Index

Abdikheba 41

abortion 55, 56, 60

Abu Simbel 140

Abusir 26, 27

Abydos 15, 40, 64, 86, 117, 135, 144, 146, 162, 163, 165, plate 9

acacia 63

Actium, battle of 158

adolescence 53–8, 110, 111, 120, 137

adultery 4, 34, 40, 42–4, 57

Africa 48, 49, 93, 147, 159 see also Nubia

Africanus 145

aggression (in women and deities) 8, 34–9, 52, 106, 130, 131, 151, 152, 161, 169–70, 176see also passion and warfare

aging 29, 31, 54, 69–72, 120, 146

agriculture 21, 22, 76–7

Aha (deity) 113

Aha (king) 144, 163

Ahhotep I, mother of Ahmose I, wife of king Taa II 33, 145, 146, 148

Ahhotep II, Lady and King’s Wife 33, 39

Ahmes Nefertari 87, 145, 146–7, 148, 153, 156

Ahmes, mother of Hatshepsut 149

Ahmose I 39, 87, 145, 146

Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) 70, 105, 154–7

Akhethotep 82

Akhmim 26, 86, 114, plate 13

Aksha 118

alcohol 2, 3, 29, 51, 69, 75, 79, 167, 168–70

Alexander Helios 158

Alexandria 158

Amarna 66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 105, 108, 119, 120, 138, 139, 141, 142, 154, 155, 156, 157

Amduat 164

Amenemhat I, Instruction of 37, 143

Amenemhat II 132

Amenemhat III 145

Amenemhat IV 145

Amenhotep I 87, 146

Amenhotep II 87, 154

Amenhotep III 67, 79, 96, 105, 132, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 156

Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) 70, 105, 154–7

amulet 14, 19, 20, 55, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 113, 124, 125, 132, plate 3

Amun 7, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 104, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 173, 175

Amun-Re 89, 133

see also priestess

Amunet 113–19

anaemia 69

ancestor bust 46

ancestor stela 46

androgyny 38, 100, 101, 104–7, 121, 126, 130, 148, 159, 164, 195

Ankhesenamun 142, 157

Ankhren 42

Antifi qer 93

Anubis (god) 153, 166

Anubis (in Tale of Two Brothers) 35, 78, 81

ape or monkey 5, 108, 118, plate 10

Apis bull 127

Apophis 125

apotropaic wands 62–3, 64 113, 124, 173

Armant 152, 153

arousing, of the male by the female 2, 3, 70, 72, 89, 100, 102, 105, 109, 125, 129, 162

Ashayt 135

Arsinoe II 159

Arsinoe IV 158

Asiatics 67, 140, 152 see also Hyksos

Assmann, Jan 166

Astarte 55

Asyut 61, 91, 146

Atemet 106

Aten 105, 139, 154–6

Athena 164

Ay 139, 154

Babylonia 142, 155

Baker, Brenda 40

barque 90, 96

Bastet 6, 81, 169,

Bat 15, 16, 17, 92, 173, 180, plate 2

Bata (in Tale of Two Brothers) 35, 78, 102

Baumgartel, Elise 14, 17, 180, 181

beard, false 106, 129, 148

Beautiful Festival of the Valley 91, 93, 96, 151, 173

beds 61, 64, 81, 102, 107, 108, 133, 143, 177

lit clos 119–20

women’s beds 64

beer 2, 3, 29, 69, 75, 79, 168–70

Beni Hasan 86, 107

Berenice II 84

Berlin and Nefertiti 6, 154, 155, 157

Bes 53, 54, 62, 63, 64, 74, 82, 100, 106, 107, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 168, 173, plate 12

