Index
Aaron, breastplate of, 111
Abaddon, 24
Abdiel, 79–80, 136, 137, 274n40; as acclaimed by God, 29, 163; and angels united under one head, 184; as approved “single” by God, 177; as David to Satan’s Goliath, 136; and Enoch, 148; and Eve, 163, 168; and faith in things unseen, 128–29; heroism of, 141–42; as individual vs. multitude, 28–29; and Jesus, 164; and Job, 164; and Nicodemus, 2, 10, 127, 128; and Paradise Lost of 1667, 234; and Satan, 11, 29, 151–52, 158, 184; and Son, 28–29, 163; as stand-in for JM, 11; and Vida, 127
Abel, 134, 146, 147, 151, 246, 264–65n1
Abraham, 183, 237, 238, 239, 240, 246, 274n38
accommodation, 108, 128, 129, 134, 144, 260n7
Achilles (Homer), 32, 190, 248; and Adam, 189; arms of, 43; and heroism, 44, 46, 190; and Satan, 41; shield of, 27, 147, 246; wrath of, 124, 190
Achinstein, Sharon, 254n25
Actium, 200, 206, 259n20, 272n29
Adam: and Abraham, 238, 240; account of own creation by, 182; and Achilles, 189; and Aeneas, 189, 212, 279n41; Augustine on, 281n72; as aware of his human deficiency, 190; blindness of, 246; and charity, 7, 189, 191–92; and choice of death vs. life, 12, 216, 278n29; and choice of death with Eve, 41, 235; and choice to fall with Eve, 169, 178, 215, 218–19, 220, 278n27; and choice to love Eve again, 199, 200; and Christian heroism, 62; and codependency, 156, 191; communion with Eve and Raphael, 179; and communion with God, 180; compared to American native, 71; complaint of, 213; creativity of, 216; and death, 213, 214; death as choice for, 12, 41, 153, 214, 216, 235, 278n27, 278–79n29; desire for partner, 154, 155; despair of, 12, 197, 198, 201, 211, 213, 214, 217, 224; and Deucalion and Pyrrha, 241–42, 278n34, 280n64; disobedience of, 12, 279n43; as dying with vs. for Eve, 275n48; Eve accused by, 199–200, 232; Eve as blaming Adam for not forbidding to go, 196, 232; and Eve as fatal gift, 226; and Eve as individual, 178; Eve as less and more culpable than, 154; Eve as one flesh, one heart, one soul with, 178; and Eve as perfect gift, 228; Eve as raising from despair, 12; Eve as seeking forgiveness of, 223; Eve as unanimous with, 180; Eve at side of, 156, 193; Eve blamed by, 167–68, 219, 281n72; Eve exposed by, 12, 215, 230, 231, 232; Eve first met by, 178, 221; Eve first seen in dream of, 182; Eve reconciled with, 7, 12, 197, 198, 200, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219, 232, 275n53; Eve rescued from despair by, 216, 221; and Eve’s creation, 7, 177–78, 182, 246, 276n54; and Eve’s desire for all punishment for Fall, 214–15, 232; Eve’s exchange of roles with, 12, 156, 190–91, 193–94; Eve’s love song to, 182; and Eve’s question about stars, 95, 96; and fables old, 13; fall of, 6, 7, 11, 12, 30, 88, 156, 157, 169, 178, 188–94, 218–19, 278n27; fire discovered by, 216, 226, 227–28, 229; and free will, 196; “Go” speech in Separation Scene, 195–96; as heroic and tragic, 189; and Hippolytus, 225; imagined wings of, 87, 88; and individual heroism, 194; and labor, 216; lament at leaving Eden, 239–40; as leaving father and cleaving to wife, 223; love for Eve, 7, 178, 179, 190, 275n49; and Mammon, 48; and marital harmony, 180, 181; and marriage as union of mind and soul, 180, 184, 185–86, 189; and Michael’s initiation into holiness, 236; and Michael’s visions, 147, 237, 245–47; and middle-class domesticity, 244–45; misery of, 131; misogynistic outburst of, 12, 167–68, 199–200, 214, 219, 223–25, 227, 228–29; and moderation of appetites, 236; morning prayer of, 117–18; and Nimrod, 149; as not deceived, 153–54; and Odyssey, 199; and oracle of serpent and women’s seed, 216; and paradise within, 7, 192, 212; and Prometheus, 226, 228; Raphael’s meal with, 11, 179, 182, 183, 188, 272–73n35; Raphael’s narration praised by, 182; remorse of, 213, 214; and Rinaldo, 219–20, 278n38; and Satan, 154, 197–98, 211, 212, 217, 277n24; and Satan’s soliloquies, 213; on Satan’s temptation as dishonoring Eve, 164, 174; and Son, 153, 189, 198, 235, 237; and speculations on another Eve, 218, 220; and storm winds, 201, 211–12; submission to justice of God’s punishment, 213; and sufficiency vs. deficiency, 154–55; and sun, 108, 118; and sweetness of meal, Raphael’s words, and marriage, 182; sympathetic relationship of earth and nature with, 279n43; and Ulysses, 41, 189; uxoriousness of, 170; and value of sexual life, 221; and virtuous self-esteem, 271n19; wife requested from God by, 177, 179, 180; and worth and merit, 86
Adams, Robert Martin, 258n14
Addison, Joseph, 262n38
Aegisthus (Homer), 60
Aeneas (Chaucer), 278n39
Aeneas (Virgil), 65, 160, 252n2; and Adam, 189, 212, 279n41; and Anchises, 222–23; and banqueting scene, 272n35; and Carthage, 20, 200, 201, 222; clothing of, 221–22; cloud as concealing, 22; and Creusa, 222, 275n49; Creusa lost by, 199; and departing Dido, 279n41; and Dido, 275n49; Dido abandoned by, 199, 220; Dido’s funeral pyre regarded by, 222; Dido’s gifts to, 222; and Iulus, 222–23; lovemaking with Dido, 279n43; making for harbor at Carthage, 201; Mercury as bidding to leave Dido and Carthage, 220, 221, 222; and Rome’s destiny, 220; and Satan, 20, 211, 212; and Saturn, 19; shield of, 12, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 209, 246, 259n20; as speechless, 220, 222; and storms, 20, 200, 201, 205, 211; stormy cares of, 277n24; and storytelling, 181; Troy lost to, 222; and Turnus, 143, 200; and underworld, 66; and Venus, 160; and winds, 211–12
Aeolus (Virgil), 201, 202, 203, 211
Agamemnon (Homer), 15, 32, 48, 49, 60, 268–69n50
Agramante (Boiardo), 22
Ahaz, 25
Ajax (Telamonian), 39, 42, 43, 44, 52–53, 253n9
Alciati, Andrea, 126
Alcinous (Homer), 181
Alexander the Great, 20, 147, 204, 205
Allen, Don Cameron, 255n35, 280n59, 282n18
Almansor (Al-Mansur, Ahmed), 281n3
Ambrose, De Abraham, 274n38
Amphion, 33
angel (Spenser), 159
angels, 103; and Abraham and Sarah, 183, 238; and acclaim for Son, 207, 208, 209; as all-male fellowship, 225; and banqueting, 11; bodies of, 185; as camped in heaven, 25; and capacity to love, 137; Christian humiliation and heroic martyrdom of, 142, 268n47; communion of, 11–12, 183, 184; and communion with Son, 146; and court service, 133, 136, 138, 140; and feudal relationships, 123; food of, 183; freedom and obedience to God of, 7; hierarchy and muster based on merit, 136–37; hymn of, 97–98, 104; and Jerusalem temple ceremonies, 133; joy of (euphrosyne), 11–12, 182, 184; lovemaking of, 185; mountains used by, 142; and novelty of warfare of Satan, 137; as one individual soul, 184; as one pure body, 184–85; in Paradise Regained, 176; private aggression of, 142; sex of, 225; and Son, 97–98, 129; Son as head of, 184; spiritual equality of, 122; test of faith and obedience of, 130; unity of, 184–85; and war, 78, 123, 135–36, 142. See also devils/demons/fallen angels
