Lessing,” Variety, October 6, 1965, 67.

39.    “Standing Ovation for Trumbo,” Daily Variety, March 16, 1970, 32. In 1954, the SWG divided into two geographical entities, Writers Guild of America, West, and Writers Guild of America, East.

40.    Albert Maltz, “A Command Performance,” Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1977, T2.

41.    Lester Cole to Alvah Bessie, November 29, 1947; Lester Cole to Albert Maltz, November 15, 1947, WISC

42.    Alvah Bessie to Albert Maltz and Ring Lardner Jr., December 8, 1977, WISC

43.    Ring Lardner Jr. to Albert Maltz, October 29, 1977, WISC.

44.    Alvah Bessie to Emmet Lavery Jr., October 7, 1975, WISC

45.    Hilton Kramer, “The Blacklist and the Cold War,” New York Times, October 3, 1976, 63.

46.    “Albert Maltz,” Variety, April 29, 1985, 11.

47.    “An Oral History with Philip Dunne,” interviewed by Douglass Bell, 1991, Academy Foundation Oral History Program, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, CA, AMPAS.

48.    Emmet Lavery to SWG Membership, “Re: Dalton Trumbo Pamphlet [The Time of the Toad],” November 1, 1949, 3, WGA.

49.    Interview with Emmet Lavery by Steve Cohen, February 29, 1969, 6, WGA.

50.    Dore Schary, Heyday: An Autobiography (Boston: Little Brown, 1979), 165–166.

51.    Todd McCarthy, “Dore Schary, Studio Prod’n Chief, Producer, Director, 74, Dies of Cancer,” Daily Variety, July 8, 1980, 1, 12.

52.    Nat Kahn, “Performers as Top Salesman,” Variety, January 25, 1950, 71.

53.    “Sam Wood Will Bars Reds from Estate Share,” Daily Variety, September 29, 1949, 10.

54.    Bob Thomas, “Red Peril Shown Up in Film,” Binghamton News, April 18, 1951, 38.

55.    Army Archerd, “Just for Variety,” Daily Variety, January 6, 1958, 2.

56.    Congressional Record, 141.

57.    Hedda Hopper, The Whole Truth and Nothing But (New York: Doubleday, 1963), 273.

58.    James O. Kemm, Rupert Hughes: A Hollywood Legend (Beverly Hills: Pomegranate Press, 1997), 292–296.

59.    Earl Wilson, “It Happened Last Night,” New York Post, October 24, 1947, 67.

60.    “Rep. Dempsey Cites Pix As Democracy’s Best Salesman,” Daily Variety, April 14, 1953, 3.

61.    Morrie Ryskind, with John H. M. Roberts, I Shot an Elephant in My Pajamas: The Morrie Ryskind Story (Lafayette, LA: Huntington House, 1994), 166.

62.    Ryskind, I Shot an Elephant in My Pajamas, 164.

63.    Leonard Klady, “Kazan: No Apology,” Variety, March 22, 1999, 1, 67.

64.    Will Tusher, “Taylor Building Renamed for Cukor,” Daily Variety, December 26, 1989, 6; Hy Hollinger, “The ‘Man With the Perfect Profile’ Has a Lower One Now,” Variety, January 3, 1993, 6.

A Bibliographical Note

  1.    A small sampling of the worthwhile reading: Otto Friedrich’s City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s (New York: Harper and Row, 1986); William Goodman, The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1968); Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund’s The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930–1960. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979); Robert Vaughn’s Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting (New York: Limelight Editions, 1996 [1972]); Griffin Fariello, Red Scare: Memoirs of the American Inquisition, An Oral History (New York: Norton, 1995); Patrick McGilligan and Paul Buhle, Tender Comrades: A Backstory to the Hollywood Blacklist (New York: St. Martin’s, 1997); John J. Gladchuk, Hollywood and Anticommunism: HUAC and the Evolution of the Red Menace, 1935–1950 (New York: Routledge, 2007); and Steven J. Ross, Hollywood Left and Right: How the Movies Shaped American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

  2.    An unpublished MA thesis is, however, devoted exclusively to the 1947 hearings: Howard Suber, “The 1947 Hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities into Communism in the Motion Picture Industry,” University of California at Los Angeles, 1966.

  3.    Early exemplars include Telford Taylor: Grand Inquest: The Story of Congressional Investigations (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955); John Cogley, Report on Blacklisting I: The Movies (New York: The Fund for the Republic, 1956); and Frank J. Donner, The Un-Americans (New York: Ballantine, 1961). David Chute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978).

  4.    The titles give a sense of the outlook: Kenneth Lloyd Billingsley, Hollywood Party: How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry in the 1930s and 1940s (New York: Prima Publishing, 1998); Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, Red Star Over Hollywood: The Film Colony’s Long Romance with the Left (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005); Paul Kenger, Dupes: How America’s Adversaries Have Manipulated Progressives for a Century (Wilmington, DE: ISU Books, 2010), 182–230; Alan J. Ryskind, Hollywood Traitors: Blacklisted Screenwriters—Agents of Stalin, Allies of Hitler (Washington, DC: Regnery History, 2015).

  5.    Lillian Ross, “Onward and Upward with the Arts,” New Yorker, February 21, 1948, 32.

  6.    Thom Andersen’s 1985 essay “Red Hollywood” and his 1996 documentary with Noël Burch, Red Hollywood (1996) make the case for a thoroughgoing boring from within by Communist artists in Hollywood. Andersen’s seminal essay is reprinted in Frank Krutnik, Steve Neale, Brian Neve, and Peter Stanfield, eds., “Un-American” Hollywood: Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 225–263.

  7.    Eric Bentley, liner notes to Bertolt Brecht before the Committee on Un-American Activities, Folkways Records, 1963.

  8.    Howard Fast, Being Red (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 153–154.

  9.    Alvah Bessie, Inquisition in Eden (New York: Macmillan), 1965, 213; 216.

10.    Paul Henreid with Julius Fast, Ladies Man: An Autobiography (New York: St. Martin’s, 1984), 180–188.