Bintanath 134

birds 3, 17, 20, 36, 102, 109, 131, 138, 165, 180, plate 9

hawk/falcon 90, 145, 174, 176

ostrich 20, 151

vulture 90, 131, 155, 161, 162, 175

birth brick 64, 124

black (skin colour of people) 6, 48, 49, 64, 89, 115–16, 147, 159

bone collector 95

Book of the Dead 16, 42, 106, 125, 131

Book of the Heavenly Cow 169

Boston Museum of Fine Art 23

breasts 55, 63, 105, 106–7, 110, 112, 115, 118, 120, 121, 124, 125, 155, 180

breast feeding 4, 9, 10, 31, 48, 63–4, 66–8, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 82, 83, 107, 112, 119, 153, 154

bride-price 40, 42–3, 48, 58, 141

Brunner-Traut, Emma 63

Bruyère, Bernard 119

Bryan, Betsy 168–9

bull of his mother 104, 123

burials

children 3–4, 65–6

Busaris 31, 110–11

C-ware 18

cargo ship 2, 29

Caesar, Julius 158

Caesarion 158, plate 17

Carter, Howard 153

cartouche 88, 89, 145, 153, 156, 173

carnelian 19, 35

cattle 20, 104

cow goddess 14–18, 97, 124, 131, 153, 161, 162, 164, 165, 169, 173, 174

celibacy 88, 92

Chantress 73, 90, 91–2, 109, 154, 173 see also priestess

childbirth 3, 8, 10, 14, 27, 51, 60–5, 82, 93, 119–20, 162, 167 see also procreation

divine birth 133, 148, 149

parallel with rebirth 124

childcare 4–5, 10, 21, 45, 61, 120, 165–9 see also mother

children

games 51–2, 96

mortality of 61, 62, 65–6, 88

of the nursery 137

royal 6, 136, 138, 140–1

princes 138, 155, 188

princesses 25, 30, 34, 35, 52, 88, 93, 97, 132, 137, 140–1, 145, 155, 188

class and gender formation 10–11, 21

class and social mobility 8, 26, 47

Cleopatra I 13, 84, 157–9, plate 17

Cleopatra VII 13

click beetle 163

clothing 76–7

of dancers 93

of God’s Wife of Amun 90

kilt 63, 106, 109, 145, 148

mss-garment 80

tight, of women 36, 90, 110

see through 5, 36, 110, 122, 137

V-necked 54

wrap dress 36

coded imagery09–13

coffi n 7, 9, 31, 39, 40, 66, 80, 88, 94, 102, 109, 112, 125, 126, 147, 155, 181, 162, 173

Coffi n Texts 107, 164, 167, 174

colour symbolism 20, 45, 115–16, 147, 155

coming of age 53–8

conscription 76

Contendings of Horus and Seth (P. Chester Beatty I) 37, 49, 103, 127, 165

contraceptives 60

convolvulus 63, 64, 112, 177

Coptic Church 96

Coptos 165

cosmetics 15, 112, 113, 119, 140, 181 see also palettes (cosmetic)

creation 103–6 see also procreation

crime, punishment for 7, 44, 73, 114, 144

crocodile 43, 60, 77, 176

D-ware 17, 18

dance 17, 26, 62–4, 76, 81–2, 85, 89–90, 92–3, 95, 127, 137, 167, 168, 169, 172,plate 8

day bed 119–20

Debeheni 93

Deir el-Bahri 113–19, 132, 133, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 185, pls. 14 and 16

Deir el–Gebrawi 92, 93

Deir el-Medina 2, 3, 4, 10, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 102, 107, 111, 113, 119, 120, 181, 185, 188

