Labriola, Albert C., 266n10, 266n21, 266n23
Lactantius, Institutes, 20
Lady (Comus), 154; and cave of Mammon, 159; and Comus’s rhetoric of wonder, 161; Comus’s temptation of, 173; and courtly masque, 161–62; and Eve, 160, 168; and individual trial and approval, 194; and Satan’s temptation of Eve, 158; as seated, 171, 172, 253n15
Laius, 56
Lambert, Ellen Zetzel, 271n17
Langer, Ulrich, 267n34
language, 2, 13, 29, 34, 35, 246, 283n22
La Penna, Antonio, 254n21
Lapide, Cornelius à, 256n38, 265n39, 280n69, 281n72
Latinus, 19
Lawson, Anita, 263n44
Le Comte, Edward, 223, 279n52, 280n58, 281n73
Leonard, John, 73, 250n3, 4, 251n29, 258n13, 14, 259n22, 269n58, 276n1, 276n56, 281n5, 283n22
Lethe, 54
Levao, Ronald, 186, 270n3, 272n30, 275n43, 278n27
Lewalski, Barbara, 76, 251n11, 251n18, 252n1, 254n19, 256n42, 258n15, 259n29, 267n34, 270n7, 271n22, 271n27, 276n11, 278n26
Libya, 21–22, 201, 209, 210, 211; and Adam and Eve leaving Eden, 222; and barbarian invaders, 21; blood of Gorgon Medusa in, 210; and hell, 22, 23, 213; and Sodom, 22–23
Lieb, Michael, 230, 231, 250n4, 251n15, 251n20, 251n22, 254n25, 258n14, 259n18, 259n26, 259n33, 262n37, 266n21, 268n47, 276n9, 277n21, 280n65, 280n67, 281n70
Light: invocation of, 60, 93, 96, 97, 99–103
light: at Creation, 96; divine, ultimately inner, 13, 93, 99, 103, 104, 105, 110; and divine illumination vs. sunlight, 99, 108, 110; of faith, 105; as framing book 3, 96; of God, 97, 98–99, 103, 111; as impressed on Son, 97; and Paradise of Fools, 113; of physical sunlight, 93; of poetic inspiration, 104; Satan as deprived of, 97; and sight, 97, 99, 106; and Son’s triumph over death, 106; and spiritual progress, 103
Loewenstein, David, 269n51
Lot, 22, 222, 223, 229; wife of, 22, 222, 223
love, 6, 154; and Adam, 11, 153, 189, 191–92, 200; and Adam and Eve, 1, 7, 12, 178, 179, 180, 182, 190, 198, 199, 275–76n49, 279n43; brought about by Son, 1; capacity of angels to, 137; and Christian brotherhood, 146; and Christian liberty, 1, 156, 192; and community, 156, 193; and conceit of stringed instrument, 185–86; corporate, 190; and Eve, 193, 276n54; in friendship between social superiors and inferiors, 186; and God, 7, 151; of Jesus Christ for Church, 179, 188; and marriage, 7, 11–12, 179–80, 182, 185–86, 189, 193, 194, 199, 276n54; and obedience, 7; paradise within of, 247; and Plato’s wings of soul, 87–88; and Son, 137, 189, 191, 192; and Virgil’s Aeneid, 199
Lucan, De bello civile, 22, 204, 210
Lucifera (Spenser), 162
Lucretius, 58, 64–67, 72, 119, 259nn24, 25; and chance, 74, 84; and Chaos, 73, 81; De rerum natura, 9, 63, 65–67, 73, 74, 80–85, 258n14; godless cosmology of, 74, 80; and Icarus, 84; and Naturam non pati senium, 75, 82–83, 84; and Ovid, 82; and Phaethon, 75, 80–85; and poetry, 92; unbelief of, 74; and Virgil, 73, 82; and void, 73
Lucrine Lake, 277n12
Ludlow Castle, 171
Lyle, Joseph, 250n3
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 133, 267n30
MacCaffrey, Isabel G., 93, 260n2, 261n26, 262n36, 262n38
MacCallum, Hugh, 266n10
Madsen, William G., 260n7
Mair, A. W., 261n13
Mair, G. R., 261n13
Mammon, 48–50, 53, 55, 123, 251n14, 267–68n37; and Adam, 48; and Beelzebub, 39, 42, 48–49; and Belial, 48; and kingship, 134, 135; and materialism of moneyed middle class, 48; raising of Pandaemonium by, 245; and Satan, 171; and social order in hell, 48–49; and Thersites, 39, 254n21
Mammon (Spenser), 48, 158–59, 162, 171
Manley, Lawrence, 251n21, 253n17, 271n15, 282n8
manna, 183
Manoa (Samson Agonistes), 224
Manso, Giovanni Battista, 165
Marcellus, 65
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, 259n21
Marlowe, Christopher, The Jew of Malta, 245
marriage: and Adam and Eve, 12, 161, 171, 180, 182, 184, 185–86, 189, 192, 217, 218, 220, 221, 234; autonomy in, 194; and banquet with inset storytelling, 180–82; and charity, 12, 179, 188; and Christ’s love for Church, 179–80; comic solution of, 8; and community, 182, 188; as counterpart to church and community of angels, 184; as Eden to Eve, 193; after Fall, 156; founded on love and obedience to God, 189; and Genesis formula, 272–73n32; and happy conversation, 179; harmony in, 180, 181; as heroic arena, 221; husband as leaving father and cleaving to wife in, 223; and JM, 155, 156, 177, 190, 194, 200, 219, 223; and Juno, 221; and love, 7, 11–12, 182, 185–86, 193, 194, 199, 276n54; and Odyssey, 8; as one flesh, 179, 185, 188; proportion due in, 186; and Samson Agonistes, 224; and sexual intimacy, 272n32; as substitute for union or communion deified, 185; sweetness of, 182; unclosing difference in, 185–86; as union of mind or soul, 180; and value of sexual life, 221; and Virgil’s Aeneid, 199; as what survives of Eden, 190
Martin, Catherine Gimelli, 114, 255n34, 258n14, 262n37, 263n41
Martindale, Charles, 251n14, 265n3, 283n23
Marullus, Michael, 263n47
materialism, 2, 95, 115, 117, 120, 263n45
Mazzotta, Giuseppe, 253n7
McColley, Diana Kelsey, 270n9, 275n50
McEachern, Claire, 271n19
Mercury (Virgil), 220, 221, 222, 256n4, 275n49
metapoetics, 8, 17, 28, 32, 34, 235–36, 246
Michael: on charity, 12, 191–92; clothing of, 221–22; disparagement of empires by, 247, 283n20; dry narrative of, 246–47; on effeminate slackness, 227, 232; Eve and speech of, 194, 276n57; as initiating Adam and Eve into holiness, 236; on killing of Jesus, 152; and Mercury, 221–22; mode of exposition of, 245–47; on moderation of appetites, 236; and no sanctity attributed to place, 25; six visions and six speeches as twelve-book epic by, 246; on Son’s fight with Satan, 142; vest of, 279n45; visions of, 147, 237, 245–47; on woman’s seed and serpent, 237
Michels, Agnes Kirsopp, 256n7
Miller, Timothy C., 271n27