Antaeus, 176
anthropomorphic polytheism, 129–30
antinomianism, 275n53
Antiopa, 170
Antony, 200
Aphrodite (Euripides), 225
Apollo, 10, 98, 241, 242; and Augustus, 206; birth on Delos, 242–43; and Elegy V, 100, 101; and God, 93, 98; and invocation to Light, 99, 102; in On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 101; in Ovid, 89, 261n28; and pagan worship, 99; and Phaethon, 76, 79, 98; and Satan, 76; solar chariot of, 63; as sun god, 98
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 252n2
Apollyon, 24
Araxes (Virgil), 201, 204–5, 209, 277n12
Archer, John Michael, 250n3, 281n3
Argonauts, 272n35
Ariosto, Ludovico, 5, 6, 282n13; Orlando furioso, 4, 22, 112, 254–55n26, 257–58n12
aristocracy/nobility, 124, 138, 143–44; and Braggadocchio, 161; and Christianity, 11, 142–43; code of private honor of, 11, 139, 140; crisis of, 135, 140; and duels, 140; and epic heroism, 138; and militarism, 48; and Satan, 244; and Stuart kings, 150; taming and civilizing of, 144
Aristotle, 109, 118; Meteorology, 113; Nicomachean Ethics, 186
Armida (Tasso), 69, 71, 219–20, 221, 224, 257–58n12, 278n38, 279n40
Arminianism, 176
Armitage, David, 254n25, 268n37, 282n20
Arthur (Chaucer), 162
artisans, first, 228
arts, 246
Asclepius, 33
astronomer(s), 109, 110–11, 113, 114, 115
Athanassakis, Apostolos, 261n28
Atlas, 50
Attendant Spirit (Comus), 159
Aubrey, John, 158
Augustine, 20; The City of God, 33, 147, 148, 150–52, 239, 269n51, 281n72
Augustus, 65, 147, 200, 272n29; at Actium, 259n20, 272n29; and Aeneas, 222–23; and Apollo, 206; bridge over Araxes of, 201, 204–5, 209; and Jupiter, 207; and Neptune, 202; and Satan, 204; and Saturn, 19; and Son, 206, 207; as son of Apollo, 147, 277n15; and triumphal arch of Sin and Death, 209; triumph of, 12, 201, 204–5, 206, 209, 246; Virgil’s prophetic vision of imperialism of, 201
Avernus, 64, 65–67, 73, 227n12
Baal, 241
Baal-Hammon, 19
Babel, 13, 59, 148, 237, 246; and Chaos, 74; din of confused tongues of, 13, 35–36, 150; and Pandaemonium, 78; and Satan, 78; Tower of, 20–21, 78, 112, 147, 148, 274n40
Babylon, 21
Bacon, Francis, 10, 99, 118, 268n45; The Advancement of Learning, 94, 95, 118; and idol-making, 96; The New Organon, 118–19; “Of envy,” 126; and poetry, 118–19
Bandello, Matteo, Novelle, 133
Barabas (Marlowe), 245
Barnaby, Andrew, 268n44, 283n20
Baxter, Richard, 261n21; The Life of Faith, 102
beast, seven-headed, 21
Beattie, J. M., 255n31
Bedford, Ronald, 268n47
Beelzebub, 32, 50; Atlas-like, 50; and council scene, 42, 50, 51, 61; and Doloneia, 51; and Mammon, 39, 42, 48–49; as statesman, 38, 42; and Ulysses, 39, 42, 49, 50
Beersheba, 240
Belial, 55, 213, 229, 254n21, 271n25; in catalog of devils, 18; and Chemos, 18; and circular existence, 54, 214; and Claudio, 253–54n17; and death, 40, 45–47, 57, 59; and erotically licentious court, 161; on getting accustomed to hell, 18; and lack of choice, 40; lewdness of, 18; and Mammon, 48; and Moloch, 18, 19, 22, 39, 40, 42–48; as orator, 38, 42–43; patience of, 46; and rape, 18; and Satan’s temptation of Jesus, 170; as spirit of ecclesiastical corruption, 25; as timorous and slothful, 45, 53, 173; and Ulysses, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 50, 58; and wandering thoughts, 47, 52, 53, 55, 58; on worse situation for devils, 16, 43, 46
Belphoebe (Spenser), 160–61, 162, 163, 167, 173
Bendinelli, Sam, 278n29
Benet, Diana Treviño, 254n25, 259n33, 270n11, 275n50
Bennett, Joan S., 267n34, 270n8, 271n27, 275n53
Bethel, altar at, 240
Bible, 2, 6; Genesis, 6, 7, 127, 147, 153, 200; Genesis 2:23, 223; Genesis 2:23–24, 177–78; Genesis 3:12, 281n72; Genesis 3:16, 153; Genesis 4:22, 228; Genesis 6:1, 228; Genesis 10:10, 148; Genesis 12:7, 240; Genesis 12:8; 13:18, 240; Genesis 18, 183, 238; Genesis 18:9–15, 238; Genesis 19, 229; Genesis 19:16, 22; Genesis 19:23–28, 18; Genesis 21:33, 239; Genesis 28:12, 108; Exodus, 107; Exodus 7:3, 125; Exodus 9:6, 23; Exodus 12:29, 23; Exodus 14:8 and 14:17, 125; Exodus 15:5, 24; Exodus 15:8, 23–24; Exodus story, 23; Numbers 13, 107; Numbers 13:16, 252n2; Deuteronomy 4:20, 23; Deuteronomy 12:2, 167; Deuteronomy 16:21–22, 281n6; Deuteronomy 30:19, 216; Deuteronomy 32:21, 127; Judges, 13; Judges 19, 18, 200, 219, 229; Judges 19:2, 230; Judges 19:22–27, 229–31; Ruth 1:16, 193; 1 Samuel 2:30, 175; 1 Samuel 16:14–23, 268n39; 1 Samuel 17:4–54, 268n39; 1 Samuel 18:9, 126; 1 Samuel 18:9–10, 264–65n1; 1 Kings 11:5–7, 25; 1 Kings 12:11, 56; 2 Kings 16:14–15, 25; 2 Kings 18:4; 18:22, 239; 2 Kings 23:10, 19; Psalm 2:4, 150; Psalm 19:1, 118; Psalm 24, 134; Psalm 47, 134; Psalm 93, 134; Psalm 96, 134; Psalm 99, 134; Psalm 145, 134; Isaiah 6:9–10, 103; Isaiah 6:10, 88–89, 125; Isaiah 8:14–15, 89; Isaiah 57:9, 281n6; Jeremiah 7:11, 245; Jeremiah 11:4, 23; Ezekiel, 187; Ezekiel 1, 77; Ezekiel 6:13, 167; Ezekiel 8:14, 25; Ezekiel 8:17, 25; Daniel 5:27, 114, 143; Hosea, 158; Hosea 4:13, 167; Malachi 4:2, 97; Wisdom 2:23, 265n2; Wisdom of Solomon 2–3, 10, 152; Wisdom of Solomon 2:23–24, 122; and God as king, 134; Matthew 2:4–5, 129; Matthew 4:2, 177; Matthew 8:28–33, 281n4; Matthew 8:32, 80; Matthew 13:14, 88; Matthew 20:1, 126; Matthew 21:1–17, 207; Matthew 21:13, 245; Matthew 24:2, 245; Matthew 25:21, 163; Matthew 25:32–34, 281n4; Matthew 25:41, 53; Matthew 27:18, 127; Matthew 27:46, 220; Mark 4:39, 203; Mark 5:1–20, 281n4; Mark 7:22, 126; Mark 11:1–11, 207; Mark 11:17, 245; Mark 13:2, 245; Mark 15:10, 127; Mark 16:19, 98; Luke 5:3, 177; Luke 8:26–39, 281n4; Luke 19, 207; Luke 19:46, 245; Luke 21:6, 245; Luke 22, 268n48; Luke 22:25, 147, 268–69n50; Luke 22:25–26, 142–43, 145; Luke 22:27, 143; John, 127, 128, 175; John 2:14–15, 281n4; John 7:18, 175; John 8:50, 175; John 10:1–18, 244; John 12:12–16, 207; Acts, 127; Acts 2:2, 256n40; Acts 6:14, 26; Acts 7, 25–26; Acts 7:41, 26; Acts 7:43, 26; Acts 13:45, 127; Acts 17:5, 127; Acts 28:27, 88; Romans 1:23, 23; Romans 9:7, 238; Romans 10:19, 127; Romans 12:4–5, 186; Romans 12:6, 187; Romans 13:10, 192; 1 Corinthians, 56; 1 Corinthians 3:9–10, 187; 1 Corinthians 3:16, 186–87; 1 Corinthians 12, 187, 275n45; 1 Corinthians 12:12–30, 186; 1 Corinthians 13:12, 106; 1 Corinthians 14:26–40, 187; 2 Corinthians 4:6, 97; 2 Corinthians 4:18, 102; 2 Corinthians 6:16, 187; Galatians 4:28, 238; 1 Timothy, 154; 1 Timothy 2:11–15, 270n2; 1 Timothy 2:14, 153; Ephesians 2:21, 187; Ephesians 4:3, 155; Ephesians 4:3–16, 186; Ephesians 4:12, 187; Ephesians 4:16, 187; Ephesians 5, 180; Ephesians 5:14, 255n37; Ephesians 5:30–32, 179; Philippians 2:2, 180; Colossians 2:15, 206–7, 209; Hebrews 11:1, 102; 2 Peter 1:5–7, 192; Revelation, 6, 47, 109, 206; Revelation 7:9–10, 207; Revelation 9, 24, 56; Revelation 11:8, 21; Revelation 17, 21; Revelation 19:17, 108; Revelation 20, 57, 58; Revelation 20:9–10, 24; Revelation 20:14–15, 73; Revelation 21:22, 275n47