Deshasha 38

Dinka 17

Dispute between and Man and his Ba 168

Divine Adoratrice 2, 28, 85, 86–90, 146, plate 5 and 7

divine birth 133, 134, 148, 149

divorce 4, 33, 34, 41, 42–4, 57, 58, 59, 101, 158

Djari 75

Djau 92

Djehuty, stela of 151

djeret 89, 104, 105, 167

Djeser-djeser 152

Djet 144

doctors 25, 82, 83

domestic piety 46, 61, 97, 113, 116, 119–20, 185

domestic violence 4, 8, 39–40

dom-fruit 4, 66

dowry 141

Dra Abu el-Naga 39, 146

dream 104, 122

drunkenness 3, 167, 168–9

duality of womanhood 5–6, 34–7, 170

earth, male gender of 2, 20, 101, 162

ecstatic/mystic religion 96, 121–2, 166–9, 202

education 9, 47, 52–3, 140

elderly 9, 31, 54, 69–72, 120, 146

Elephantine 152, 188

Elkab 124, 152, 168

embracing 103, 109, 135, plate 14

emotion and passion 6, 8, 94–5, 170

Engel, Friedrich 10

Esna 106, 163, 164

eunuch 101, 103, 138

exoticism 1–6, 122, 151–2

exposing of genital area 127, 167

Eye of Re/Horus 36, 105, 106, 130, 131, 132, 152, 161, 169, 174, 177

faience 35, 60-1, 113, 115-8, 138, 174, 175

fat 70, 106, 107, 110, 121, 153

femme fatale 5, 34, 108, 122

fertility doll 60, 61, 114–18

Festivals

Beautiful Festival of the Valley 91, 93, 96, 151, 173

Bubastis 127

Drunkenness 168–9

Opet 96, 151, 175

sed–festival 90, 91, 96, 137, 140, 176

Feteka 29

Filer, Joyce 40

First Tale of Setne Kaemwes 36, 58, 81

fi shtail knives 19, 174

fl int 19, 174

fl y whisk 82

food preparation 75

foreign women 38, 55, 67, 70, 93, 130, 137, 139, 141–2, 151

funerals 91, 92, 94–5, 142, 165 see also mourners

garden 5, 45, 79–80, 122, 138

Geb 2, 109, 159, 162

gender

defining 10

duality 99, 101, 104, 159

fluidity 100, 104, 123–6, 129, 159

and power 47–50, 108

social constructions of 10

and status 30–4, 44, 46–50

physical separation by gender 51–2, 76

gendering objects 46

genital mutilation 54–5

Gerza palette 15–6, plate 1

Gilukhepa 141

Gimbutas, Marija 13, 14

Goldberg, Marilyn 46

golden fl y 39

green 20

grinding of grain 4, 9, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76

guards (female) 38, 184 footnote 25

Gurob (Mi–Wer) 49, 71, 78, 117, 137, 138–40, 141

Hagarseh 58

hair and wigs 5, 20, 31, 52, 54, 55, 63, 65, 70, 72, 90, 91, 93, 108, 111, 112, 116, 121, 139, 195

hairdresser 84

hairpins 19

body hair 95, 121

hand clappers 167

hand of the creator god 89, 104, 105, 167

Hapi 106

harem 28, 61, 92, 136–43

‘harem’ of Montuhotep II 113–9, 135–6

harp 81, 82, 93

Haslauer, Elfriede 144

Hassan, Fekri 14–5, 17, 21, 179, 180, 181, 182

Hathor 3, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 37, 46, 54, 60, 64, 79, 81, 90, 91, 92–3, 96–97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 113, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132–3, 136, 137, 152, 153, 155, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166–70, 174, 175, 176, 181, 201, plates 2 and 6

epithets Lady of Byblos 167

Lady of Drunkenness 168

Lady of the Dance 127, 167, 168

Lady of the Vulva 127, 167

Golden One 96

Priestesses of 25–8, 30, 61, 73, 75, 86, 113–9, 135–6

Hatnofer and Ramose 148

Hatres 78

Hatshepsut 39, 83, 86, 87, 90, 93, 106, 115, 129, 132, 133, 134, 140, 145, 147–54, 156, 159–69, 200, plates 7, 8, 15 and 16

proscription 153–4

Hawara 145

Hawass, Zahi 153

health 69 see also childbirth, medicine and nutrition

headdress 90, 97, 131, 132, 140, 142, 145, 149, 150, 155, 156, 173, 175

atef crown 156, 173

modius 90, 140, 175, plate 13

nemes-headdress 132, 145, 149, 175

height, average 69

heiress theory 48, 133–4, 172

Hekat 62

Heliopolis 97, 104

Henuttawy 109

Heqanakht 59, 75, 80

Herakleopolis 30, 31

Heria 44, 72

Hermopolis Law Code 42

Herodotus 1, 33, 79, 85, 127, 174, 202

Hibis, temple of 106

Hierakonpolis 15, 16, 152, 179–80

hippopotami 19, 51, 62, 63, 162, 173, 176

Hittite 142

Hittite women 139, 141,

homosexuality 100, 101, 103–4, 129, 194

Horemheb 62

Horemwia 44

Horus 37, 49, 64, 103, 124, 127, 130, 132, 145, 163, 165, 174 see also Eye of Re/Horus