Milton, John: Abdiel as stand-in for, 11, 163; acceptance of adult sexuality by, 194; as anti-Trinitarian, 128, 266n22; Arianism of, 271n28; blindness of, 10, 13, 44, 46, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 129, 133, 156, 163, 167, 171–72, 177, 200, 216, 225, 246, 247, 261n15; at Cambridge, 158; career of, 165; and chastity, 165, 225; and childhood home of, 245; Christian humanism of, 1; classical scholarship of, 176; as Commonwealth bureaucrat, 155; complicity as poet in raising devil, 235; and contingencies of life of, 177; and Ms. Davis, 223, 224; defeat of political cause of, 216; and epithet “the Lady,” 158; and fame, 11, 164, 165, 175–76; and freedom, 196; God’s recognition and applause of, 163; and individual perfection, 155–56; inspiration of, 261n18; and Margaret Lee, 223, 224; life story of, 155–56; marriages of, 155, 156, 177, 190, 194, 200, 219, 223; Mulciber as double of, 8; noble airs of, 142; as oracle, 247; as orator, 44; as pamphleteer, 155; and Mary Powell, 223, 224, 225, 230, 231, 276n5; as Protestant poet, 198–99; republicanism of, 134, 140; royalist enemies of, 103, 105; and Samson, 155–56; as seated, 172; as Secretary for the Foreign Tongues, 146, 283n20; and suicide, 216; and timorous and slothful Belial, 173; wish for individual trial and approval, 194; wish for spiritual purity, 166; work as Secretary for the Foreign Tongues, 176
Milton, John, works
L’Allegro, 11–12, 155, 159–60, 181, 184, 261n15
Animadversions, 232, 263–64n48, 272n30
An Apology against a Pamphlet [Apology for Smectymnus], 232, 263–64n48, 270n3, 282n13
Areopagitica, 12, 47, 155, 156, 164, 186, 196, 270n10, 271n20; and censorship, 157; on church, 275n45, 275n47; cloistering of virtue in, 158; and Eve desirous to make trial of her strength, 196; and religious toleration, 188; unclosing religious difference in, 186–88; Virtue in, 157–58, 159, 168, 173, 174
The Art of Logic, 185
At a Vacation Exercise in the College, 261n16, 273n36
Comus [A Masque presented at Ludlow Castle 1634], 11, 18, 32, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161–62, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 176, 183, 194, 225, 253n15, 271n18
Considerations Touching the Likeliest Means to Remove Hirelings Out of the Church, 245
De Doctrina Christiana (On Christian Doctrine), 5, 60, 74, 102, 123, 126, 127–28, 146, 175, 179–80, 183, 185, 240, 270n3, 271n28, 281n6
Defense of the English People, 149
The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, 179, 186, 217, 230
Eikonoklastes, 37, 129, 262n30
Elegia Quinta: In adventum veris, 99–101, 102, 105, 108, 117, 261nn15, 16
First Defense of the English People, 44, 268–69n50, 269n55
The History of Britain, 203, 276n10
In Proditionem Bombardicam (On the Gunpowder Plot), 257–58n12
letter to Charles Diodati, 91
Lycidas, 2, 11, 155, 156, 164–65, 166, 225, 249n3
Naturam non pati senium (Nature does not suffer old age), 63, 75, 82–83, 85
Of Education, 94, 103, 115, 182, 260n3, 270n3
On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 23, 31, 32, 101, 155, 235, 241, 242, 261n15
Paradise Lost: 1667 version of, 13, 28, 29, 193, 229, 231, 234–35; 1674 version of, 201, 229, 231, 234, 235, 237, 281n1; as beginning and ending epic tradition, 1, 236, 247–48; changed wording in, 229, 231; form of, 249n3; Pandaemonium as anti-version of, 17; willed foregoing of imaginative riches of, 245
Paradise Lost, episodes: book 1: invocation, 25, 74, 104, 122; whale simile, 27, 29–30, 34; catalog of demons, 17–24, 141; building of Pandemonium, 24–26, 33, 37, 114, 205, 235, 240, 243, 246, 247; fairy elves simile, 29–32, 34; book 2: council in hell, 3–6, 41–52, 135, 214; devils’ civilization, 52–54, 213–14; Satan, Sin, and Death, 55–58; Satan’s voyage and fall through Chaos, 58–59, 64–75; book 3: invocation, 99–104, 105–6, 109, 247; council in heaven, 60–61, 97, 98, 104–5, 106, 124, 246, 247; Paradise of Fools, 85–86, 111–14; Satan, Uriel, and sun, 108, 109–11; book 4: Satan’s soliloquy, 75, 88, 212, 213; Satan enters Eden, 243–45; Adam and Eve, Eve’s narration: her creation and marriage, 154, 161, 178, 182, 221; Satan and Zephon and Ithuriel, 51, 130, 138–39; suspended duel of Satan and Gabriel, 51, 139–43; book 5: Eve’s dream, 86–87, 167; meal with Raphael, 181–82, 183, 189, 273–74n35; Raphael’s narration: exaltation of Son, 128–29, 183–84; Satan’s envy and rebellion, 126, 128, 129–31, 133, 137; Abdiel and Satan, 28–29, 127–28, 129, 141–42, 143, 163–64, 184–85, 190, 234; book 6: Raphael’s narration: War in Heaven, 77–80, 83–85, 86, 125, 136, 137–38, 142, 199; triumph of Son, 206–7; book 7: invocation, 90–91, 105; Raphael’s narration: Creation, 72, 80, 202–3; triumph of Son, hymn to Father, 207–8; book 8: Raphael’s astronomy, 95–96, 114, 119–20; Adam’s narration: his creation and marriage, 177, 179, 180, 185–86; book 9: invocation, 91, 136, 189–90; Satan’s soliloquy, 131, 132, 213, 264n49; Separation Scene, 156–58, 164–67, 174, 195–96, 232, 239; temptation and fall of Eve, 117, 121, 159–63, 167–69, 170, 172, 173, 174, 218–19; Adam falls with Eve, 178, 188–90, 218–19, 220; book 10: Judgment Scene and oracle, 215, 226–27, 231–32, 235, 237, 242; Sin and Death build bridge over Chaos, 202–6, 209; Satan hissed in hell, 22, 130, 209–11; Adam’s complaint and misogyny, 213–14, 223–25, 229; Adam and Eve reconcile, 214–18, 219, 223, 228–29; book 11: God sends Michael to evict Adam and Eve, 221–22, 236, 238, 239–40; catalog of future kings and empires, 13, 235, 237; human history up to Flood in Michael’s visions, 146–48, 192, 227, 228, 236, 245, 246; fate of Eden foretold, 235, 240, 242–43, 245, 247–48; book 12: human history up to Apocalypse in Michael’s narration, 148–50, 152, 207, 246–47; final instructions, leaving of Eden, 22–23, 92, 191–93, 218, 222–23, 247, 248
Paradise Regained, 11, 13, 154, 155, 156, 163–64, 166, 168, 169–76, 177, 194, 205, 235, 241, 247, 253n15, 270n6, 277n18; cessation of oracles of, 235, 241; and contingencies of JM’s life, 177; divine approval and recognition in, 169; and individual recognition, 11; and individual trial and approval, 194; Jesus and new Eve in, 169–76; kingdoms in, 277n18; reward of earthly fame in, 175–76; Satan’s invitations to Jesus to sit in, 253n15; supersession of temple of, 247