Billacois, François, 268n42
Blackburn, Thomas H., 270n9
Blake, William, 135
Blessington, Francis C., 251n11, 251n14, 252n1
blindness: of Adam, 246; and Bellerophon, 90; and blinding God, 103; and divine election, 105; as divine punishment, 89; as help to faith, 102–3; and Jacob’s vision, 108; of Milton, 10, 13, 44, 46, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 123, 156, 163, 171–72, 177, 200, 216, 225, 246, 261n15; and On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 101; in Samson Agonistes, 105; and seasons, 101; spiritual, 112; and spiritual vision, 129. See also vision(s)
Bloom, Harold, 6, 27, 250n10, 251n25, 252n17, 282nn16, 17
Blumenberg, Hans, 253n5, 266n22, 269n60
Boiardo, Matteo Maria, Orlando innamorato, 22
Bond, Christopher, 278n36
bourgeoisie, 48, 135, 163, 244–45
Bower of Blisse (Spenser), 158
Braden, Gordon, 269n60, 271n19
Braggadocchio (Spenser), 160–61, 162, 163, 167, 173
Brenk, Beat, 274n38
Brindisi, 204
Brisman, Leslie, 254n18
British penal colonists, 53–54
Broadbent, J. B., 115–16, 118, 250n3, 251n30, 253n8, 253n16, 254n24, 261n9, 262n38, 263n46, 264n50, 267–68n37
brotherhood, 122, 146, 148–49, 150. See also fratricide
Bryson, Michael, 267n36
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, 50
Burden, Dennis H., 270n2
Burrow, Colin, 143, 250n1, 254n26, 255n27, 268n49
Burton, Robert, The Anatomy of Melancholy, 260n37
Butler, George F., 280n57
Cain: and Adam’s visions, 246; Bacon on, 134; and conquerors, 150; in Cowley, 264–65n1; daughters of race of, 147; envy of, 11, 122, 127, 150, 151; and fratricide, 11, 150; and kingship, 11, 122, 148, 150; metalworking children of, 228; and Nimrod, 148
Calgacus/Galgacus, 203, 276n10
Callimachus: Hymn 2 to Apollo, 98; Hymn 4 to Delos, 282n12
Calvin, John, 26
Cambridge, 225
Camões, Luís de, 5, 6, 282n13; Os Lusíadas, 4, 252n2, 256n1
Campbell, Gordon, 271n12
Carolingian romance, 31
Carthage, 19, 36, 201, 205, 212, 251n14; Aeneas ordered to leave, 220, 221, 222; and barbarian invaders, 21; and devils, 8, 24; and hell, 23; and Rome, 20, 21, 22, 23; and Satan, 210; and Saturn, 20; storm and shipwreck off of, 12, 24, 202–3, 211, 217
Castiglione, Baldassarre, Book of the Courtier, 133
catalog: in book 1 vs. book 11, 235; of devils, 8–9, 15, 17–24, 31, 32, 33, 38, 42, 104, 229, 235, 237, 240, 241, 250n3; of empires, 13, 235, 237, 240; in epic, 8, 17, 26, 28; and fairies, 32; and On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 31; and Pandaemonium, 24–26; of ships in Iliad, 15; of winds, 211
Celenza, Christopher S., 263n40
Chambers, A. B., 258n14
chance, contingency, 9, 46, 59, 70, 73–74, 75, 84, 85
Chaos, 7, 56, 119, 277n12; and Babel’s nonmeaning, 74; bog of, 54, 58; bridge of Sin and Death across, 12, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 216, 276n11; and Charybdis, 59, 256n41; and Death, 58; din of, 35; and four elemental principles, 81; and God’s goodness, 74, 258n14; and Lucretius, 73, 74, 81; as natural form of bottomless grave pit, 58; never-ending wars of, 78; as noncreative vs. entropic, 74; in Ovid, 77; and Paradise of Fools, 85; and Satan, 84, 252n2; Satan’s fall through, 9, 64, 73–74, 75; Satan’s journey across, 9, 38, 39, 55, 58–59, 107, 256n2, 257n10; and Satan’s warfare, 77–79; as sea of chance, 59; and Serbonian bog, 58; Sin and Death as imposing stillness on, 213; Son as calming, 201, 202–3, 277n24; void identified with, 73; as wilderness, 24
Chaos (personified), 59, 74, 97
Chaplin, Gregory, 266n18, 278n26
Chariot of Paternal Deity, 9, 16, 29, 75, 77, 79, 80, 126, 206
charity, 12, 184; and Adam, 7, 189, 191–92; and Augustine, 150–51, 152; and Christian brotherhood, 146; and classical heroism, 275n48; and community, 188, 194; and envy, 126; and Eve, 7, 276n54; goods as superabundant and multiplied through, 151; kingship and world without, 151; and marriage, 12, 188; Michael on, 12, 191–92; and obedience, 189, 192, 194; and Paul, 188; proportional, 188, 190; and republican Commonwealth, 145; and Satan, 151; of Son, 7, 144, 189–90, 192; and total spiritual, 185; unanimity created by, 185; unclosing difference in, 185
Charlemagne, 22
Charlemagne (Ariosto), 4
Charles II, 124, 149, 269n56, 281n3
Charybdis. See Scylla and Charybdis
Chaucer, Geoffrey: The Legend of Good Women, 278n39; The Wife of Bath’s Tale, 162
Chemos, 18
Cheney, Patrick, 256n2
Chimeras, 54
choice, 254n18; and death, 2, 40, 41, 47, 153, 215–16, 218, 235; death as condition of human, 40; of death vs. life, 12, 214, 216, 278–79n29; devils’ loss of, 38, 40, 41, 47; and divine grace, 40; grace as condition of human, 40; as necessarily individual, 29; between power and love, 7; recovery of, 199, 212–18; and Scylla and Charybdis, 9, 48, 55
Christianity: and Adam, 48; and aristocratic ethos, 11, 142–43; and brotherhood, 11, 123, 146; and charity, 186; and deliverance from death, 105; and end of history, 206; and equality, 133–34; and faith before death, 105; and feast of love, 182; and freedom, 1, 12, 192, 194; and heroic poetry, 143, 144; and humility, 198; and kings, 5; and kingship, 11; and mythopoesis, 92; and republican Commonwealth, 145; and things invisible to mortal sight, 102
Christians, 111; and Muslims, 5; and private aggression, 142; war between, 4
Christian service, 11, 140, 142, 146
Church, 155; as body of Christ, 179, 186–87; corruption of, 13; Eden as sheepfold of, 13, 244; and freedom, 187; Jesus’s piecing together of, 187–88; JM’s distrust of established, 25; as new temple, 186–87; and prophecy, 188; proportional differences in, 187, 188; reform of, 188; separation from state, 282n15; Son as head of, 184
Cicero, 42, 61, 260n37; De natura deorum, 23; De officiis, 43–44; Tusculan Disputations, 225
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, 50
Clarvoe, Jennifer, 259n32
Claudian, 30; De sexto consulatu Honorii, 255n29; De tertio consulatu Honorii, 255n29; Gigantomachy, 27, 255n29
Claudio (Shakespeare), 253–54n17
Cleopatra (Virgil), 220
Cloridano (Ariosto), 254–55n26
Cogan, Henry, 263n46
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 267n30
Colombo, Fernando, 257n11
Columbus, Christopher, 69, 70–71, 72, 252n2, 257nn10, 11, 257–58n12
community, 155, 179, 180, 182, 185–88, 194
Comus (Comus), 18, 32, 158, 159, 160, 161–62, 172, 173
conquerors, 11, 124, 146–47, 149, 150, 268–69n50. See also kings/monarchs
conscience, 50
Cope, Jackson I., 260n8
Copenhaver, Brian P., 251n33
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 95, 96, 116, 119; De revolutionibus, 115