household, size 75

houses 56, 74

housework 1–2, 5, 10, 44–7

hunting 20, 36, 47, 79, 140, 163, 164

Huy 84

Hyksos 145, 152 see Asiatics

hysteria 69

Ibeb 24

Ib-Neith 75

Idut 52

Ihy 52

illegitimacy 48, 59

impotence 125

imyt-per 42

incest 57–8, 133–4, 172

indoor work 1–2, 5, 10, 44–7

infant burials 3–4, 65–6 see also burials of children

infant mortality 4, 65–6

infanticide 51, 66

Inscription of Mes 40

Instruction of Amenemhat I 37, 143

Instruction of Amenemope 71

Instructions of Ani 35, 43, 46, 47, 53, 65, 66, 68

Instructions of Ankhsheshonk 36, 42, 81

Instruction to Merikare 71

Instructions of Ptahhotep 35, 46

Inti 38

inundation 20, 56, 101, 162, 169

ipt nsw 134, 136–8, 139, 140, 144

Ipuy 70, 79

Ir 55–6

iri khet and iri iru 26–7, 129, 145

Irinefer 70

Iryky 66

Isis 3, 14, 20, 55, 64, 68, 72, 80, 88, 90, 95, 100, 102, 105, 114, 124, 127, 130, 147, 149, 159, 162, 163, 164–6, 174, plate 9

Ismant el-Kharab 78

Iti 24

Iutenheb 59

Janssen, Rosalind 71

jewellery 4, 10, 66, 111, 132, 137, 140, 142, 154

bracelets 19, 34, 108

broad collar 10, 115, 137

earrings 34

girdle 54, 61, 107, 108, 111, 118, 119

golden fl y necklace 39

necklace 19, 115, 154

menit-necklace 26, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96–7, 110, 132, 140, 166, 167, 175

Julius Caesar 158

Kadashman–Enlil 142

Kaemhesit 38

Kahun/Lahun 28, 29, 42, 51, 52, 55, 59, 61, 65, 69, 75, 77, 116, 136, 145

Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus (UC 32057) 61, 69

Kamose 39

Karnak 39, 87, 89, 90, 106, 146, 152, 154, 155–6, 168, 173, 175, plate 6

Red Chapel 86, 90, 150, 152, plate 7 and 8

Kellis 78

Kenamun 79, 94

Khafre 17

khener 16–7, 92–3, 94, 95, 96, 136–40, 144, 174, 180

Khentkawes 24, 149

Kheruef 91, 93, 96, 133, 137, 140

Khety 107

Khnum 102, 103, 163

Khons 27

Khufu 86, 144

kilt 63, 106, 109, 145, 148

king lists 24, 48, 145, 160

King’s Daughter 145, 146, 148

King’s Mother 21, 22, 23–4, 25, 38, 39, 48, 87, 93, 103, 110, 129, 130, 149, 150, 155, 156, 159, 160, 172, 175

King’s Wife 135–6

King’s Principal Wife 23, 24, 38, 87, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 154, 155, 172

kingship 4, 14, 16, 25, 27, 30, 87, 90, 105, 106, 129, 130, 131, 133, 142, 144–5, 149, 151, 163, 174, 195