The Passion, 127
Il Penseroso, 155, 184, 261n15
Prolusion 1 (“Whether Day is more excellent than Night”), 54, 261n15
Prolusion 2 (“On the Harmony of the Spheres”), 227
Prolusion 6 (“Sportive Exercises on occasion are not inconsistent with philosophical studies”), 158
Prolusion 7 (“Learning brings more Blessings to Men than Ignorance”), 247
The Readie and Easie Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth, 11, 134–35, 136, 140, 143, 145–46, 147, 149, 150, 186, 268n48
The Reason of Church Government, 45, 173, 187, 271n19, 271n25, 277n22
Samson Agonistes, 105, 154, 155–56, 172, 224, 227, 247, 270n6
Second Defense of the English People, 44, 50, 52, 103, 105, 142, 282n15
Sonnet 16 (“When I consider”), 46, 133, 163
Sonnet To Mr Cyriack Skinner Upon his Blindness, 99
Tetrachordon, 179, 185, 186, 272n30
writings on church reform, 176
Milton, John, Sr., 245
Miner, Earl, 258n14
misogyny, 12–13, 199–200, 219, 233; and Aeneid, 221; and dignity of Eve as mother, 221; and Eve and Pandora, 226; and Hippolytus, 225; male self-hatred as source of, 224; in outburst of Adam, 12, 167–68, 199–200, 214, 219, 223–25, 227, 228–29; Stiblin on, 225. See also women
mock-epic, 78
mock-heroic, 79
Moloch, 55, 241; and Ajax, 43; and Belial, 18, 19, 22, 39, 40, 42–48; in catalog of devils, 18; and Chemos, 18; and death, 45, 46–47, 48, 53, 55, 57; and Gabriel, 142; grove of, 239; and human sacrifice, 18, 19; and Jerusalem temple, 239; and Saturn, 19–22; and self-annihilation, 43, 278n29; and Ulysses and Ajax, 39; and war and extinction, 18, 42, 52
Montaigne, Michel de, 185
More, Alexander., 44
More, Henry, 115
Moreh, altar at, 240
Morgan le Fay, 31
Moses, 24, 107, 127, 252n2, 255–56n37
Mouline, Nabil, 282n3
Mountain of Speculation, 13, 237
Muir, Edward, 268n42
Mulciber, 8, 13, 30, 136, 240, 245, 246, 282n17
Mulryan, John, 256n1
Murrin, Michael, 250n2, 251n22, 251n36, 261n22, 262n34
Muse, 6, 7, 31, 32, 33, 85, 90, 92
Naomi, 193
Narcissus, pool of, 154
Nardo, Anna K., 276n55
nature, 10; and Bacon, 118; book of, 119; and Chaos, 9; divinization of, 115, 117; and Elegy V, 101; in invocation to Light, 101; links to Creator of works of, 120; materialist conception of, 115; as measured by human mortality, 85; new empirical approach to, 120; in On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 101; and paganism, 117, 130; unkindly mixed works of, 112; works of, 95
Nausikaa (Homer), 62, 160, 180
Nelson, Eric, 267n35
Neoplatonism, 114, 115, 116, 118
Neptune, 189
Neptune (Virgil), 206, 265n4, 276n7; calming by, 148, 201, 202–3, 206; trident of, 201, 202, 203
New Science, 9, 94, 95, 114, 115, 118, 119
Nicodemism, 128
Nicolson, Majorie Hope, 263n44
Nievelt, Maria Alexandra van, 279n46
Nimrod, 13, 124, 147, 148–49, 150, 237, 246
Nisus (Virgil), 254n26
Noah, 148, 149, 227, 238, 242, 246, 247, 280n60
Nock, A. D., 251n33
Nohrnberg, James, 176, 235, 242, 251n21, 252n1, 254n26, 255n35, 266n10, 267n24, 270n6, 277n22, 278n29, 281n2, 281n4, 282n12, 282n14, 283n23
Norbrook, David, 254n25
Nyquist, Mary, 266n10, 270n8, 271n23, 271n26, 272n32, 275n52, 276n54
obedience: and Adam, 1, 12, 156, 189, 191–92, 279n43; and angels, 7, 130; and charity, 189; and Eve, 1, 12, 279n43; and Father, 189; and God, 1, 7, 12, 156, 189, 191; limitations and supersession of, 192; and love, 7, 191, 192; and marriage, 189; and Son, 189, 191, 192
O’Connell, Michael, 271n13
Odysseus (Homer). See Ulysses/Odysseus (Homer)
Of Statues and Antiquities, 243
Olympian gods, 259n20
Oppian, Halieutica, 255n35
oracle(s): cessation of, 235, 241, 242, 243, 247; and Eden, 241–43; of God, 247; JM as, 247; in On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 31, 235, 241; in Paradise Regained, 241; of serpent and women’s seed, 216, 237, 242; of Themis, 242; treasuries as banks, 243; and upright heart and pure, 247
orator, 231, 260n37, 276n6; Beelzebub as, 50; Belial as, 38, 42–43, 45; JM as, 44, 45; Son as, 203; Ulysses as, 38, 39, 50; in Virgil, 201, 202, 203
Orgoglio (Spenser), 255n37
Orlando (Ariosto), 254n26
Orpheus, 91
Orus, 23
Ovid, 64; Ars Amatoria, 257n9; Heroides, 220; and Lucretius, 82; medieval allegorizers of, 256n1; and Naturam non pati senium, 84; and Tasso, 70; Tristia, 63, 82, 260n35; and Virgil, 70
—Metamorphoses, 39, 77, 79, 89, 98, 253n9, 255n29, 261n28; Apollo of, 89; Chaos in, 77; Creation in, 77; Daedalus of, 89; Deucalion and Pyrrha in, 242; Flood in, 280n64; Icarus in, 63, 69–70, 73, 89, 257n9, 259–60n35; and Phaethon, 63, 76, 77, 79, 82, 89; Prometheus in, 280n59; and Ulysses and Ajax, 43
Paden, D., 271n14
paganism, 95; and Adam’s altar decoration, 240; and Augustine, 33, 239; and devils, 8; and Eden, 240–41, 243; and Elegy V, 101; and established churches, 25; expulsion of gods of, 241; and fairies, 32; and gods derived from nature, 130; in On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 31, 235; poetry of, 10; and Satan, 117; as substitution of God’s works for their creator, 117; and sun worship, 115
Palm Sunday, 207
Pandaemonium, 41, 43, 57, 104, 282n17; and Babel, 78; building/raising of, 15, 20–21, 37, 235; calling of council in, 38; and Carthage, 21; circularity in plight of devils in, 213–14; and devils, 9, 34–35, 235; and devils’ diminishment, 8, 28; devil’s hissing wings at entrance to, 211; and Eden, 13, 235, 240, 243, 245, 247, 282n8; grove near, 239; and heaven, 25, 26; and Jerusalem temple, 17, 24, 25, 34–35, 240; and Mulciber, 246; and music and poetry, 8, 17, 33; and palace of Dido, 21; and priestcraft, 26; and pyramids, 23; and romances of chivalry, 31; and Rome, 20, 21, 205; and Saint Peter’s Basilica, 21, 240; Satan’s return to, 22, 197; Satan’s triumph in, 208
Pandora, 13, 200, 219, 225–29, 231, 233, 280n64
Panofsky, Dora, 280n57
