Chapter 9

Catching Waves with an Oscilloscope

IN THIS CHAPTER

check Learning what an oscilloscope is

check Getting started with an oscilloscope

check Calibrating your scope

check Looking at waveforms

Electronics can generate some gnarly waves, dude. You’ll encounter all kinds of totally hairy waves in your electronic circuits. You meet sine waves, which just roll along nice and easy, like corduroy on the horizon. Sawtooth waves are epic: They ride up slow, then drop you way fast. And of course, square waves. They’re just, you know, square.

Your basic multimeter, which you learn about in the preceding chapter, is essential. You can’t do electronics without one. In this chapter, I tell you about another incredibly useful tool, called an oscilloscope. Although a voltmeter can give you a simple number that represents voltage, an oscilloscope can draw a picture of voltage. And, as they say, a picture is worth a thousand words — er, numbers.

Why is a picture so much more valuable than a number, when it comes to voltage? Because in all but the simplest circuits, voltage is always in motion; it’s always changing, and an oscilloscope is the perfect tool for observing voltage in motion.

As I said, an oscilloscope is an incredibly useful tool to have on your workbench. Although an oscilloscope is a bit expensive, you can pick up a good digital scope for under $100. You can get by for a while without an oscilloscope, but eventually you’ll want to get one.

The purpose of this chapter is really twofold. First, I want to show you how to use an oscilloscope should you manage to get your hands on one. Second, and perhaps more importantly, I want to convince you to start saving your pocket change so that someday you’ll be able to afford one. Once you get an oscilloscope on your workbench, you’ll wonder how you ever managed without it.

Understanding Oscilloscopes

Figure 9-1 shows a typical oscilloscope. This one is an older model, but although oscilloscope technology has changed over the years, even older oscilloscopes are useful for basic circuit testing. If you invest in an oscilloscope, you’ll have a tool that will last you many, many years.

image

FIGURE 9-1: A typical oscilloscope.

The most obvious feature of any oscilloscope is its screen. On older oscilloscopes, the screen is a cathode-ray tube (CRT) similar to an older television or computer monitor. On newer oscilloscopes, the screen is an LCD display like a flat-screen computer monitor.

Whether CRT or LCD, the purpose of the screen is the same: to display a simple graph of an electric signal. This graph, called a trace, shows how voltage changes over time. The horizontal axis of this graph, reading from left to right, represents time. The vertical axis, going up and down, represents voltage.

Figure 9-2 shows a typical oscilloscope display showing a very common type of trace known as a sine wave. Before I tell you about the sine wave, though, there are a few things to notice about the display:

image

FIGURE 9-2: An oscilloscope trace showing a sine wave.

Figure 9-2 shows a typical oscilloscope display showing a very common type of trace known as a sine wave. Before I talk about the sine wave, though, there are a few things to notice about the display itself, as follows.

Examining Waveforms

Waveforms are the characteristic patterns that oscilloscope traces usually take. These patterns indicate how the voltage in the signal changes over time — does it rise and fall slow or fast, is the voltage change steady or irregular, and so on.

There are four basic types of waveforms that you’ll run into over and over again as you work with electronic circuits. These four waveforms are shown in Figure 9-3 . They are:

image

FIGURE 9-3: Four common waveforms.

Calibrating an Oscilloscope

Quick: What were the first words spoken from the surface of the moon?

If you guessed, “That’s one small step for a man,” you’d be off by a long shot. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin had been on the moon for several hours by the time Neil said that.

If you guessed, “Houston, Tranquility Base here; the Eagle has landed,” you’d be close, but still not quite right.

Contrary to popular belief, the first words spoken from the surface of the moon were not spoken by Buzz Aldrin, not Neil Armstrong. Those first words were: “Engine Stop. ACA out of detent. Auto mode control, both auto. Descent engine command override, off. Engine arm, off. 413 is in.”

Before Neil Armstrong could make his historic announcement that the Eagle had landed on the moon, Buzz (being the lunar module pilot) had to quickly verify the settings of some key controls within the lunar module to ensure that everything was working well.