kinship 11, 21, 24, 26, 133

kitchen garden 5, 79–80

Kiya 138, 155

knives 19, 38, 62, 63, 77, 124, 161, 174

knots 63

Kom Ombo 152

Kush (Nubia) 31, 60, 64, 89, 115, 116–7, 148, 151, 152, 155, 169–70

Lahun/Kahun 28, 29, 42, 51, 52, 55, 59, 61, 65, 69, 75, 77, 116, 136, 145

laundry 55, 77

lector priests 26, 27, 52, 94,

Legrain, George 132

Libya 31, 35, 89, 93, 116, 169

life expectancy 4, 69 see also aging

lions/lioness 3, 36, 37, 86, 96, 106, 109, 113, 131–2, 154, 161, 169, 176

lit clos 119–20

literacy 52–3, 73–4, 85

looms 78, 190

lotus 5, 55, 103, 108, 112, 168, 174

love poems 2, 57, 81, 99, 112, 121–3

lute player 81, 108

Luxor 96, 133, 151, 175

Ma’amerieh 17

Maat 20, 37, 38, 90, 94, 130, 161, 175

Maathorneferure 139, 141

mace 18, 19, 182

Mahasna 19

make-up 15, 112, 113, 119, 140, 157, 181

male bodies 121

Malqata 138

mandrake 112

Manetho 145

manicurists 84

Marcus Lepidus 158

Mark Anthony 158

marriage 4, 33, 41, 47, 48, 53, 54–5, 57–9, 60, 88, 122–3, 132, 133–44, 154, 172

Maspero, Gaston 114

masturbation 89, 104, 105, 106, 167

matrilineal descent 20, 47–9, 133–4, 172

Mead, Margaret 47, 185

medicine 51, 55, 67, 82, 99

doctors 25, 82, 83

Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus 61, 69

Medinet-Gurob (Mi-wer) 49, 71, 78, 117, 137, 138–40, 141

Medinet Habu 90, 137–8, 140, plate 5

Meir 26, 82, 93,

Memphis 25, 30, 122, 145, 166

Memphite Th eology 104, 124

menit-necklace 26, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96–7, 110, 132, 140, 166, 167, 175

Menkaure 15, 23, 132, plate 2

Menna 52, 66

menstruation 27, 55–6, 69

Mentuhotep II 27, 31, 61, 113–19, 132, 133, 135–6, 152, 166, plate 14

Merefnebef 58

Mereruka 51, 81–2, 96

Meresankh 86

Meret 90–1, 96, 97

Meretseger 46, 64, 175

Merinebti-ankheteti 38

Meritamun 27, 87, 146, 148, plate 13

Meritaten 138, 156

Merneith 24, 144, 163

Mertz, Barbara 172

Mery-Aha 58

Merytre 94

Mes, Inscription of 40

Meskell, Lynn 49, 179, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197

Messala 158

Metternich-stela 80

midwives 67, 73, 82, 120, 124, 167

milk 15, 21, 22, 51, 60, 67–8, 83, 124

Min 17, 26, 86, 87, 90, 136, 165, 175

mirrors 53, 54, 63, 65, 72, 96, 112, 113, 167–8

Mistress of the House 28, 39, 46, 47, 48, 53, 55, 57, 59, 74, 88, 91

Mistress of the Mansion 166

Mistress of the Two Lands 89, 145, 146, 148, 156

Mi–wer (Medinet Gurob) 49, 71, 78, 117, 137, 138–40, 141 see also Gurob

monkey or ape 5, 108, 118, plate 10

mother 40, 45, 48, 59, 61–9, 72, 75, 82, 83, 87, 95, 100, 102, 104–6, 107, 109, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 130, 131, 134, 135, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 159, 177

see also childbirth, Wochenlaube

Mother Earth 101

Mother Goddess 13, 14–18, 102, 124, 130–1, 132, 148, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 174, 175

mother, king’s 21, 22, 23–4, 25, 38, 39, 48, 87, 93, 103, 110, 129, 130, 149, 150, 155, 156, 159, 160, 172, 175

mother, single 33

mourning 65, 66, 73, 76, 94–5, 121, 165

Mummy, Th e (fi lm) 1

music 16–17, 26, 28, 33, 73, 81–2, 85, 89–93, 95–7, 107, 111, 113, 118, see khener 127, 137, 139, 167, 172, 175

Mut 6, 35, 37, 88, 106, 130, 152, 155, 161, 168, 169, 175, 195

Mutnedjemet 62

mysticism/ecstatic religion 96, 121–2, 166–9, 202

Naga-ed-Deir 19, 93

nakedness 31, 53, 54, 60, 61, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 119, 120, 121, 122, 155, 162

