abolitionism, 11, 13, 28, 30–31, 57, 63–65, 220
African American refugees: ages of, 20–21
census of, 59–60
employment, 26–28, 38–39, 75–76
escape from slavery, 16–19, 21–24
family and children, 20, 26, 38–39
housing and overcrowding, 41–43, 68, 73–74, 87–88, 92–96
from outside North Carolina, 16
politics, 76–79
postwar experience, 221–22, 224–31
schools, 45, 47–49, 51, 55–56, 58, 63–64, 68–69, 74, 83, 227–28
soldiers, 55–56, 58, 61–67, 71, 76–77
as spies and scouts, 28–30, 62
Union policy on, 24–26. See also slaves
American Missionary Association, 69, 74, 94
Andrews Chapel (New Bern), 56, 78
Asheville, N.C., 168, 178, 184–86, 198, 202, 205, 208, 214
Baltimore House (New Bern), 86–87
Barbour, Mary, 20
Barrett, John C., 225–26
Beaufort, N.C.: African American refugees in, 17, 21, 42, 55, 62, 67, 72–73, 78–80, 98–99
disease in, 91–92
refugees from, 106, 112, 145, 221
Unionist refugees in, 34–35, 61, 72, 82–83
Union occupation of, 15, 23, 30, 50
Bell, Mary, 202–3
Bellamy, Ellen, 220–21
Biddle, Rosa, 164
Big Bob, 18
blockade (Union), 107, 126–27, 131, 162, 172
Board of Councilors (Roanoke), 76
Boots, Edward N., 79
Boylan, William M., 128–29
Bray, Nicholas, 48–49
bread riots, 132
Bryan, Henry Ravenscroft, 100–103
Bryan, Lucy, 154
Bryan, Mary Norcott, 3, 100–106, 115, 118
Bryson, Joseph, 212–13
Buffaloes. See Unionist refugees
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 5, 7, 74, 96–99, 218, 224–30
Burnside, Ambrose: conflicts with Edward Stanly, 46–47, 49
invasion of North Carolina, 11, 63, 109, 130
policy on African American refugees, 16, 18, 23–30, 40, 43, 62
Burwell, Margaret, 152, 163, 174–75
Burwell, Robert, 174
Butler, Benjamin, 24–26, 64, 67, 78, 88, 185, 204
Butler, Richard, 39
Cain, Bessie, 178–81
Capehart, Sue, 154
Carolina Female College, 167
Chapel Hill, N.C., 108, 119, 123, 130, 143
charity. See free labor ideology
Charley (fugitive slave), 29
Charlotte, N.C., 35
Confederate refugees in, 5, 126, 132–33, 217, 222–23
freedpeople in, 225–26
housing in, 118–19
Jefferson Davis in, 157–59
removed slaves, 109, 141, 145–46
Sherman’s march and, 150–53, 155
Charlotte Female Institute, 152, 163, 174–75
Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 2, 134, 189, 195
Choiseul, Beatrix De, 208–9
Chowan Female Baptist Institute, 164, 176, 181
Christian Commission, 11, 27–28, 53, 74
Clapp, Henry, 20–21, 31, 56, 59–62
Clarke, Mary Bayard, 120
Clarke, R. R., 16
Clingman, Thomas, 30
Collier, Elizabeth, 153–54
Collier, Susan, 178–79
Collins, Josiah, 134, 139–40, 142–44
Colored Ladies Relief Association, 76–77
Columbia, S.C., 93, 150–53, 155, 186, 189, 199, 217
Colyer, Vincent: aids African American refugees, 11, 13, 16, 19, 37–38, 96
background, 27–28
conflicts with Edward Stanly, 47–54
employs African American refugees, 28–29
opens schools, 44
refugee crisis, 40–43
Company Shops (Burlington), N.C., 101–2, 118
Concord, N.C., 35, 132, 146, 155, 177, 179, 224
Concord Female College, 167, 175, 177, 179
Confederate refugees: from Columbia, 151–52