In the same way, before you make your historic first waveform measurement, you must first verify the settings of some key controls on your oscilloscope to ensure that everything is working well. The exact steps you need to follow to set up your oscilloscope vary depending on the exact type and model of your scope, so be sure to read the instruction manual that came with your scope. But the general steps should be as follows:

  1. Examine all the controls on your scope and set them to normal positions.

    For most scopes, all rotating dials should be centered, all push buttons should be out, and all slide switches and paddle switches should be up.

  2. Turn your oscilloscope on.

    If it’s the old-fashioned CRT kind, give it a minute or two to warm up.

  3. Set the VOLTS/DIV control to 1.

    This sets the scope to display one volt per vertical division. Depending on the signal you’re displaying, you may need to increase or decrease this setting, but one volt is a good starting point.

  4. Set the TIME/DIV control to 1 ms.

    This control determines the time interval represented by each horizontal division on the display. Try turning this dial to its slowest setting. (On my scope, the slowest setting is half a second, so it takes a full 5 seconds for the dot to travel across the screen.) Then, turn the dial one notch at a time and watch the dot speed up until it becomes a solid line.

  5. Set the Trigger switch to Auto.

    The Auto position enables the oscilloscope to stabilize the trace on a common trigger point in the waveform. If the trigger mode isn’t set to Auto, the waveform may drift across the screen, making it difficult to watch.

  6. Connect a probe to the input connector.

    If your scope has more than one input connector, connect the probe to the one labeled A.

    Oscilloscope probes include a probe point, which you connect to the input signal and a separate ground lead. The ground lead usually has an alligator clip. When testing a circuit, this clip can be connected to any common ground point within the circuit. In some probes, the ground lead is detachable, so you can remove it when it isn’t needed.

  7. Touch the end of the probe to the scope’s calibration terminal.

    This terminal provides a sample square wave that you can use to calibrate the scope’s display. Some scopes have two calibration terminals, labeled 0.2 V and 2 V. If your scope has two terminals, touch the probe to the 2 V terminal.

    tip For calibrating, it’s best to use an alligator clip test probe. If your test probe has a pointy tip instead of an alligator clip, you can usually push the tip through the little hole in the end of the calibration terminal to hold the probe in place.

    It isn’t necessary to connect the ground lead of your test probe for calibration.

  8. If necessary, adjust the TIME/DIV and VOLTS/DIV controls until the square wave fits nicely within the display.

    For example, see Figure 9-4 .

  9. If necessary, adjust the Y-POS control to center the trace vertically.
  10. If necessary, adjust the X-POS control to center the trace horizontally.
  11. If necessary, adjust the Intensity and Focus settings to get a clear trace.
  12. Congratulate yourself!

    You’re now ready to begin viewing the waveforms of actual electronic signals.

image

FIGURE 9-4: An oscilloscope trace showing a square wave.

tip Remember that the controls of every oscilloscope make and model are unique. Be sure to read the owner’s manual that came with your oscilloscope to see if there are any other setup or calibration procedures you need to follow before feeding real signals into your scope.

Displaying Signals

The basic procedure for testing a circuit with an oscilloscope is to attach the ground connector of the scope’s test lead to a ground point in the circuit, and then touch the tip of the probe to the point in the circuit that you want to test.

For example, if you want to verify that the output from a pin of an integrated circuit is emitting a square wave, touch the oscilloscope probe to the pin and look at the display on the scope. Note that you may need to adjust the VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV settings on the scope to clearly see the waveform. But once you get those settings adjusted correctly, you should be able to visualize the square wave. If the square wave doesn’t appear, you likely have a problem with the circuit.

warning Never connect the oscilloscope probe directly to an electrical outlet. You’re likely to kill your scope or yourself. (If you want to measure voltage from an outlet, just use your regular multimeter.)

The following paragraphs give a few ideas for viewing various kinds of waveforms with an oscilloscope:

image

FIGURE 9-5: Connecting an oscilloscope probe to an audio plug.