Coppini, Donatella, 263n47
Corbet, Richard, “The Faeryes Farewell,” 31–32
Cornish, Alison, 253n9
Corns, Thomas N., 254n25, 271n12
cosmogony, 272–73n35, 273–74n36
cosmology, 2, 9, 63, 74, 75, 80, 119. See also universe
council, demonic. See devils/demons/fallen angels
Courcelle, Pierre, 256n8
courtiers: and brotherly equality, 150; degrading servitude of, 145; and duels, 138; handbooks on, 138; and hypocrisy, 140; and Satan, 11, 132, 136, 140, 143, 144, 150; in Shakespeare, 140; and worship of God, 140
courts, 132–44, 268n41; Belial’s haunt in, 170; and Braggadocchio and Comus, 161; of Elizabeth I, 162; enforced equality of, 123, 144; and envy, 132–44; erotically licentious, 161; and fame, 173; as kind of school, 173; in L’Allegro, 159–60; leveling of, 133–34; as place to be seen, 161; and republican Commonwealth, 145; and Satan, 11; and Satan’s temptation of Eve, 162; Satan’s temptation of Jesus with kingdoms, 173; servitude in, 124, 145; and spiritual equality of angels, 123; of Stuart kings, 150
Cowan, Ross, 251n38
Cowley, Abraham, 264–65n1; Poems, 252n2
Creation, 6, 72, 256n40; and Chaos, 74; equivalence with heaven, 108; and labor, 216; lower, visible things of, 95; of new heaven and earth, 13, 206, 234, 278n29; in Ovid, 77; as Promised Land, 108; Raphael’s narration of, 181, 272–73n35; and Son, 104; and Son and Phaeton, 76; Son’s triumph after, 201; and sun, 93; and Uriel, 108, 110, 119
Creator, 10, 94; invisible, 10; and links with works of nature, 120; works confused with, 110, 118. See also God; Son
Creusa (Virgil), 189, 199, 200, 212, 222, 223, 275n49
Cromwell, Oliver, 44, 139, 282n15
Cronos, 19
crusades, 4, 5, 6, 68, 244, 252n2, 282n13
Ctesiphon, 205
Cyril of Alexandria, 127
Daedalus (Ovid), 89
Daedalus (Virgil), 64–65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 92
Dagon, 247
Dalila (Samson Agonistes), 227
Damon (Epitaphium Damonis), 166
Damon, Phillip, 278n38
Dante, 64; Christ as Roman in, 207; Divine Comedy, 112, 113; Eden in, 71; Elijah of, 73; Elisha of, 73; and Icarus, 67–68, 71, 73; Inferno, 40, 67–68, 71, 220, 252n2, 253n5, 253n7, 257–58n12; and Paradise of Fools, 86; Paradiso, 112; Purgatorio, 207; Purgatory in, 86; and Tasso, 68, 69, 73; Ulysses of, 70–71, 72, 73; and Virgil, 69, 70
Dantesque-Ptolemaic universe, 114
daughters, of men, 236
David, 149, 150, 174, 268n39, 269n56
Davies, Stevie, 250n8, 254n24, 266n10, 267n34, 268nn40, 41, 276n11
Death, 8, 201; and Aeolus, 203; and bridge across Chaos, 12, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 216, 276n11; and Chaos, 58; and Charybdis, 55, 59; circularity of exploits of, 199; creation-through-destruction of, 216; devouring maw of, 54; and empire, 204; as foregone conclusion of Satan, 57; God’s sighting of, 197; as grave, 58; as hell’s gatekeeper, 58; mortal dart of, 56; and Neptune, 203; and Oedipus story, 56; petrifying mace of, 203; as remorse, 54–55; and Satan, 39, 40, 48, 54, 55–58, 59, 138, 197, 252n2; Satan’s conferral of power on, 276n4; Satan’s duel with, 56; as Satan’s own death, 55; as Satan’s successor, 199; as seal that shuts up abyss, 58; shapelessness of, 9; and Sin, 48, 55–58; and Sin’s hellhounds, 7, 55; Son as overcoming, 200, 205, 209, 215; and Telegony, 255n35; and Virgil’s imperial conquest, 203–4; whip of scorpions of, 56
death, 152; and Achilles, 189; and Adam, 12, 41, 92, 153, 213, 214, 216, 218, 220, 235, 278n27, 278n29; and Belial, 45–47, 57, 59; and Chaos, 59; and choice, 2, 12, 40, 41, 47, 55, 153, 214, 218, 235, 278n27, 278n29; Christian faith before, 105; and devils’ wandering thoughts, 47; as dwelling inside devils, 57, 215; and Eve, 12, 41, 199, 215, 216, 218, 220, 278n29; and God, 216; and JM, 155; living, 48; and Lucretius, 63, 85; in Lycidas, 165; meaning of, 85; and Moloch, 45, 46–47, 53, 57; and Odysseus, 189; and On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 155; and Paul, 105; physical and spiritual after Fall, 92; and Proserpina, 159; and remorseful conscience, 55, 56, 214; and Satan’s envy, 122; and sin, 85; and Son, 10, 96, 254–55n26; Son’s victory over, 85, 99, 106; of soul with body, 85; as ultimate defeat, 104
deism, 263n45
Delia-Artemis, 163
Della Casa, Giovanni, 249n3
Demodocus (Homer), 181–82, 272n35, 273n36
Dempsey, Charles, 259n20
Derrida, Jacques, 192; De la grammatologie, 275n52
Deucalion and Pyrrha, 241–42, 278n34, 280n64
devils/demons/fallen angels, 4; accord among, 3; action in Satan’s absence, 52; Adam and Eve in contrast to, 197–98; armed with shovels, 37; and artillery, 259n21; and Augustine, 33; as barbarians, 17, 21, 24; belief in idols as attracting, 33; belittling of, 17, 27; on burning lake of hell, 20; and Carthage, 8, 24; catalog of, 8–9, 15, 17–24, 31, 32, 33, 38, 42, 104, 229, 235, 237, 240, 241, 250n3; as charming, 34; and choice, 47; and circularity, 54, 55, 57, 198, 211, 213–14; and civilization, 54; council of, 15, 16, 18, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41–52, 61, 97, 169; as crew, 150; and death, 9, 12, 38, 40, 41, 57, 214, 215, 216, 235; demystification of, 17, 30, 34; din of, 13; endless remorse of, 9; envy of, 125–26, 127, 129; as explorers of hell, 54; as fairies, 17, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34; and false ideas of liberty, 135; gigantism vs. shrinking of, 8, 27–28; hardened hearts of, 46, 104; hissing of, 1, 13, 36, 209, 210–11, 235; as idols, 28, 31; and imagination, 8, 30, 32, 33, 34; and imperial projects, 208; and Jerusalem temple, 8, 26, 235; JM’s poetic animation of, 32, 34; as lacking shape, 28; and Lethe, 54; as locusts, 27–28; loss of individual identities by, 27–28, 32; and monarchy, 134–35; and music, 33; names of, 30, 32, 34; and Nimrod and his associates, 150; number of, 8, 27–29; in On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 31, 235; as own enemies, 21; and Pandaemonium, 9, 34–35; and Pharaoh, 17, 24, 125; as poet-philosophers, 54; and poetry, 33, 53, 92; as prostrate in penance, 217; raising of, 8, 16, 32–33, 34; reality of, 30, 35; remorse of, 9, 47, 54; and Roman Catholicism, 21, 25, 31–32, 241; and romances of chivalry, 17, 30–31; as Romans, 21, 24, 36; and sailors’ yarns and fairy tales, 6; shield thumping by, 36–37; and sin, 22, 28, 209–10; size of, 8, 9, 17, 27, 28, 34; suicidal madness of, 53; as swashbuckling braggarts, 37; as transformed into serpents, 13, 22, 28, 36, 46, 198, 209–11; wandering thoughts of, 7, 47, 214; war making vs. talk by, 9, 15, 37. See also angels
Dido (Chaucer), 278n39
Dido (Ovid), 220
Dido (Virgil), 181, 189, 224, 233, 275n49; abandonment of, 199, 200, 220, 221; and childbirth, 221; and Eve, 212, 219, 220–23; funeral pyre of, 222; lovemaking with Aeneas, 279n43; and misogyny, 13; suicide of, 221