from eastern North Carolina, 15, 100–103, 105
financial problems, 130–42, 198–202
hostility toward, 131–32
housing, 118–27
from Mississippi, 128–29, 184–85
number of, 130
in Piedmont, 100–159
politics, 147–49
postwar experience, 214–15, 217–24
relief for, 149–50
transportation, 115–18
from Virginia, 106–7
in western North Carolina, 184–215. See also slaves
Confederate soldiers, 14–15, 154, 221
conscription (Confederate), 19–20, 32–33, 39–40, 46, 70, 79–81, 148–49, 192–95, 197, 199, 211
contrabands. See African American refugees
Cooke, Homer A., 84
Cotten, Sallie Southall, 182–83
Creasey, William, 86
Creecy, Bettie, 166, 168, 170, 174
Creecy, Richard, 166, 168, 170
Cronly family, 108, 136–37, 155–56
Culling, Martha, 45
Curtis, Kate, 165, 167, 172, 175
Curtis, William, 14–15
Danville, Virginia, 24, 138, 157–58
Davenport Female College, 165, 167, 169
Davis, Jefferson, 2, 65, 106, 131, 157–59, 166, 197, 210, 220
Davis, Sutton, 17
Davis, Varina, 2, 106, 119, 157–58, 166
Dennett, John, 224
DeRosset family, 108–9, 114, 119–20, 134, 136
desertion, 1, 46–47, 70–71, 80, 94, 105, 132, 148, 193–94, 205–14
disease, 88–92, 146–47. See also malaria; smallpox; typhoid fever; yellow fever
Dismal Swamp, 18–19
Doherty, William H., 27
Earle, Thomas, 31
Eddins, William, 33
Edgeworth Female Seminary, 169
Edmondston, Catherine, 111–12, 114–16, 140
Elizabeth City, N.C., 19, 58, 61–62, 114, 168
Elliott, William, 188
Ellis, John W., 163
Emancipation Proclamation, 50–51, 55–61, 63, 77, 92, 103, 110
Emmerton, James, 31
Equal Rights League (North Carolina chapter), 79, 92. See also National Equal Rights League
Espy, Sarah, 113
Farmer, Henry T., 192, 196–97, 213
Fayetteville, N.C., 93, 107–8, 127, 153–54
female academies, 160–83
Confederate soldiers visit, 177–79
curriculum, 176–77
diet, 172–73
dress code, 172
isolation and safety of, 167–69
slaves at, 173–74
students as refugees, 165–67
teachers, 174–75
Union soldiers visit, 179–81
war news at, 169–71
Fenno, John, 47
First Confiscation Act, 25–26
Fitz, E. S., 98
Flat Rock, N.C., 186–214
Foster, John, 45, 49, 52, 57–58, 60–63
Fowle, Joseph, 90
Freedmen and Southern Society Project, 3
Freedman’s Bureau. See Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
Freedman’s Convention, 78, 227
free labor ideology, 37, 68, 74–75, 97
Freeman, Sarah, 69
Gale, Katherine Polk, 2, 184–86, 198, 204
Gale, William, 185
Galloway, Abraham, 55, 63–65, 77, 79, 92
Glazier, James, 44
Goldsboro, N.C., 106, 118, 138, 141, 148, 153–54
Good, John, 78–79
Goodloe, Daniel Reeves, 58
Goss, Warren Lee, 71–72
Graham, William A., 122
Greensboro, N.C.: Confederate refugees in, 106, 129
female academies in, 160–61, 167, 171, 175
overcrowding, 118–19, 132–33, 150, 152–53
removed slaves in, 111–12, 138, 140–41, 145, 203
Greensboro Female College, 160–61, 167, 171, 182
Hadley, George, 211–13
Hammill, William W., 50
Hand, D. W., 82
Hanks, Clarrisa Phelps, 14
Harriet (fugitive slave), 48–49
Harris, George W., 89
Hatteras Island, N.C., 15, 31, 33, 42, 105, 153, 170
Hawkins, Rush C., 26–27