Nakht 77

Narmer palette 16

Naunakhte 41, 57, 71

nebet-per 46, 53, 57, 59

Nebet, Lady 84

Nebethetep 167

Nefer 93

Neferet and Samut 70

Neferhetepes 25

Neferhotep 94

Nefernefruaten 157

Neferrenput 45

Nefertari (Ahmes) 87, 145, 146–7, 148, 153, 156

Nefertiti 6, 38, 70, 90, 138, 145, 154–7, 200

Neferure 87, 90, 140, 141, 147, 148, 150, plate 7

Neferu 135

Neferuptah 145

Negative Confessions 42

Neith 18, 79, 86, 106, 163–4, 175, 202

Neithhotep 144, 163

Nekhbet 131

Nekheb 16

Nekhemmut 102

Nephthys 20, 90, 95, 114, 162, 164–6

Neskhons 31

Niankhnum and Khnumhotep 29, 66, 103

Nile 20, 77, 78, 106, 135, 147, 158, 162, 165, 169, 170

Nubia(Kush) 31, 60, 64, 89, 115, 116–7, 148, 151, 152, 155, 169–70

Nut 68, 102, 110, 124, 148, 161–2, 163, 164

nurturing, female role 6, 8, 15, 18, 45, 49, 100–1, 105, 129, 130, 161, 166

nutrition 4, 7, 62, 51, 69

objectifi cation of women 49–50

Octavia 159

Octavian 158

Opening of the Mouth Ceremony 94, 124

Opet Festival 96, 151, 175

oracle 150

ostraca showing sexual scenes 107–9

ostraca

O. Berlin 10627 102

O. British Museum 65930 (Nash I) 44

O. Oriental Institute Museum 13512 56

O. Nash 5 40

Osiris 2, 3, 49, 60, 72, 86, 89, 95, 100, 102, 104, 109, 115, 123, 125, 126, 130, 147, 153, 156, 162, 164, 165, 166, 173, 174, 175, 212, pls 9 and 16

ostrich 20, 151

overseers, women 16, 25, 26, 29, 71, 78, 82, 84, 91, 92, 94, 137, 139

paddle doll 60, 61, 113–9

Paheri 168

Pakhet 86, 152, plate 15

Palermo Stone 24–4

palettes (cosmetic) 15–16, 19, 20, 176, 181,plate 1

Panehsy 156

Papyri

P. Anastasi IV 81

P. Berlin 3027 (Spells for Mother and Child) 65, 68

P. Berlin 3033 (Westcar) 5, 43, 53, 63, 64, 81, 82, 93, 120, 167

P. British Museum 10018 109

P. British Museum 10060 (Harris 500) 121

P. British Museum 10183, (D’Orbiney, Tale of Two Brothers) 35, 43, 47, 78, 81, 102, 103, 111, 121

P. British Museum 10188 (Bremner–Rhind) 104, 114

P. British Museum 10416 42

P. Carlsberg XIII 104

P. Chester Beatty I (Th e Contendings of Horus and Seth) 37, 49, 103, 127, 165

P. DM 27 42–43

P. Ebers 65, 67

P. Gurob III 71, 139

P. Lee 143

P. Stato Civile 71

P. Wilbour 41

P. Rollin 143

P. Turin 5501 (Turin Erotic papyrus) 49, 54, 81, 107–9, 111, 112, 119, plate 11

P. UC 32057 (Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus) 61, 69

P. UC 32795 139

Turin Judical Papyus 143

Pashedu 70

passive, of women 5, 23, 34–7, 49, 103, 107, 110, 122, 131, 145, 148, 151, 156

Peikharu 7

pension 72

Pentewere 144

Pepi I 84, 143

Pepi II 24, 104, 143, 144

Pepiankh 82, 86, 93

perfume 5, 10, 84, 122, 149–50, 168

per-khener 136–8, 139

Peseshet, Lady 82

Petrie, William F. 28, 65–6, 117, 140, 180, 181, 197

phallus 3, 18, 37, 100, 101, 102, 104, 107, 109–10, 125, 127, 164

ithyphallic 17, 19, 37, 106, 110, 175

phallic votives 60–1, 99

Philae 165, 168

phyles 27, 91, 176

Pinch, Geraldine 116

Piramesse 41

plague 157

Plutarch 72, 166

poems, love 2, 57, 81, 99, 112, 121–3

polygamy 31, 48, 58–9, 134–4

Pompey 158

potter’s wheel 102, 103

poverty 7–10, 41, 71-72

pregnancy 61–5, 110

pregnancy tests 61

priestess 9, 28, 32, 52, 56, 73, 85–97, 105, 167, 171, 176, 187

of Hathor 21, 22, 25–8, 30, 61–2, 73, 113–9, 132, 135–6

God’s Wife of Amun and Divine Adoratrice 2, 28, 85, 86–90, 146, plate 5 and 7

primeval gods 18, 100, 104, 105, 106, 164

princes 138, 155, 188 see also royal children

princess 25, 30, 34, 35, 52, 88, 93, 97, 132, 137, 140–1, 145, 155, 188 see also royal children

prison 44

procreation 2, 43, 46, 49, 53–61, 99, 100, 101–3, 99–127, 129–34, 162, 171 see also childbirth

property ownership 4, 10–11, 33, 41–2, 43–4, 58, 72, 75, 87, 88, 172

prostitution 2, 34, 80–2, 112, 113–4, 172

protection, female role 63, 124, 127–32, 152, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 176, 177