Diekhoff, John S., 271n27
Diodorus Siculus, 117, 120; Universal History, 116
Diomedes, 39, 51, 61, 62, 71, 138
Dis, 270n1
divorce, 179, 186, 188, 223, 228, 230, 231
Dobranski, Stephen B., 266n18
Dodona, oracle at, 241
Dölger, Franz, 261n10
Dominicans, 112
Donation of Constantine, 207, 277n18
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 132
Drances (Virgil), 42, 43, 254n21
Du Bartas, Guillaume, The Divine Weeks (La Sepmaine), 89, 238, 264–65n1, 280n63
duels, 140–41, 268n42; of Abdiel with Satan, 142; of Gabriel and Satan, 11, 123, 124, 138, 143, 200; legal arguments against, 141; and Son’s fight with Satan, 142
Duessa (Spenser), 218
Duncan (Shakespeare), 267n30
Durham, Charles W., 258n13, 266n7, 266n11, 270n9
DuRocher, Richard J., 259n16, 259nn24, 25, 265n3, 265–66n5, 266n6
Dyson, Julia, 256n6
Dzelzainis, Martin, 254n25, 268n37
Eden: Adam and Eve as looking back on, 222, 223; as burgher’s house, 245; and childhood home of JM, 245; as church, 243, 245; closure of, 235, 243, 245; and Delos, 241, 242–43; and Delphi, 241, 242, 243; as demonic grove, 239; and end of epic poetry, 236; God as blocking access of foul spirits to, 238–39; and gold, 240; as image of Paradise Lost, 235–36, 247; and middle-class domesticity, 244–45; and oracles, 241–43; and Pandaemonium, 13, 235, 240, 243, 245, 247, 282n8; as period under Law, 192; and pilgrimage, 13, 240; and Promised Land, 24, 237, 238; as salt and bare, 245, 246, 247; Satan as first entering, 243–45; as sheepfold of Church, 13; sweetness of, 182; sword of God as parching, 237; as temple, 13, 235, 243, 245, 281n4; as washed away by Flood, 7, 13, 25, 237, 240, 242, 245, 247, 282n17
Egerton, Alice, 160
Egypt, 8, 21, 23–24, 107, 274n40
Eikon Basilike, 262n30
Elias, Norbert, 135–36, 268n38
Elijah, 68, 71, 73, 86, 257–58n12
empires, 13, 198, 203, 237, 247; and Aeneid, 12, 198–99, 201, 204–6; catalog of, 235, 237, 247; and demons, 208; and epic genre, 1; Michael’s disparagement of, 247, 283n20; and Roman Catholic papacy, 199; and Sin and Death, 203, 204. See also kingdoms/monarchies; kings/monarchs
Empson, William, 267n25, 268n40
English Civil War, 268n47
English Commonwealth, 177
Enoch, 86, 147, 148, 202, 269n51
envy, 2, 122–52, 265n2; Augustine on, 150–51, 152; Bacon on, 134; and Cain, 11, 122, 146, 150, 151; and charity, 126; and crimes against brotherhood, 146; and equality vs. class hierarchy, 144; of fallen angels, 129; of Jews, 129, 132; and kingship, 122–23, 131, 146, 151; and Romulus and Remus, 151; and royal courts, 133; of Satan, 1, 7, 10–11, 107, 117, 122–32, 133, 134, 135, 144, 146, 150, 152, 264–65n1, 267n36; and self-image, 130; as visual condition, 126, 129
Envy (Alciati’s emblem), 126
epic, 137; Aeneid as model of, 198; and allusion, 1, 2; banquet scene of, 272–73n35; catalog in, 8, 17, 26, 28; conflated with romance, 31; and empire, 1, 12, 198; expectations for reader of, 1; and form of Paradise Lost, 249n3; heroism in, 189; high style of, 9; of Iliad vs. Odyssey, 8; military heroism of, 41, 61, 62, 222; and one-on-one combat, 138; Paradise Lost as beginning and ending of tradition of, 1, 236, 247–48; public, masculine, heroic mission vs. private, erotic experience in, 221; war in, 1, 17, 28, 29, 198
Epicureanism, 9, 63, 67, 74, 85
equality, 122, 144; Christian, 133–34; and class hierarchy, 144; and court society, 133; and devils, 144; and divine right of kings, 149; and envy, 122; and Eve, 144–45; and freedom, 145; and goodness, 139; of heaven, 123; and paternal rule following Flood, 149; proportioned, 145, 186; and The Readie and Easie Way, 149; of republican commonwealth, 11, 145, 186; and spiritual goods, 151
Erasmus, Desiderius, 6; Adagia, 255n33
Erspamer, Francesco, 268n42
Etna, 53
euphrosyne (joy), 181, 182, 184
Euphrosyne (L’Allegro), 11–12, 181, 184
Euripides, 200; Hecuba, 252n3; Hippolytus, 224–25, 279n55; Iphigenia at Tauris, 242; Rhesus, 252n3, 254n26
Euryalus (Virgil), 254n26
Eve: and Abdiel, 163, 168; on Adam as blamed for not forbidding her to go, 195–96, 232, 271n20; Adam as blaming to Son, 219; Adam as exposing, 12, 215, 230, 231, 232; Adam as falling with, 169, 178, 215, 218–19, 220, 278n27; Adam as less and more culpable than, 154; Adam as loved by, 7, 12, 182, 193, 199; Adam’s exchange of roles of, 12, 156, 190–91, 193–94; Adam’s first meeting with, 178, 221; and Adam’s “Go” speech in Separation Scene, 195; Adam’s love for, 7, 178, 179, 190, 275n49; Adam’s misogynist outburst against, 219, 223–25; Adam’s reconciliation with, 7, 12, 197, 198, 200, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219, 232, 275n53; Adam’s recriminations of, 8, 12, 167–68, 189, 232; and Adam’s side, 156, 178, 193; as ancestress of Christ, 193; and Anchises, 222–23; and Armida, 219–20, 221, 278n38; as bowing to tree of knowledge of good and evil, 167, 239; choice of life vs. death, 12, 216, 278n29; compared to Delia-Artemis, 163; and concubine exposed at Gibeah, 219, 229–33; confession to Son by, 219; and corporate man, 154; creation of, 7, 177–78, 234, 246, 276n54; creativity of, 216; and Creusa, 212, 223; as deceived, 153, 154; desire for all punishment for fall, 214–15, 232; desire for God’s approval and witness, 11, 158, 163, 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, 191, 194; despair of, 214; and Deucalion and Pyrrha, 241–42, 278n34, 280n64; and Dido, 212, 219, 220–23, 278n39; Eden left by, 22, 222, 235, 236; Eden looked back on by, 222, 223; and emancipated Christian future, 194; as epic femme fatale, 219; and equality, 144–45; fall of, 6, 7, 11, 12, 30, 153, 156–69, 175, 178; final speech of, 192–93, 195, 222–23; and flowers, 238; gaze as term in temptation and dream scenes of, 167; and gender hierarchy, 194, 232; guilt of, 219; and heroism, 167, 169, 198, 199; and idolatry, 167, 239; as individual, 153, 156–58, 178, 194; individual freedom of, 157; and Jesus of Paradise Regained, 168; and Jupiter and Juno, 171; and labor, 216; and Lady of Comus, 156, 160, 168; lament of, 238; and last word, 12, 156, 193, 195, 276n54; and Lot’s wife, 223; marriage of restored, 12, 192, 217; and middle-class domesticity, 244–45; and mother, 167; as mother of mankind, 12, 193, 221; narcissism of, 167, 221; and Odyssey, 199; and oracle about serpent and woman’s seed, 7, 214, 237, 242; overconfidence of, 167, 174, 195; pallor of, 219, 220; and Pandora, 219, 225–29, 231; and pastourelle, 162–63, 170; peace of, 218; pledge to stay by Adam’s side, 193; pride of, 167, 168; and question about stars, 95; as reckless knight-errant, 195–96, 271n20; and reflecting pool, 154, 166, 167, 190–91; as representative woman, 12, 219, 226–27, 229, 233; and Sarah, 238; and Satan, 11, 169, 170; Satan’s dream for, 51, 61, 86–87, 125, 151, 167, 275n40; Satan’s flattery of, 159–60, 190; Satan’s temptation of, 95, 96, 117, 124–25, 170–71, 172; and Separation Scene, 156–58, 164–67, 174, 195–96; and sexual life, 221; and Sin and Death, 199, 216; and Son, 198, 215, 217, 219, 237, 242; and Stoicism, 215, 216; as submissive, 213, 223; and sufficiency vs. deficiency, 154–55; and suicide, 199, 215, 216, 219, 221; sympathetic relationship of earth and nature with, 279n43; tree as double or mirror of, 167; and tree gods, 239; trial desired by, 11, 153, 156, 156–58, 164, 167, 169, 190, 194, 195; and Virtue of Areopagitica, 168; and womblike cave, 167, 271n20; and worth and merit, 86