Panofsky, Erwin, 280n57
papacy, 5, 21, 24, 199, 205, 207, 276n3. See also Roman Catholic Church
Papazian, Mary A., 268n44
parables: of fig tree, 281n4; of good servant, 11; of laborers in vineyard, 126, 127; of talents, 163, 271n16; of thief who climbs into the sheepfold, 244
Paradise of Fools, 10, 85–86, 94, 95, 96, 97, 111–14
paradise within, 7, 13, 104, 105, 192, 193, 212, 247
Parker, Patricia A., 30, 251n28, 253n6, 271n23, 275n52, 276n54, 283n22
parody, 6, 160; of ascension of Elijah, 73; of book 3 in advance by book 2, 97; in Chaos as Holy Spirit, 256n40; of communion in War in Heaven, 274n40; of Creation by Sin and Death, 203; and Dante, 68, 112; by devils of original sin, 209–10; by devils raised of poet raised by Muse, 33; of faith, 111; of Lucretian clinamen, 73; and Mammon, 48; of Pandaemonium as Jerusalem temple, 24, 25; and Paradise of Fools, 10, 113; of Plato on wings of soul, 87–88; in Roman Empire of divine monarchy, 207; of Satan as awakening dead at Resurrection, 255n37; in Satan looking down on lower works, 107; by Satan of language of communion, 274n40; by Satan of Moses, 24; by Satan of Son’s harrowing of hell, 57, 209, 255n37; by Satan of Son’s triumph, 210; in Satan of Son’s true merit, 86; in Satan of Ulysses’s journey, 9; of Satan reenacting original sin, 22; and Satan’s duel with Gabriel, 139; in Satan’s offer to voyage to earth, 3; Satan’s triumph as, 12, 206, 208, 209; by Sin and Death, 201, 208; of Son’s charity, 131
Parthia, 172, 174, 176, 204, 205
pastoral elegy, 165
Patrides, C. A., 282n11
Patterson, Annabel, 45, 269n54, 271n25, 275n46, 278n30, 279n48, 280n62
Patterson, Frank, 249n6
Paul, 56, 184; and body of Christ, 146, 186–87; and charity, 188; and Christ’s love for Church, 179; and Church as new temple, 186–87; and conformity, 187, 188; on death and resurrection, 105; and envy, 127; on faith, 102; and false apostles, 96; and gods of Egypt, 23; JM as qualifying foundational misogyny of, 154; on marriage and community, 182; and one flesh of human marriage, 179; and proportion of faith, 187, 188; and seeing God face to face, 106; on union of mind and charity, 155, 180; on wives and husbands, 153; and women, 187
Pecheux, Mother M. Christopher, 261n17
Pelikan, Jaroslav, 266n23
Pelion, 78
Peltonen, Markku, 268n42
Penelope (Odyssey), 41, 55, 181, 189
Peor, 241
Peter, Saint, 85
Phaeacians (Odyssey), 181
Phaethon, 63, 256n1, 258n15; and Apollo, 76, 79, 98; and Bellerophon, 90; and Eve, 86; good vs. bad, 76; and Horace, 90; and Icarus, 63, 84, 89; and Lucretius, 75, 80–85; and Naturam non pati senium, 83–84; in Ovid, 77, 79, 82, 89; and Satan, 75, 76, 77, 80, 84, 86, 98; and Son, 9, 75–85, 86, 89, 92, 98
Phillips, Jane E., 261n19, 279n42
philosopher’s stone, 111, 113, 115
Philotime (Spenser), 162
Phineus, 103
Phoebus (Elegy V), 101
Phoenicians, 19
Pilate, 127
Pincus, Steven, 259n21
Pindar, 90–91; seventh Isthmian ode, 90
Platonism, 68, 94, 111, 114, 115
Plutarch, De audiendis poetis, 252n3
poet: anxiety over falling, 91; and creativity, 99; and failed flight, 90; inspiration sought by, 99; and invocation to Light in book 3, 99; physical sightlessness of, 112; successful flight of, 91; as successful Icarus, 63, 89
poetry, 96, 181; and Bacon, 96, 118–19; as best form of teaching, 182; and Christian myth, 92; and creation of devils, 8; and devils, 53, 92; fairies as stuff of, 32; and fallenness, 91; and flight above fallenness, 85, 92; godlike exaltation of, 89; Horace as swan of, 91; idolatry as kind of, 33; and Lucretius, 92; and New Science, 10, 95, 119; pagan, 10; Pegasean steed of, 90; and raising of devils, 33, 34; reduction to nonsense, 35; shaping power of, 9, 92, 96, 118–19
Poliziano, 253n4
Polybius, 36
Pompey, 204
Pope, Alexander, “Peri Bathous, Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry,” 74
Porphyry, 271n20
Powell, Mary, 200, 223, 224, 225, 230, 231, 276n5
Powell family, 223
predestination, 60
Priapus, 18
pride, 63, 112, 122, 132, 167, 168
priestcraft, 26
Prince, F. T., 249n3
Proclus, Commentary on the Timaeus, 263n48
Prometheus, 216, 226, 228, 280nn59, 60, 280n64
Promethides and Epimethida, 280n64
Promised Land, 24, 107, 237, 238
proportion, 11, 185, 186, 187, 188
proportional charity, 190
proportioned equality, 145, 186
Proserpina (Spenser), 158, 159
Protestantism, 167; and faith and works, 112, 192; and iconoclasm, 94, 118; and individual faith, 155, 158; and New Science, 118, 264n51; and practice of hearing word of God, 246
Proteus, 43
Prudentius, Psychomachia, 274n38
Pruitt, Kristin A., 258n13, 266n7, 266n11, 270n9
Psalter, MS. K.26, Saint John’s College, Cambridge, 274n38
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 137; Celestial Hierarchy, 108–9
Puritanism, 96
Putnam, Michael, 143, 256n3, 268n49
pygmies, 27
pyramids, 21
Quilligan, Maureen, 277n20
Quint, David, 251nn26, 27, 252n2, 253n9, 257n10, 259n20, 261n17, 268n42, 269n56, 271n19, 271n23, 276n6, 277n14, 279n42, 282n11, 283n20
Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 276n6, 283n21
Quintus Curtius, 20
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica, 39, 44, 52–53
Rabanus Maurus, Commentariorum in Genesim Libri Quatuor, 274n38
Rabb, Theodore K., 264n51
Rabelais, François, 235
Rajan, Balachandra, 283n20
Rand, Ayn, and spirit of Mammon, 135
Raphael, 94, 143, 151, 190; Adam and Eve’s meal and communion with, 11, 179, 182, 183, 188, 272–73n35; Adam and Eve warned by, 60; Adam as greeting, 135; Adam’s praise for narration of, 182; on bodies turning to spirit, 87, 183, 185; and communion and joy of angels, 11; and Creation, 76, 181; and Demodocus, 181–82; as eating human food, 183; and Eden and Delos, 243; and Eve’s dignity as mother, 221; and Eve’s question about stars, 95–96; on food of angels, 183; and foreknowlege of Fall, 185; on God’s creation of universe, 7; on heaven as God’s book of works, 119–20; heliocentric doctrine of, 114; on hidden causes, 119–20; and human future of participation in angelic food, 185, 260n3, 274n40; and Iopas, 182; as likening spiritual to corporeal forms, 182; and novelty of warfare of Satan, 137; one first matter all speech, 95, 260n3; as sociable spirit, 179; sweetness of words of, 182; and virtuous self-esteem, 271n19; on voluntary rather than necessitated service of, 140; and War in Heaven, 6, 28, 76, 143, 181, 272–73n35; words to Adam to be strong, 276n4