Ptah 86, 104, 124

Ptolemy XII 158, 159

Ptolemy XIII 158

Ptolemy XIV 158

Ptolemy Philadelphos 158

punishment for crime 7, 44, 73, 114, 144

Punt 122, 150, 151–2

purity 26, 27–8, 55–6, 62, 64–5, 88, 92 see also wab–priest

pyramid 13, 16, 24, 38, 132, 144, 145

Pyramid Texts 16, 20, 102, 104–5, 125, 145, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 174, 176, 180

Qusae 86, 165

Rabiya-al-Adawiyya 121

Radjedef 25

Rameses II 27, 134, 135, 139, 140, 141, plate 13

Rameses III 137, 143–4

Rameses VI 88

Ramose, tomb of (TT55) 155

Ramose and Hatnofer, father and mother of Senenmut 148

Re 36, 37, 105, 106, 109, 126, 130, 131, 132, 145, 148, 152, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 169, 174, 176, 177

Amun-Re 89, 133

Re-Atum 102, 124

Re-Horakhty 127

Red Chapel, Karnak 86, 90, 93, 150, 152, plate 7 and 8

Redford, Susan 143

Redjet 64

regent 24, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160

Reisner, George 23, 179

Redjet 64

Rekhmire 62

Return of the Distant One 169–70

right and left 36

Robins, Gay 172

rock art 18, 20, 163

Romer, John 150

Routledge, Carolyn 26–7, 183, 184, 198, 200

Royal Acquaintance 25, 84

Royal Annals 24, 48

royal children 66, 136, 138, 140–1

Royal Ornament 25, 84, 115

Ryan, Donald P. 153

Sadeh 135, plate 14

Sahure 135

same sex relations 100, 101, 103–4, 129, 194

sanitary towels 55

Saqqara 2, 16, 29, 38, 55, 66, 93, 96, 103, 105, 212, 220

Sat-hathor-iunet 132, 145

Satire of the Trades 47, 55

scarab 102, 126

scrything 167–8

seal bearer 75, 151

secondary products revolution 21, 22

sed-festival 90, 91, 96, 137, 140, 176

Sehel 151

Sekhmet 6, 37, 105, 106, 131, 152, 161, 169–70, 176

semen 101

sem-priest 94

Semna 148

Senebei 26

Senebtisi 111

Senenmut 150–1, 153, 184, 220

Sennedjem 64, 69

Senusret II 145

Senusret III 105

Serebit el-Khadem 138

servants (of people) 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25, 29, 39, 40, 43, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 65, 73, 76, 81, 82, 107, 110, 111, 143

Seth 37, 49, 60, 103, 127, 132, 162, 163, 165, 166, 176

Seti I 162, plate 9

sex

defi ning 10

and humour 100, 108, 109, 127

sexual positions 107

power of 110, 127

Sextus Empiricis 114

shabti 125, 126, 156

Shakespeare 1, 158

Shedenakht 7

Shu 89, 104, 156, 162, 169, 170

Shutturna II 141

sidelock of youth 54

Singers in the Interior 92

sistrum 26, 35, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95–7, 111, 133, 140, 166, 167, 176, 196, plate 8