Evelyn-White, Hugh G., 255n35
evil, 12, 28, 30, 34, 40, 80, 151, 152
Ezekiel, 25
“Faeryes Farewell, The” (Corbet), 31–32
Fairfax, Edward, 195, 244, 245
fairies/fairy elves simile, 17, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34
faith: of angels, 130; blindness as help to, 102–3; and Catholicism, 112; and charity, 152; and deliverance from death, 105; and individual, 158; and Nicodemus, 127–28; obligation of, 155; and Paul, 102, 187, 188; poem as act of, 104; of Son, 99, 104, 105; and spiritual chastity, 158; and things unseen, 102, 104; and works, 165
fall: of Adam, 6, 7, 11, 12, 30, 88, 156, 157, 169, 178, 188–94, 218–19, 278n27; Adam and Eve’s mutual recriminations after, 8, 12, 189, 232; and choice, 30; of devils/rebel angels, 6, 74, 80, 142; and discovery of fire, 228; and drive to worldly kingship, 150, 162; and envy and time, 129, 152; of Eve, 6, 7, 11, 12, 30, 153, 156–69, 175, 178; and Eve’s desire for individual spiritual trial and divine approval, 190; as fortunate, 1; freedom as lost after, 150; heroic dignity in tragedy of, 156; lack of inevitability of, 30; and Satan’s falling and feeling of falling, 59, 75, 84, 88, 132, 213, 217; of Satan through Chaos, 9, 64, 73–74, 75, 80, 84, 85–86, 90–91, 252n2; and Son’s promised redemption, 234–35
fallenness: of Adam, 219, 236, 277n24; of Eve, 236; as flightlessness or false attempts at flight, 85; poetry as rescue from dejection of, 91–92
Fallon, Robert Thomas, 254n25
Fallon, Samuel, 266n17
Fallon, Stephen M., 259n33, 260n7, 277n23, 278n29
fame, 91, 164, 170, 271n19, 271n27, 272n29; and court, 159, 161–62, 173; of giant-conquerors, 237; in heaven, 11, 175–76; and individual, 11, 154, 155; and Jesus, 163–64, 170, 172–75; and JM, 154, 165, 175; and Job, 175–76; as judgment of salvation, 165; in Lycidas, 155, 166; in Mansus, 165, 166; in Paradise Regained, 169; and pastoral elegy, 165; and rewards of virtue in heaven, 165; and Satan, 169, 170; and Satan’s temptation of Eve, 159–60, 163, 168, 172, 173, 174, 190; and shame, 168; won by poetry, 165
Fanshawe, Richard, 4
Father: colloquy with Son in heaven, 93; creation by, 208; and glorification of Son, 169; plan to exercise Jesus in wilderness, 169; as praising and promoting Son, 98; and prayers of Adam and Eve, 242; Son in temple of, 206; Son ruling in place of, 61; Son’s obedience to, 189; Son’s sight of, 106; and sun, 98. See also Chariot of Paternal Deity; God
feminist criticism, 194
Fetherstone, Christopher, 26
feudalism, 48, 123, 132, 135, 137, 138, 143, 144
Ficino, Marsilio, 262–63n40, 263n42; De sole, 114, 115
Filmer, Sir Robert, 269n54; The Anarchy of a Limited or Mixed Monarchy, 149, 269nn54, 55; Concerning the Originall of Governments, 269n55
Fish, Stanley, 268n46
Fletcher, Harris, 272n34
Flood, 147, 246, 247; Eden as washed away by, 7, 13, 25, 237, 240, 242, 245; paternal rule after, 148, 149
Fontenrose, Joseph, 277n22, 282n10
forbidden fruit, 167, 174, 274n40, 279n43; and Adam, 87, 130, 189, 220, 226; and ashen fruit, 22, 209, 210; command not to eat, 130; and Eve, 130, 167, 189, 220, 226; and idolatry, 167; and Satan, 274n40
Forsyth, Neil, 251n26, 254n20, 270n1
Fortunate Isles (Tasso), 69, 71, 220, 252n2
Fowler, Alastair, 47, 51, 54, 249n6, 251n15, 253n17, 255n32, 259n17, 259n28, 269n51, 272n32, 275n42, 276n7, 279n54, 281n7, 282n9
fratricide, 11, 146, 148, 150, 151. See also brotherhood
fraud: and Beelzebub, 42, 50; and devils, 5, 8, 9, 17, 28, 29, 37, 138; in Doloneia, 51; and Satan, 16, 51, 61
Freccero, John, 68, 253n7, 256n8
freedom, 275n53; and Adam and Eve’s proportional relationship, 188; and Adam’s decision to die with Eve, 189; of angels, 7; and autonomy in marriage, 194; brought about by Son, 1; and choice of loving relationships, 156; Christian, 1, 12, 194; and Church, 187; and death, 216, 218; and equality, 145; and Eve, 157, 199; to fall, 60, 157; false ideas of, 135; and hierarchy, 145; individual, 157; JM’s commitment to, 196; of republics, 7, 145; and Stoicism, 216; and suicide, 216; and trial of self, 156; and unanimity created by charity, 185
free will, 54, 60, 196, 199, 271–72n20
Fresch, Cheryl H., 266n7
Freud, Sigmund, 155
Frye, Northrop, 2, 249n4, 254n24, 256n42, 267n34, 271n22, 277n19, 281n4
Frye, Roland Mushat, 267n26
Fuller, Thomas, The History of the Worthies of England, 36
Gabriel: and aristocratic code of private honor, 139; as courtier, 139–40, 140; and Moloch, 142; Satan’s duel with, 11, 123, 124, 138, 139–42, 143, 200
Gadarene swine, 80, 259n20, 281n4
Galgacus, 203
Galilee, Sea of, 203
Galileo, 96, 113, 114, 262n31; Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 115; Starry Messenger, 110; and sun, 13, 109–10, 119; and sunspots, 109, 119; telescope of, 27, 109
Galinsky, Karl, 277n15
Gallagher, Philip J., 256n42, 270n2
Gama, Vasco da, 252n2
Garin, Eugenio, 119, 263n42, 263n47, 264n55
Gemisthus Pletho, 263n47
gender, 154, 156, 158, 187, 190, 194
gender hierarchy, 186, 194, 232, 275n44
Geneva Bible, 56, 97, 126, 175; on 1 Corinthians 12, 187, 275n45; on Acts 7, 26; on Acts 13:45, 127; on beast and Whore of Babylon, 21; Belshazzar in, 114; and concubine exposed at Gibeah, 229; husband as leaving father and cleaving to wife in, 223; and Nimrod, 148; on Ruth, 193
giants, 17, 112, 236, 237, 246
Gibeah, concubine exposed at, 13, 18, 200, 219, 229–33
Gilbert, Allan H., 266n10
glory: and fools, 112; from God, 175–76; of God, 49, 94, 103, 126, 175; and Satan, 7, 49, 61; and Son, 60–61, 126, 169, 175, 272n29