reader: as warned about devils, 34; and whale and fairies similes, 30
Redcrosse Knight (Spenser), 255n37
Reformers, 31
Regii Sanguinis Clamor (The Cry of Royal Blood), 44
remorse, 7, 8, 9, 54, 55, 56, 213–14
republican commonwealth, 11, 123, 144, 145, 186
Restoration, 11, 49–50, 54, 91, 105, 150
Revard, Stella Purce, 265n2, 266n10, 267n36, 270n9, 280n57, 280n64
Riggs, William G., 251n19
Rimmon, 25
Rinaldo (Tasso), 69, 219–20, 221, 244, 245, 278n38
Rogers, John, 258n14, 260n7, 266n10, 266n23, 272n32, 275n53, 282n19
Roman Catholic Church, 25, 199, 240, 246. See also papacy
Roman Catholicism, 21, 205; and demons, 241; and fairies, 31, 32; and Islam, 250n9; and Paradise of Fools, 10, 85; perpetuation of paganism in, 32; and works, 112
romance, 31
romances of chivalry, 30–31, 136
Roman Empire: and barbarian invaders, 17, 21; as diabolic parody of divine monarchy, 207; papacy as heir of, 207
Roman republic, 148
Roman senate, 21
Roman soldiers, 36
Roman triumph, 207
Rome, 172, 176, 200; and Augustine, 148, 151; and bridge over Araxes, 204; and Cain and Abel, 148, 151; and Carthage, 20, 21, 22, 23; and devils, 8, 24; imperial, 5, 276n3; and kingdoms temptation, 174; and Pandaemonium, 20, 21, 205; papal, 5, 21, 205, 276n3; power of, 198–99, 240; roads and empire of, 203; and Saint Peter, 240; and Saturn, 19; and Virgil’s Aeneid, 12; and war and luxury, 148; as Whore of Babylon, 21
Romei, Annibale, Discorsi (Courtiers Academie), 141
Ronsard, Pierre de, Le Second Livre des Sonnets pour Helene, 256n1
Rosenblatt, Jason P., 250n3, 266n6, 270n3, 272n32, 281n4
Rumrich, John Peter, 254n23, 258n14, 260n7, 261n21, 266n18, 271n21, 275n41, 277n23
Ruth, 193
Sabrina (Comus), 159
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 282n13
Saint Peter’s Basilica, 21, 24, 240
Sallust, Conspiracy of Catiline, 148
salvation, 107, 112, 128, 129, 175, 179
Samson (Samson Agonistes), 105, 154, 155–56, 172, 177, 216, 224, 227
Samuel, Irene, 261n24
Sandys, George, 239
Satan: and Abdiel, 11, 29, 127, 128, 142, 151–52, 158, 184; and accommodation of Son, 134; and Achilles, 41; and Adam, 154, 190, 211, 212, 217, 277n24; Adam and Eve as heroes in place of, 198, 199; Adam as echoing soliloquies of, 213; and Aeneas, 20, 212; as angel of light, 108; and Apollo, 76; and aristocracy, 51, 52, 136, 138, 139, 244; and artillery, 137, 142, 250n2, 259n21; as attracted to substitutes for God, 97, 264n49; and Augustus, 204; as awakening dead at Resurrection, 255n37; and Babel, 78; belittling of, 74, 208; and Braggadocchio, 161; and Cain and Abel, 11, 146; and Caleb and Joshua, 107; capture of, 51–52, 61; and Carthage, 210; and chance, 73–74, 75, 84; and Chaos, 54, 77–79, 84; Chaos crossed by, 3, 9, 24, 38, 39, 40, 54, 55, 58–59, 64, 71–75, 80, 84, 85–86, 107, 252n2, 257n10; Charybdis carried within, 59; as cherub, 96, 108, 112, 117, 139; and Christian equality, 134; circular existence of, 57, 132, 198, 199, 210, 217; and Comus, 159, 160, 161; conferral of power on Sin and Death, 276n4; and confused order of events after Fall, 197; and court service, 133, 134; in Cowley, 264–65n1; Creator denied by, 130; and Death, 40, 54, 55–58, 59, 199, 252n2; as decreative, 75, 80; defeat in War in Heaven, 15, 85; degradation of, 198, 209; deprived of light, 97; desire to be envied, 131; desire to be king, 49, 130, 144, 145; despair of, 213; and destruction, 7, 131, 132; devils as reverencing, 3; as devils’ savior, 255n37; as disfigured, 109; and Dolon, 51, 61; and Doloneia, 39, 51; in Du Bartas, 264–65n1; Eden entered by, 243–44, 245; and Elijah’s ascension, 73, 257–58n12; and Envy in Cowley, 264–65n1; envy of, 1, 7, 10–11, 107, 117, 122–32, 133, 134, 135, 144, 146, 150, 152, 264–65n2, 267n36; and Eve, 8, 10, 11, 170; Eve given dream by, 51, 61, 86–87, 125, 151, 167, 274n40; and Eve’s question about stars, 95–96; and Eve’s spiritual ambition, 166–67; Eve tempted by, 117, 124–25, 159–60, 162, 163, 167, 168, 170–71, 172, 173, 174, 190; evidence of eyes of, 121, 122, 128–29; evil embraced by, 213; evil eye of, 126; and failed parody of Son’s triumph, 210; and falling feeling, 59, 75, 84, 88, 132, 213, 217; fall in vacuity (Lucretian void), 73; as false crusader, 244; false piety of, 262n30; fiction about as fiction, 34; final punishment of, 57; as floating on version of Dead Sea, 18; and fraud, 16, 51, 61; Gabriel’s duel with, 11, 123, 124, 138, 139–42, 143, 200; and geocentric universe, 96, 264n49; and God, 114, 130–31; on God and Son as both born in time, 10, 130; on God’s creation of mankind, 132; in God’s scales, 113–14; and gunpowder, 78; hardened heart of, 7, 27, 103–4, 125; as harrowing hell, 255n37; hypocrisy of, 112, 140, 144; and Icarus, 9, 73, 74, 75, 84; and idolatry, 129, 131; as inferior angel, 109; and instrumental mode of seeing, 107; invitations to Jesus to sit, 253n15; Jesus tempted by, 150, 164, 169–76, 177, 237, 240; and kingship, 1, 5, 7, 10, 11, 61, 123, 130, 131, 134–35, 145, 150, 162, 267n25; and language of communion, 274n40; as liar, 139; lightness of, 114; as Lucifer, 93, 108, 113; as Lucretian atom in free fall, 73; and Mammon, 135, 171; meeting with Sin and Death, 39, 40, 48, 138, 197; metamorphosis into ash-chewing snake, 198; as mirror of literary creator, 17; and Moses, 24, 107, 252n2, 255–56n37; narcissism of, 132; and Nimrod, 150; and Odysseus, 16; and Odyssey, 16, 58–59; and Oedipus story, 48, 56; and opening storm of Aeneid, 20, 212; as overmighty feudal