Sitre, Lady 83, 153

skin colour 2, 5, 45, 115–6, 125–6, 147, 155, 159, 210

sky-goddess 15–16, 20, 102, 110, 162, 164, 167

slaves 8

Smenkare 157

smiting scene 38, 39, 156

snake 62, 64, 80, 124, 131, 143, 158, 165

cobra/uraeus 90, 106, 130, 131, 132, 150, 152, 155, 161, 175, 176, 177

Sobek 163, 145

Sobekneferu 39, 106, 129, 145, 148, 149, 160

Sole Lady in Waiting 115

Soleb 140

Solomon 142

Song of the Harper 121

Song of Solomon 121

Speos Artemidos 151, 152, plate 15

sphinx 131, 132, 148–9, 156, 176

spindle whorl 77, 78, 139

stars 148, 162, 164, 15–6

Orion 15

state formation and gender 11, 21, 24 see also kinship

sterility 2, 60, 102

Strabo 54–5

sun disk 90, 133, 155, 156, 162, 165 plate 17

Swansea, Egypt Centre 64

Sweeney, Deborah 70

sycamore fi g 7, 162

Szpakowska, Kasia 104

Taa I 148

Taa II 146

Taaper 7

Tabubu 81

Tahet 78

Tale of Neferkare and Sasenet 103

Tale of Sinuhe 35, 97, 132, 140

Tale of the Doomed Prince 57

Tale of the Eloquent Peasant 9, 75

Tale of the Herdsman 35

Tale of Two Brothers (P. British Museum 10183, D’Orbiney) 35, 43, 47, 78, 81, 102, 103, 111, 121

tattoos 82, 113–9

Taweret 46, 60, 62, 63, 64, 116, 119, 124, 176,plate 3

Tayet 79

Taylor, Elizabeth 158

Tchat 84

Tefnut 89, 104, 156, 161, 169, 170

Tehneh 27

Tem 135

temptress 34–7, 43

Tener–Monthu 43–4

Teti (king) 38, 144

Teti (daughter of Sa-inheret) 76

Tetisheri 7, 146

textiles 2, 22, 28–9, 73, 74, 77–9, 81, 137, 139, 204, 227

Th inis 76

Th utmose (sculptor) 157

Th utmose I 146, 149, 153–4

Th utmose II 88, 147–54

Th utmose III 31, 67, 138, 141–2, 147, 149, 151–4

titles (of women) 25

King’s Wife 135–6

King’s Principal Wife 23, 24, 38, 87, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 146, 147, 154, 155, 172

King’s Mother 21, 22, 23–4, 25, 38, 39, 48, 87, 93, 103, 110, 129, 130, 149, 150, 155, 156, 159, 160, 172, 175

Mistress of the House 28, 39, 46, 47, 48, 53, 55, 57, 59, 74, 88, 91

Royal Acquaintance 25, 84

Royal Ornament 25, 84, 115

Sole Lady in Waiting 115

Chantress

Tiy (queen) 70, 96, 132, 133, 134, 143, 144, 155, 156

Tiy (wife of Ay) 154

Tiy (Lady, Chief of Weavers) 139

tomb robbing 7, 77, 80

toys 14, 34, 51, 140

trade 2, 22, 29–30, 34, 47, 55, 74, 77, 78, 79–80, 139, 151–2 see also weavers

treasurer 84

tree-goddess 162

Truth and Falsehood 35, 36, 59

tuberculosis 69

Turin Erotic Papyrus (see P. Turin 5501) 49, 54, 81, 107–9, 111, 112, 119, plate 11

Turin Judicial Papyrus 143

tusks 19, 62, 173

Tutankhamun 7, 39, 102, 111, 142, 154, 157, 169

tutor 9, 83, 140, 150

Tyt 151

uraeus 90, 106, 131, 132, 150, 152, 155, 176, 177

virginity 57

vizier 25, 41, 52, 58, 72, 84, 88, 177

votive cloth 46, 79

vulture 90, 131, 155, 161, 162, 175

wab-priest 7, 27, 28, 42, 187

Wadi Hammamat 108, plate 10

Wadi Sikkat Taka el–Zeidi 148

Wadjet 131, 169

Wah 42

warfare 20, 21, 37–9, 40, 79, 129, 151, 164

Watethethor 93

wealth distribution by sex 4, 10, 33, 41–2, 172

weaning 66-7, 124

weapons 20, 37–9, 143

weavers 2, 5, 22, 28–9, 47, 71, 77–9, 139 see also textiles

Weni 136

Wepwawet 27, 91, 163

Weret–imtes 143

wet nurse 4, 10, 48, 66–8, 73–83, 154

widows 69–72, 111

wine 3, 168–9

Winlock, Herbert 115

wise women 80

Wochenlaube 63–5, 67, 112, 119, 177

women’s work 47, 73–96

economic value 29, 46, 58, 74, 79–80

word play 54, 109, 111

wrestling 38

youthfulness, desirability of for women 57, 69–72, 110-11

zikr 167