Hedrick, John A., 46–47, 50, 73, 80–83, 89
Hendersonville, N.C., 196, 208
Henrietta (enslaved cook), 143–44
Henry, Milly, 128–29, 136, 224
Herrington, William D., 1–3
Hill, Edward, 77
Hill, Eliza, 108
Hill, Pauline, 165, 169, 171–72, 179–80
Hillsborough, N.C., 159, 174–75
Confederate refugees in, 106, 108–9, 127, 130–31, 154
removed slaves in, 114, 134, 139
Hogan, M. K., 226–27
Hoke, Robert F., 70–71
Holden, William Woods, 148–49
Homans, Amos, 23
hospitals, 141–42
Hubbard, F. M., 143–44
Hurry Scurry plantation, 139, 143
James City, N.C. See Trent River settlement
Johnson, Samuel, 72
Johnston, Joseph E., 151, 157–58, 223
Johnstone, Andrew, 188, 194–99, 202, 206–10, 212–13, 215
Johnstone, Elliott, 207
Jones, Turner, 160–61
Jonkonnu, 45
King, Mitchell, 190, 196, 201, 204
Kinsley, Edward, 64–65, 77, 96
Kinston, N.C., 14–15, 29–30, 33, 35, 61–62, 80–81, 110
Kirk, George, 194
Kuykendall gang, 208–9, 212–13
Larned, Daniel Reed, 49–50
Lee, Mildred, 166
Lee, Robert E., 125, 158, 166, 217
Lincoln, Abraham, 27, 34, 45–46, 49–52, 55–56, 58, 62–63, 65, 77, 158, 164, 175, 180. See also Emancipation Proclamation
Louisburg, N.C., 131
Louisburg Female College, 164–65, 167, 171–72, 176, 179–80
Lowery War, 20
loyalty oaths, 19–20, 47–49, 60–61, 94, 156–57
Mallett, Susie, 105
Malone, Lucie, 162
Massey, Mary Elizabeth, 2–4, 7
McClellan, George, 25, 38, 52–53
McKimmon, Kate, 175–76, 182–83
Meekins, Isaac, 228
Memminger, C. G., 187, 189, 191, 210–11, 214
Middleton, Harriott and Susan, 188–89, 195–96, 198–200, 203, 205–6
Mix, Simon H., 29
Montgomery, Lizzie, 171
Morehead City, N.C., 13, 15, 23, 35, 70, 78, 90, 93
Myers, Barton, 32
National Equal Rights League, 55, 92. See also Equal Rights League (North Carolina chapter)
National Freedmen’s Relief Association, 69, 74, 228
New Bern, N.C., 1–3, 5, 13–103, 106–7, 116–18, 122, 131, 137, 164, 218–19, 221–22
no-man’s land, 23–24
Nonie Gran, 201–2
North Carolina Railroad, 102, 116, 118, 121, 138–40, 145
Oakes, James, 25–26
Outten, Macy, 131–32
Pailin, Emily, 19
Parker, Allen, 17
passports, 34
peace movement, 148–49
Peninsula Campaign, 38, 106, 157, 166, 169
Pettigrew, Charles, 33, 113, 140–41
Pettigrew, William, 111, 113, 134–36, 145
Piedmont Railroad, 112, 138, 140–41, 203
Pierson, Clinton, 77–79
Pigott, Emmeline, 35–36
Pinckney, Charles, 196
Polk, Leonidas, 2, 166, 184–85, 198
Pool, John, 33
poor relief, 149–50
Plymouth, N.C., 15, 21, 31–33, 39, 41, 47, 50, 57, 62, 67, 70–74, 82–85, 91, 126
prostitution, 84–87
railroads, 115–16, 137–41. See also North Carolina Railroad; Piedmont Railroad; Western North Carolina Railroad
Raleigh, N.C., 5, 13, 72, 100, 102, 105–8, 111, 118–22, 125–29, 138, 140, 144, 146–49, 153–54, 156–57, 164–68, 175, 178, 185, 217, 224–25, 227
Ramsey, James G. M., 132, 155, 222–24
Randolph, John A., Jr., 65, 77–79
rape, 87
refugees: crisis, 7
historical antecedents, 6–8
number of, 7–8
terms for, 5. See also African American refugees; Confederate refugees; Unionist refugees
Roanoke Island, N.C.: African American refugees on, 20, 24, 26, 28, 43, 45, 55, 78, 83, 99