subject, 136, 137; and pagan worship of sun, 99; and Paradise of Fools, 113; and Paradise Regained, 13, 169, 170–71, 172–76; and pastourelle, 162–63, 170; and Phaethon, 75, 76, 77, 80, 84, 86, 98, 256n1; pride of, 27, 132; as prostrate at beginning and end of poem, 12, 211, 212, 217; as Python, 210; and recursive nature of sin, 198; and Red Sea crossing, 23; remorseful conscience of, 40; return to hell by, 12, 22, 197, 201, 209, 210, 213; and revenge as redounding on own head, 57; and revolutionary politics, 254n25, 267n25; and Rinaldo, 244; sense of self-impairment, 130; as serpent, 13, 150, 213, 217; as servile courtier, 136; and Sin, 54, 55–58, 59, 123, 199, 252n2, 255n37; and sin, 84, 137, 144; skepticism of, 121; and Son, 3, 10, 61, 125, 126, 129, 130–31, 134, 142, 150, 152, 201, 206, 234; speeches of, 15; as spy, 39, 107; submission disdained by, 213; and substrate of heaven, 135; and sun, 76, 97, 98, 109, 120, 121; and Tasso’s Calyph of Egypt, 5; and Tasso’s sea voyagers, 257n10; and Telegony, 48; as thief, 244; and time, 129, 144, 152; as Titan, 27; as tourist or pilgrim, 108; transformed into serpent, 22, 36, 199, 209, 210–11; triumph of, 12, 22, 201, 206, 208–11; as Typhon, 210; and Ulysses, 39, 41, 42, 58, 61, 72, 73; unhappy consciousness of, 132; and Uriel, 93, 96, 98, 108, 109, 110, 117, 262n30; and usurpation, 267n24; as volunteer, 3, 97, 264–65n1; and War in Heaven, 76, 77–78, 86, 136; war invention of, 10, 123, 137–38; war rejected by, 15–16; as wolf, 244; worldly monarchy invention of, 134; and worship of images, 129; and Zephon and Ithuriel, 123, 130, 138–39
Sauer, Elizabeth, 251n37, 283n20
Saumaise, Claude (Salmacius), 44
Schaff, Philip, 266n19
Schoeck, Helmut, 267n31
Schoenfeldt, Michael, 268n44, 278n32
Schwartz, Regina, 258n14, 274n39, 275n51
science, 95, 118–19. See also New Science
Scipio Africanus, 36
Scodel, Joshua, 256n1, 271n19, 275n44
Scylla and Charybdis, 2, 235, 252n2; and Chaos, 256n41; and choice, 9, 40, 48, 55; Erasmus on, 255n33; and Mammon and Beelzebub, 40; and Moloch and Belial, 40; and Satan, 38, 59, 64; and Sin and Death, 55, 59
Segal, Charles, 256n3
Selden, John, 23, 115; De Diis Syris, 250n5, 263n45
Seneca: Hercules Oetaeus, 255n29; Phoenissae, 215
Separation Scene, 156–58, 163, 164–67, 195–96, 232, 239, 270n8
Serapis, 23
Seth, sons of, 147
sex/sexuality, 88; and angelic guests of Lot, 229; and Comus, 161; and discovery of fire, 228; and Elegy V, 101; as grinding, 228, 280n62; in Hippolytus, 224–25; and JM, 155, 194; and marriage, 272n32; and pastourelle, 162, 163; and Samson and Dalila, 227; and Satan’s temptation of Eve, 158; and suicide of Dido, 221; value of, 221
Shakespeare, William: As You Like It, 139; Hamlet, 47, 253n17; 1 Henry IV, 37, 140; 2 Henry IV, 36; 3 Henry VI, 256n1; Macbeth, 267n30; Measure for Measure, 253–54n17; A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 32; Sonnet 93, 270n1; The Tempest, 171
Shinar, plain of, 148
shooting stars, 113
Shoulson, Jeffrey S., 278n26
Shuellenberger, William, 278n26
Shuger, Debora, 271n19
Silius Italicus, Punica, 254–55n26
Silver, Victoria, 260n7
Simmel, Georg, 133–34, 142, 267nn31, 32
Simons, Louise, 230, 280nn67, 68
Sin: and Aeolus, 203; and bridge across Chaos, 12, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 216, 276n11; circularity of exploits of, 199; creation and humanity as subject to, 208; and creation-through-destruction, 216; and Death, 48, 55–58; emergence Minerva-like from Satan, 123; and empire, 204; eve of the Fall, 88; fleeting triumph of, 205; God’s sighting of, 197; hellhounds (remorse) of, 7, 55, 56; as hell’s gatekeeper, 58; imagined wings of, 88; mortal sting of, 56; and Oedipus story, 56; parody of creation by, 203; raped by Death, 56; and restlessness, 55; and Satan, 54, 55–58, 59, 252n2, 255n37; Satan’s conferral of power on, 276n4; as Satan’s own sin, 55; and Satan’s remorseful conscience, 40; and Scylla, 55; and Son, 201, 208, 276n4; Son as despoiling, 209; Son’s apocalyptic victory over, 205; as successor to Satan, 199; and Telegony, 255n35; use of deadly force by, 201, 203, 208; and Vida, 255n37; and Virgil’s imperial conquest, 203–4
sin, 56, 59, 75, 125; circularity of, 198, 213; and death, 56, 85; and destruction of Eden, 23, 243; and disturbance of appetites, 236; original, 22, 209–10; and repentance, 75; and Satan, 75, 84, 137, 144; self-defeating nature of, 24
Sinai, 25
Skinner, Quentin, 254n25, 268n37
Smith, Nigel, 267n34
Smith, Rebecca W., 251n13
Smith, Richard L., 282n3
social class, 48, 51–52, 122, 138, 144
Sodom, 8, 18, 21, 22–23, 200, 210, 222, 223, 229, 230
Sofala, 235
Solimano, 22
Sol Invictus, 116
Solomon, 19, 25, 150, 170, 235, 239, 269n56, 281n3
Son: abasement of, 61; abdication of, 144; and Abdiel, 28–29, 128, 142, 163; and acclaim of angels, 207, 208, 209; accommodation of, 134; Adam as reflecting charity of, 235; and Adam’s decision to die with Eve, 189; and angels, 129; angels’ hymn to, 97–98; anointment of, 123, 128, 133, 137, 144, 152, 182–83; apocalyptic victory of, 201, 205, 218; and Augustus, 206, 207, 272n29; begetting of, 122, 128, 137, 266n10; and bliss, 209; and Cain and Abel, 146; Chaos calmed by, 80, 201, 202–3, 277n24; and Chariot of Paternal Deity, 9, 29, 80; and charity, 7, 125, 144, 146, 147, 150, 189–90, 192; and communion sweet of angels, 183; as counterspy, 39, 61; creation and subordination of, 98, 271n28; creation by, 79–80, 194, 199, 202–3, 206, 208, 272–73n35; and death, 10, 56, 153, 254–55n26; Death overcome by, 215; as Dolon, 61–62; and enmity between Eve’s seed and serpent, 7, 214; Eve as usurping or parodying, 215; exaltation of, 163, 169; faith of and loathsome grave, 76, 99, 104, 105; Father as praising merit of and promoting, 76, 98; fellow humans as bride of, 189; as feminized moon, 98, 116, 261n14; glorification of, 169, 175, 272n29; God known through, 95; God’s bestowing of power on, 