God, 119; Abdiel acclaimed by, 29; and Abraham and Sarah, 238; acknowledgment by, 165; Adam’s disobedience to, 12; and Adam’s love and obedience, 191; Adam’s submission to justice of punishment of, 213; anger of, 60, 189, 265n4; and anointment of Son, 182–83; and apocalyptic witness and reward of fame, 166; and Apollo, 93, 98; approval of, 154, 164, 169, 172; attempts of human conquerors and kings to play, 124; bestowing of power on Son, 61, 276n4; and Chaos, 9, 74, 84; and charity, 60, 124, 192; and Christian equality, 134; communion with, 188–89; covenant and promise of deliverer, 237; and death, 57–58, 205, 216; derision of Nimrod and rebel angels, 150; as dimly seen in works, 118; dissociating his cult from power and wealth, 13; and earthly kings, 135, 145, 267n25, 267n34; Eden destroyed by, 245; Eve’s desire for approval of, 11, 158, 163, 164, 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, 190, 191, 194; glory as visible in Son, 126; goodness/creativity of, 74, 208, 216; grace of, 88–89, 175, 176, 235; greater in creativity than in destruction, 208; heaven as book of works of, 119–20; hell created by, 258n14; honor from, 176; image of, 106, 152; initial act of accommodation, 128; invisible, 10, 94, 103, 106, 118, 129; Jesus approved by, 169; and Job, 164; and Jupiter, 79; and kingship, 10, 134, 135, 144; known through Son vs. works, 95; on light and blindness, 103; light of, 98–99, 103; as love vs. power, 7; in Lycidas, 164–65; and Mansus, 166; marriage sanctioned by, 185; and Naturam non pati senium, 84; oracle of, 247; in Paradise Regained, 169; parity and communion produced by loving service to, 123; as perfect witness, 164–65; and Satan, 130–31, 152; Satan on temporal nature of, 130; Satan’s attribution of fraud to, 16; Satan’s denial as life source, 10, 117, 130; and Satan’s duel with Gabriel, 11, 124, 138, 141; and Satan’s geocentric universe, 264n49; Satan’s projection of envy on, 125; Satan’s rejection of remorse and submission to, 109; Satan’s servile service to, 140; seen face to face, 106; and “Servant of God, well done,” 11, 163, 165; and Son, 94, 129, 192; and Son and loathsome grave, 104; Son as temporal image of, 10, 122; Son praised for merit by, 76, 79; Son preferred for true service by, 146; substitution of works of for, 117; and sun, 10, 94, 110, 119, 121; and Tasso, 70; and theodicy, 59–60; tree of forbidden fruit as substitute for, 167; trial/proof of self before, 156; voluntary rather than necessitated service to, 140; and War in Heaven, 15, 78, 79; as work-master, 94; works of, 94, 95, 106–7, 108, 117, 118, 119–20; and wrath of Virgil’s Juno, 60, 124. See also Creator; Father
gods: of ancient Near East, 18; belief as creating, 33; bestial Egyptian, 23; classical Greek and Roman, 18; and devils, 33; and fairies, 32; in On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 31. See also idols
Goffredo (Tasso), 195–96, 254n22
Goldberg, Jonathan, 282n14
Goliath, 268n39
Gomorrah, 18
Goodman, Kevis, 278n31, 279n41
good shepherd, 245
Gospel of Nicodemus, 57, 128, 255n37
grace: bestowed on unbelievers, 5; and blindness, 103; as condition of human choice, 40; of God, 88–89, 175, 176, 235; prevenient, 176, 212; Satan’s refusal of, 7, 103–4; and Spenser’s Guyon, 159
Grant, Edward, 256n5
grave, 10, 58, 74, 104, 105, 106, 209
Greek tragedy, 1
Greene, Thomas M., 253n4, 260n1
Guillory, John, 271n19
gunpowder, 135
Hades, 67
Hal (Shakespeare), 37
Hall, Joseph, 282n13
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 47, 253n17
Hammon, 241
Hammond, Robert, 139
Hampton, Timothy, 250n11
Hanford, James Holly, 271n27, 279n53
Hardie, Philip, 253n10, 256n6, 259–60n35, 277n14
Harding, Davis, 76, 256n1, 259n16
Harding, Pitt, 266n11
Harrison, Peter, 264n51
Hartman, Geoffrey, 30, 251n28, 251n35, 262n32
Haskin, Dayton, 271n16
hearts, hardened, 7, 27, 46, 56, 75, 103–4, 125
heaven: equality of, 123; equivalence with created universe, 108; as God’s book of works, 119–20; and golden chain of being, 95; impossibility of depiction of, 10, 113; as invisible, 10, 93, 113; and Mansus, 166; and Pandaemonium, 25, 26; and Paradise of Fools, 85, 86; pastoral layout of, 26; poet’s vs. Jacob’s visions of, 108; as royal court, 132–44; as series of feudal fiefdoms, 136; Son’s golden altar in, 242; Son’s restoration of, 75, 79–80, 125, 276n8; and sun, 113. See also War in Heaven
Hector, 248
Helios, 98
hell: and bottomless pit, 57, 59, 75; as civilization in absence of God, 9; as endless disquiet and remorse, 41; as endless free fall, 88; fires of, 19, 53; as furnace, 23; God’s creation of, 258n14; harbor for Satan in, 20, 200; harrowing of, 57, 209, 255n37; lake of, 24, 57, 73; as Libya, 213; as life in which death makes no difference, 54; as literal or mental, 7; and Mammon, 48–49; and Moloch, 19; narrator’s escape from, 60; as penal colony, 49, 53–54; and robe of Nessus, 53; within Satan, 212; Satan’s jailbreak from, 60; Satan’s kingship in, 19, 131–32, 145; Satan’s return to, 12, 206, 210, 213; Sin and doors of, 40; social order in, 48–50; unchanging and circular existence in, 48
Hellespont, 205
Hephaestus-Vulcan (Mulciber), 200, 226, 246
Heraclitus, 272n35
Hercules (Seneca), 255n29
Hercules (Virgil), 272n29
Hermes Trismegistus, 116
heroism, 41; Achillean as obsolete, 39, 46; and Achilles’s wrath vs. Adam’s love, 190; and Achilles vs. Ulysses, 44; and Adam, 169; and Adam and Eve vs. Satan, 198, 199; in Adam’s choosing love for Eve over obedience to God, 1; and “better fortitude,” 216; and charity, 275n48; Christian, 61, 62; and class, 48; and Eve, 167, 169; individual, 28, 29; and martyrdom, 44, 191; military, 46, 61, 62, 222, 244; and patience, 142; of private conscience, 44; and restoration of marriage of Adam and Eve, 217; and romance, 31; satanic acts of, 12; of Son, 28, 29, 61–62, 169, 234; spiritual, 29, 191, 244; in victory over despair, 213; and weakness, 62
Hesiod, 200, 229; Theogony, 225–29; Works and the Days, 226
Hezekiah, 239
Hill, John, 278n39
Hillier, Russell M., 259n21
Hippolytus (Euripides), 200, 224–25, 279n55
history, 122; and Adam’s visions, 246; apocalyptic end of, 47, 57, 58, 104, 190, 201, 206; human, 146–50, 205, 218; and Son’s triumph over Satan, 206–7; and Virgil, 199, 206
Hobbes, Thomas, 269n60
Homer, 31, 102, 143, 217; and God’s scales, 114; and JM’s renown, 11; similes in, 27; and Virgil, 1, 199
—Iliad, 8, 32, 50, 189, 190, 254–55n26, 265n4; Achilles’s absence in, 251n27; Achilles’s shield in, 27, 147, 246; bee simile in, 15, 21; catalog of ships in, 15; contested priority of, 248; council scenes of, 15, 39, 48; Doloneia, 9, 39, 50–52, 61, 138, 254–55n26, 255n27, 264–65n1; and force, 62; golden chain in, 94–95; and heroism, 44, 46; Jupiter and Juno in, 171; prophecy of Greek wall in, 247–48; ramparts built in, 37; spies in, 9, 39, 61; Thersites, 49; two cities in, 148; wrath in, 124. See also Achilles (Homer); Agamemnon (Homer)
—Odyssey, 22, 39, 43, 272n33; and Adam and Eve, 199; banquet with inset storytelling in, 180–82, 272–73n35, 273n34; cave of nymphs in, 271n20; Charybdis in, 59; and marriage, 8, 180–81; return to beginning of, 60; of Satan, 58–59; and Satan’s voyage through Chaos, 38; Scylla and Charybdis in, 40; theodicy in, 60; and Virgil, 67. See also Nausikaa (Homer); Ulysses/Odysseus (Homer)
Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 98, 242
homophrosyne (unanimity, concord), 180, 181, 182, 184, 272n33
honor, 138, 139, 140, 142–43, 145
Hooykaas, R., 264n17
Horace: Odes 2.3, 282n9; Odes 3.24, 205; Odes 4.11, 90
Hotspur (Shakespeare), 140
Houston, Alan, 259n21
Howard, Leon, 270n4
Hoxby, Blair, 48, 254n20, 268n37, 269n56, 281n3, 282n14
Hughes, Merritt, 261n19, 279n49
human beings: as able to die, 216; brotherhood of, 146; and communion with angels and God, 188–89; and dominion only over animals, 207; fallen motives and carnal imaginings of, 237; God as mixing with, 237; and paradise within, 13; pollution of earth by, 237; relapses of, 218; self-sufficiency vs. social dependence of, 155; sexes as unequal but in proportion with each other, 186; sun and stars created for, 117; universe as made for, 269–70n60; war against each other vs. devils, 3–4
Hunter, G. K., 281n1
Hunter, William B., 258n14, 266n10
Icarus, 63, 85, 256n41; and Bellerophon, 90; and Du Bartas, 89; naturalistic explanation for, 66; and Paradise of Fools, 86; and Phaethon, 63, 84, 89; and poet Milton, 89, 92; and Satan, 9, 73, 74, 75, 84
Icarus (Ovid), 63, 69–70, 73, 89, 257n9, 259–60n35
Icarus (Tasso), 69–70, 71, 73, 74
Icarus (Virgil), 64–67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82, 84
Ide, Richard S., 266n10
idolatry, 95, 130, 250n3, 281n6, 283n22; and Abraham, 239; of Augustus, 207; and devils, 8; and devils’ lies, 17; and earthly monarchs, 134–35, 140, 145; and Eve, 239; and fairies, 32; and gods of Egypt, 23; and Jerusalem temple, 26, 239; as kind of poetry, 2, 33, 240; of Mulciber, 13; origins of, 34; and Pandaemonium, 8; and Roman Catholicism, 241; and Satan, 129, 131; and tree of forbidden fruit, 167; and trees, 239
idols: and Augustine, 33; and Bacon, 96; demystification of, 17, 34, 112–13, 118, 235; difficulty of destroying, 34; human making of, 17, 118, 134, 167, 239, 240; and Son, 129–30. See also gods
Ignaro (Spenser), 255n37
imagination, 8, 13, 30, 32, 33, 34, 94, 113, 247
individual: and Abdiel, 28–29, 158; Adam as, 194; distinction of, 190; Eve as, 11, 153, 156–58, 178, 190, 194; and faith, 155, 158, 188; and fame, 11, 154, 155; freedom of, 157; heroism of, 28, 29; and inner light, 103, 104; recognition of, 11; and violence, 141; and virtue, 168
individualism, 27–28; spiritual, 2, 48, 154–55, 188
invisibility, 105, 111; and Creator, 10, 95; of God, 10, 94, 103, 106, 115, 118, 129; of heaven, 10, 93, 95, 113; and invocation to Light in book 3, 99
Iopas, 182
Isaac, 238
Israel, 19, 158, 170, 173, 177, 205
Ithuriel, 51, 61, 123, 130, 138–39
Iulus (Virgil), 222
Jacob, 108
James I, 269n56
Jameson, Fredric, 282n14
Jason (Apollonius Rhodius), 252n2
Jason (Valerius Flaccus), 272n35
Jerome, 18
Jerusalem: and Chemos, 18; and grove of Moloch, 239; Mount Zion in, 24; in Tasso, 22, 244, 245
Jerusalem temple: ceremonies of, 133; and cults of neighboring gods, 24–25; as den of thieves, 245; and devils, 8, 17, 26, 235; and Eden, 243–44, 245, 281n4; gold and corruption of, 235; and idolatry, 239; Jesus’s ejection of money changers from, 236; oracle of God of, 247; and Pandaemonium, 17, 24, 25, 34–35, 240; and Saint Peter’s Basilica, 24; and tithing, 245
Jesus Christ: as carpenter, 187; Church as body of, 179, 186–87; Church as marriage partner to, 187; Church as pieced together by, 187–88; Church loved by, 179–80; Crucifixion of, 206, 220; ejection of money changers from temple by, 236; entrance into Jerusalem, 207; and feminized position, 171; harrowing of hell by, 57; Jews and sight of, 129; Michael on killing of, 152; in On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 101; Passion of, 61, 207; as Roman in Dante, 207; sacrifice as supersession of Law, 192; and Satan’s temptation of kingdoms, 240; and sons of Zebedee, 149; as Sun of Righteousness, 97, 101, 261–62n28; on thief in sheepfold, 244
Jesus Christ (Paradise Regained), 154, 155, 163–64, 168, 169, 205; and Abdiel, 164; and ability to stand and sit, 172; abstention from worldly impurity, 177; and Adam’s uxoriousness, 170; as appearing uncharitable, 177; approval in eyes of God, 175; and Athens temptation, 170, 174; baptism of, 169, 176; as chaste, 171; and Eve, 170–71, 172–73, 174–75, 194; and fame, 163–64, 170, 172–73, 174–75; and Hercules, 176; as new Adam, 170; as new Israel, 170; and oracles, 241; Satan’s banquet temptation of, 170–71, 172–74; Satan’s temptation of with kingdoms, 172, 173, 174; and Virtue of Areopagitica, 173, 174
Jews: envy of, 126–27, 129, 132; rejection of Son by, 10; and sight of Christ, 129; skepticism and anger toward Son, 2; and tithing, 245; in Vida’s Christiad, 127, 128
Job, 11, 163–64, 166, 168, 175–76
Joel, 24
John Chrysostom, 129
Johnson, Lee M., 276n55, 276n57
John the Baptist, 169
Jones, William Powell, 271n14
Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 280n66
Jove, 166
Joyce, James, 8
Jubalcain, 246
Judgment, 197
Judgment Scene, 12, 200, 226, 228, 231–32, 235, 241, 242
Julian the Apostate, 36, 116–17; Hymn to King Helios, 263n48; Letter 47, 263n47
Juno, 189
Juno (Homer), 171
Juno (Virgil), 20, 60, 124, 201, 202, 211, 221, 265n4, 272n35, 279n43
Jupiter (Homer), 171
Jupiter (Virgil), 143, 166, 207
Justice Shallow (Shakespeare), 36
Kahn, Victoria Ann, 255n34, 271n18
Kendrick, Christopher, 271n19
Kepler, Johannes, 115
Kermode, Frank, 250n12, 271n27, 275n48
Kerrigan, William, 155, 194, 219, 259n27, 260n7, 261n14, 261n18, 267n27, 269n51, 269n60, 270nn5, 6, 271n19, 274n37, 277n23, 278n37
Kiernan, V. G., 268n42
King, John N., 274n39
kingdoms/monarchies: catalog of, 13, 237, 240; and equality based on unwilling servitude, 144; and fallen angels, 134–35; and Jesus, 277n18; and republican Commonwealth, 145; and Satan, 1, 10, 134–35, 162, 277n18
kingship/monarchy, 2; and Cain, 11, 122; and Christianity, 11; and David and Solomon, 149; and envy, 11, 122, 123, 131, 146, 151; and Fall, 150; and Filmer, 149; and God, 10, 135, 144; and immoderation, 236; JM’s hatred for, 50; and Mammon, 134, 135; and Nimrod and his crew, 150; and Satan, 5, 7, 11, 61, 122, 123, 130, 131, 145, 150, 267n25; of Son, 144; worldly form invented by Satan, 122; and world without charity, 151
kings/monarchs, 124, 237; and attempts to play God, 124; benefactors, patrons, 145–47, 268–69n50; and Cain, 150; and crimes against brotherhood, 146; degrading servitude to, 145; false sovereignty of, 149, 207; and God, 122, 134, 267n34; as idol, 134–35; JM’s hatred for, 135; and patriarchy, 149; Satan’s desire to be, 49, 144; Son as universal, 61
Klemp, Paul J., 271n14
Kovacs, David, 280n56
Kranidas, Thomas, 260n2, 270n7
Kuhn, Thomas S., 263n42