postwar development, 226–29
Unionist refugees on, 32–33, 83
Union occupation, 11, 15, 17, 106, 109–10, 116, 123, 135, 170
Roberts, Lavinia, 218–21
Robertson, George, 214
Rodman, William Blount, 112, 156
Roe, Alfred, 43
Rogers, Hattie, 16
Rumley, James, 30, 79–80, 91–92, 221
Salem Female Academy (Salem College), 162–63, 165–67, 173, 175, 178, 180–81
Salisbury, N.C., 106, 132, 138, 141, 152, 155, 217, 225
Schenck, David, 105, 114, 130, 133
Schenck, Nicholas, 107
Schweinitz, Robert de, 163
Shelton Laurel Massacre, 194
Sherman, Thomas W., 26
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 93–97, 136–37, 150–58, 179, 181, 217, 219
Singleton, William Henry, 29–30, 61–62
slave patrols, 22–23, 142–43, 197–98
slaves: ads for runaway, 144–45
removal, 104–6, 109–15, 126–27, 130, 187–89
resistance by, 143–46
sales, 133, 136–37, 202–3. See also African American refugees
Smedes, Aldert, 162–63, 167, 170, 172–74
Somerset Plantation, 139
Spencer, Cornelia Phillips, 114, 119, 151
spies (Confederate), 35–36, 61
spiritualism, 171
Stacy, A. G., 165
Stanly, Edward, 45–52, 56, 58, 60–62
Stanton, Edwin, 18, 25, 27, 46–47, 49, 78
Starkey, Mary Ann, 64–65, 76–77, 96
Sternhell, Yael, 3–4
St. John in the Wilderness Episcopal Church, 187, 190, 196, 202, 205
St. Mary’s School, 119, 162–76, 178–82, 185
Stoneman, George, 154–55, 158, 180
Stuart, Ann, 205
Sullivan, Lou, 166, 169, 173–74
Swain, David L., 123
Thomas, William Holland, 110
Trent River settlement (James City), 60, 70, 73–74, 87–88, 90, 92–93, 98, 219, 221, 226, 228–29
typhoid fever, 60, 88–89, 146–47
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 30
Unionist refugees, 4–6, 12, 32–37, 46–47, 58, 71, 80–87, 93, 218
housing and overcrowding, 42, 87
segregation from black refugees, 82–84
as soldiers, 46–47, 71–72, 80–81
Union soldiers (northern): fugitive slaves and, 21–22, 29–30
hostility to Stanly, 49–50
occupation of eastern North Carolina, 12–16
occupation of the Piedmont, 154–57
opinions of Southern whites, 34–37, 79
racial attitudes of, 30–32, 50, 57
United Daughters of the Confederacy, 182–83
Vance, Zebulon B., 108, 110, 131–32, 143, 148–50, 193, 197, 200
Vance gang. See Kuykendall gang
wagons, 116–17
Ward, Giles, 35
Warren, Edward, 146
Warrenton, N.C., 39, 107, 124–26
Warrenton Female College, 161
Washington, D.C., 27, 46, 49–51
Washington, N.C.: African American refugees, 28, 31, 34, 60–62, 65–67, 78, 92
Confederate refugees from, 99, 106, 174
overcrowding in, 42–43
Western North Carolina Railroad, 110, 138, 186
Whittlesey, Eliphalet, 97–98, 225, 227, 229
Wild, Edward Augustus, 63–64, 66–68
Williams, Mary Boykin, 189, 208–9
Wilmington, N.C., 5, 13, 64, 224
Confederate refugees from, 114, 136, 143, 155, 165, 220–22
conscripted laborers at, 19
Union occupation, 94, 153, 178
yellow fever epidemic, 107–9, 127
Wilson, N.C., 123, 125–26, 141
Yarborough House (Raleigh), 106, 119, 166
yellow fever, 19, 67, 85, 89–92, 102, 107–8, 127, 220
Yellowley, Harriet, 109, 123–24, 126
Yorke, Amos, 53–54