276n4; God’s glory visible in, 126; God with man united in, 237; and grave, 104; as head of angels, 129, 184; as head of church, 184; hell harrowed by, 209; heroism of, 28, 29, 61–62, 169, 234; and idols, 129–30; as image of God, 10, 122; Incarnation of, 9, 94, 95, 126; and Jews, 2, 10, 122; and kings, 150; kingship of, 144; light as impressed on, 97; as looking up, 106; and Lord’s Supper, 183; and love, 189, 191, 192; love and liberty brought about by, 1; love for men, 189; as maker of new heaven and earth, 234; and martyrdom, 61; and merit, 76, 137, 144; nature of, 61, 123, 128, 129, 130; and Neptune, 202, 276n7; and obedience, 191, 192; and offer to die and save humanity, 1, 3, 9, 10, 60–61, 93, 96, 104, 214; and orator-statesman, 203; Passion of, 3, 85, 104, 146; and Phaethon, 9, 75–85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 98; psychological weapons of, 80; as raising human brethren, 146; rebel angels expelled by, 80, 84, 142, 236; redemption by, 137, 234–35; restoration of terrain of heaven, 75, 79–80, 125, 276n8; ruling in place of Father, 61; sacrifice of, 7, 93, 107, 124, 137, 183, 189, 192, 274n39, 275n48; and Satan, 3, 10, 61, 129, 130–31, 134, 150, 152, 201; Satan’s envy at sight of, 122, 125–26, 146; Satan’s fight with, 142; second entrance into heaven-Jerusalem, 207–8; and Sin and Death, 199, 205, 209, 276n4; as Suffering Servant, 142; and sun, 93–94, 97; and time, 10, 122, 124, 128, 130, 152, 266n17; triumph after Creation, 201, 207–8; triumph after War in Heaven, 201, 206, 208; triumph of at Crucifixion, 209; as true oracle, 235, 242; and Ulysses, 61; victory over death, 85, 99, 106; and War in Heaven, 15, 28, 29, 79–80, 85, 104, 125, 199; as Word, 79–80, 128, 203; and worth and merit, 86. See also Creator
Song, Eric B., 276n47
sons of God, 236
Sophocles: Oedipus Tyrannos, 56; Philoctetes, 252n3
Spectator, The, 262n38
Spenser, Edmund, Faerie Queene, 31, 48, 158–59, 167, 173, 196, 218, 235, 255n37, 271n20; Braggadocchio-Trompart-Belphoebe episode in, 160–61, 162, 163; Legend of Temperance, 236; Mammon in, 48, 158–59, 162, 171; poetic flight in, 256n2
Spirit, 25, 74, 97, 169, 228, 247
Sponde, Jean de, 181
Stahl, Hans-Peter, 253n10
Stanford, William Bedell, 253n7
Steadman, John M., 252n1
Stevens, Paul, 283n20
Stewart, Dana E., 253n9
Stinger, Charles L., 276n3, 277n18
storytelling, 182
Strier, Richard, 265n3, 271n19, 271n27
stringed instrument, conceit of, 185–86
Suetonius, 277n15
Sugimura, N. K., 258n14
suicide, 215; arguments against, 141; of Dido, 220, 221; and Eve, 12, 219, 221; and JM, 216; and Samson, 216; and Stoicism, 216
Summers, Joseph H., 255n34, 262n38, 269n57, 278n26, 281n1
sun, 109–11, 263n46; Adam and Eve’s address to, 108; Adam on, 120; and alchemists, 111; as animating world-soul, 94; Aristotle’s idea of, 109; and Copernican cosmos, 95; as created work, 109, 117; and Elegy V, 100, 101; and Father, 98; and Galileo, 13; and God, 10, 94, 119, 121; in invocation to Light, 99, 102; John’s vision of angel in, 108, 109, 119; and Julian the Apostate, 116–17; and light divine, 110; light of, 93, 94, 99; as material, 109, 116, 118; and materialism, 120; and moon, 97, 98; and On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 101; and pagan worship, 95, 99, 115, 116, 117; and physical life, 94; rebirth brought by springtime, 100; and Satan, 97, 98, 109, 114, 120, 121; and Son, 93–94, 97; and substitution of God’s works for their creator, 117; and Uriel, 108, 118; warming power and virtue of, 116, 117, 120, 121
sunspots, 109, 113, 119, 262n31
Sylvester, Josuah, 238, 259n31, 280n63
Tacitus, 203
Tasso, Torquato, 6, 64, 71, 249n3, 282n13; and Columbus and Fortune, 257n11; and Dante, 73; Della virtù eroica e della carità, 275n48; Elijah’s chariot in, 71, 257–58n12; Fortune in, 257n10, 257–58n12; Gerusalemme liberata, 4–5, 22, 40, 68–69, 70–71, 195, 219–20, 221, 224, 239, 244, 245, 252n2, 253n9, 254n22, 254–55n26, 271n20; and Icarus, 69–70, 71, 73, 74; Il Malpiglio, 133; relative authoritarianism of, 196; Ulysses in, 72, 73, 257n11. See also Armida (Tasso); Calyph of Egypt (Tasso); Carlo (Tasso); Fortunate Isles (Tasso); Goffredo (Tasso); Rinaldo (Tasso); Ubaldo (Tasso)
Tate, William, 269n56
Tawney, R. H., 264n51
Tayler, Edward, 266n20, 269n51
Teiresias, 58
Telegony, 39, 40, 48, 55–56, 57, 255n35
temple(s): and catalog of devils, 104; Eden as desecrated, 13, 235, 243, 245, 281n4; living, 237; money changers in, 243; Pandaemonium as unholy, 17, 24, 25, 34–35, 240; Paradise Regained and supersession of, 247; Samson as destroying, 247; Stephen’s diatribe against, 25–26; and upright heart and pure, 25, 104, 247
Teskey, Gordon, 250n10, 256n41, 258n14
Thamyris, 102
Thersites (Homer), 39, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51, 254n21
Theseus (Shakespeare), 32
Thompson, David, 256n8
Thomson, H. J., 274n38
Tillyard, E.M.W., 198, 217, 261n15, 276n2, 276n9, 278n25, 278n33, 279n53
time: divine mediation within creaturely, 128; and envy and vision, 10; eruption of into eternity, 124; and God’s image, 152; and mortality, 152; and On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, 155; and Satan, 129, 144, 152; and Son, 10, 122, 124, 128, 130, 152, 266n17; and visibility, 128; and War in Heaven, 143
Titans, 259n20
tragedy, 250n12
Trojan War, 48
Troy, 222
Tubalcain, 228, 246, 280n63, 282n17
Turkish Islam, 250n9
Turner, James Grantham, 272n31
Turnus (Virgil), 42, 43, 143, 200, 244, 265n4
Typhon/Typhoeus, 53, 210, 255n29
tyranny, 236
Ulreich, John C., 270n9, 275n48, 278n27
Ulysses (Dante), 40, 67–68, 69, 70–71, 72, 74, 252n2, 253n5, 253n7
Ulysses (Tasso), 40, 68–69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 257n11
Ulysses/Odysseus (Homer), 2, 38–61, 252n2; and Adam, 41, 189; and Ajax, 39, 42, 253n9; and banquet with inset storytelling, 180–82; and Beelzebub as statesman, 38, 39, 42, 49, 50; and Belial as orator, 38, 42, 43, 45, 50; and capture of Dolon, 138; choice of adventures of, 41; cloud as concealing, 22; and council scene, 38; in danger of endless wandering, 58; and devils, 41; eloquence and fraud of, 9, 41; and endurance, 45, 46; and epic heroism, 44; and epic versions of, 252n2; flattery of Nausikaa, 62, 160; as flier, 72; and guile, 38, 41, 42, 61; and immortality vs. mortal life, 41, 189; and Moses, 252n2; and Satan, 9, 38, 39, 41, 42, 51, 58, 61, 64, 72, 73; and Scylla and Charybdis, 40, 55, 58–59; and Second Defense, 50; and Son, 61; as spy, 39, 51, 61, 62; and Telegonus, 55–56; and Telegony, 39, 55; and Thersites, 42, 49; unflattering ancient portraits of, 252n3; and Virgil, 68, 199
Ungerer, Gustave, 281n3
universe: and Creator, 93; as divinely authored book, 119; as falling into non-meaning, 85; geocentric model of, 96; and God, 84; and light, 93; and Lucretius, 63, 74, 80–81, 84, 85; made from Chaos, 78; and Naturam non pati senium, 84; ordered, 10; unity of, 93. See also cosmology
Uriel, 51, 76; as angel of light, 108; and Creation, 108, 110, 119; and creation of light, 96; as divine watchman and God’s eye, 118; on hidden causes, 120; and John, 108; and lower works, 106; on moon and sun, 97, 98; and Satan, 93, 96, 98, 108, 109, 110, 117, 262n30; and shooting stars, 113; and sun, 108, 118
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, 272n35
Valla, Lorenzo, 277n18
Vandals, 21
van der Laan, Sarah, 256n42
Venus, 171
Verbart, André, 265n3, 279n41, 279n43, 279nn46, 47
Vida, Girolamo, Christiad, 2, 127, 128, 255n37, 277n16
Virgil (Dante), 68
Virgil, 64–67; Georgics, 272n35, 277n12; and Homer, 1, 199; and Lucretius, 73, 82; as maiden, 158; and Ovid, 70; and Pandaemonium, 21; and similes, 27; and Tasso, 70
—Aeneid, 31, 73, 84, 124, 125, 208–9, 254n26, 255n29; Augustan imperialism in, 201; and Augustine, 33; banquets in, 272n35; bee simile in, 21; chair of Theseus in, 158–59; coordinates of beginning and ending in, 200–212, 217–18; and Dante, 69, 70; empire in, 198, 203–4; end of (duel of Aeneas and Turnus), 143; end of history in, 206; and Enoch, 148; as epic model, 198; and generic expectations of Renaissance epic, 1; and glorification of Jesus, 176; and God’s scales, 114; incompatibility of sexual love, marriage in, 199; and Lethe, 54; and Lucretius, 67; misogyny of, 221; Mournful Fields of, 220, 221; orator simile of, 148, 201, 203, 205; return to beginning of, 60, 205, 210, 211–12; reversal of sequence and ethical priorities of, 199; shield of Aeneas, 200–201, 204, 206, 246; storm of, 12, 20, 24, 201, 202–3, 211–13, 277n24; and Ulysses, 252n3; virtue in, 166. See also Aeneas (Virgil); Aeolus (Virgil); Anchises (Virgil); Araxes (Virgil); Augustus; Cleopatra (Virgil); Creusa (Virgil); Daedalus (Virgil); Dido (Virgil); Drances (Virgil); Euryalus (Virgil); Hercules (Virgil); Icarus (Virgil); Iulus (Virgil); Juno (Virgil); Mercury (Virgil); Neptune (Virgil); Nisus (Virgil); Turnus (Virgil); Venus (Virgil); Vulcan (Virgil)
Virginia, 54
virtue: and Aeneas, 166; cloistered and unexercised in Areopagitica, 157–58, 169, 173, 174; in Comus, 166, 176; and Eve, 176; of Jesus in Paradise Regained, 169, 176, 177; in Mansus, 166; rewarded by divine approval, 168; and spiritual chastity, 158; test of, 11, 157–59
Virtue (Areopagitica), 157–58, 169, 173, 174
visibility, 10, 93, 95, 102. See also invisibility
vision(s), 93, 106; beatific, 106; and envy of Satan, 10; of faith, 113; and Jacob’s stairs, 108; of Michael, 147, 237, 245–47; and Paradise of Fools, 112–13; and Satan, 97; sequence of, 246; spiritual, 129. See also blindness
von Maltzahn, Nicholas, 259n21
Vossius, Gerhard, 18; De Theologia Gentili, 250n5, 263n45, 280n60
Vulcan (Virgil), 200, 204, 246, 280–81n63
Vulcan/Hephaestus/Mulciber, 228, 246
Waddington, Raymond, 261–62n28
Walker, D. P., 263n45
war, 3–4, 198, 244, 273–74n35; and Ariosto, 4; and Cain, 147; and Camões, 4; and Chaos, 7, 77–81; between Christians, 4; and city of sin, 148; condemnation of, 6; crusader, 5; devils’ dread of, 6, 16; and epic, 1, 17; and individual heroes, 28; of JM’s time, 28; and Moloch, 18, 42; as nonheroic in Doloneia, 51; Satan’s invention of, 10, 123, 137–38; Satan’s rejection of open, 15–16; and shield of Achilles, 147; as verbal combat, 17, 29
War in Heaven, 8, 16, 28, 43, 90, 98, 124, 137–38, 189, 259n21; Abdiel and Satan in, 142; Achillean heroism of, 39, 41; and angels united under one head, 184; and battle between sexes, 8; and Chariot of Paternal Deity, 75; Christian humiliation and heroic martyrdom in, 142; communion parodied in, 274n40; din of, 35–36; as endless, 78, 199; and epic, 222; Gabriel and Moloch in, 142; and glory of God, 175; and God, 78, 79; good angels have good at-bats in, 142; good angels humiliated in, 142, 268n47; good angels rage in, 142; in literary and chronological past, 143; and military heroism, 222; and Naturam non pati senium, 83–84; Raphael on, 143, 181, 273–74n35; ruin and confusion of, 84; and Satan, 76, 77–78, 86; Satan at sight of Son in, 126; and Satan’s canonry, 137; Satan’s defeat in, 85; and Son, 28, 29, 104; and Son and Phaeton, 75, 76, 79–80, 84; Son as ending, 199; Son’s eschewing physical force in, 80; Son’s restoration of heaven after, 75, 79–80, 125, 276n8; Son’s triumph after, 22, 201, 206, 208; violence of, 13; and Virgil’s depiction of Actium, 206. See also heaven
Warmington, B. H., 250n6
Watkins, John, 271n13
Webber, Joan, 252n1
Weber, Max, 264n51
Webster, Charles, 264n17
Welch, Anthony, 282n16
well of life, 246
Westfall, Richard S., 264n17
Whittington, Leah, 278n26
William III, 259n21
Williams, Arnold, 266n10
Wilson, Emily R., 250n12, 261n25, 278n25, 278n29, 280n61
Wisdom, 270n62
wolf, 244
Wolfe, Don M., 249n6
women: dignity of, 221, 233; in Hesiod, 226; and Paul, 187; and Satan’s temptation of Jesus, 170, 171. See also misogyny
Wong, Madeline, 279n44
Zama, battle of, 36
Zeitlin, Froma, 280n56