a priori: judgments, 144; method, 62–70, 97; Descartes, 81–82
Abbé Gratry: 107
Abbot, Francis Ellingwood: 191–92, 232–33
Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill: 253, 269
Abduction: 12, 147, 167, 240, 287–88, in perception, 183; validity of, 182. See also hypothesis, explanation
Achilles and the tortoise: 126, 276, 280
Adams, Henry: 3
adequate idea, defined: 102
agapasm: 76
agapastic epistemology: 76. See also social epistemology
agape: 130
al-Sufi, Abd al-Rahman: 6
analogy: 139, 261; argument from, 224
analytic: mathematical demonstrations, 138, 147; vs synthetic, 138, 142, 146, 182
Anselm of Canterbury: 150, 165, 205
ápagogè: 287
Appleton, William H.: 7, 10, 13, 21, 192
Appuleius: 46
Aquinas, St. Thomas: 205
Archimedes: 230
argument: 132, 224, 242, 259, 289; classification of, 16, 129, 168, 266, 269; demonstrative vs probable, 113; force of, 207, 244; from design, 149; a sign, 259, 263, 266–67. See also inference
Aristotle: 46, 53, 57, 97, 203, 270; apagoge, 287; logic, 44, 124, 253, 266; Organon, 234; science, 200
atomic theory: 282
Aubrey, John: 47
authority: method of, 59–61, 68ff, 97, 175; vs a priori method, 66; Descartes, 81–82
Bacon, Francis: 47, 66, 109, 129, 177, 200, 203; four idols, 45; induction, 234
Bain, Alexander: 189, 232; definition of belief, 76
balancing reasons: 136–37
Baldwin, James Mark: his dictionary, 40, 193
Barbara: 172–73, 181; all reasoning reducible to, 168
Bayes, Rev. Thomas: 222, 237; Bayes-Laplace doctrine: 222
belief: 87, 135, 250; a habit, 58, 72; a rule for action, ix, 73, 86; true vs false, 96
Bentham, Jeremy: 201, 203, 214, 218
Berkeley, George: 8, 74, 78, 104, 188, 216; pragmatism, 193, 233; theory of calculus, 237; on vision, 160, 258
best explanation, inference to: 182
Boler, John F.: 232
Boltzmann, Ludwig: 183
Boole, George: 35, 222, 237, 147. See also logic
Bowen, Francis: 102
Boyle’s law: 177–78, 183; a hypothetical inference, 179
Bryant, William Cullen: 105
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward: 261, 270
Bunsen, Robert: 235
buried secrets: 99f
Burks, Arthur: 18
Butler, Benjamin Franklin: 189, 232
Cambridge Scientific Club: 234
Campos, Daniel G.: 182
can be’s: 273
Canavarro, Marie de Souza: 31, 41
Cantor, Moritz: 22
Carrington, Hereward: 123, 130
Carus, Alwin C.: viii
Carus, André: 36
Carus, Paul: 2, 15, 19–35, 37–42, 76, 271–72, 287
Cattell, James McKeen: 3
causation: 65, 92, 104, 159; and the law, 189
Chambers, Robert: 164
chance-world, contradictory idea: 154
chance, absolute: 237, 277; doctrine or calculus of: 11, 17, 112, 207, 222, 226, 247, 272; logarithm of, 135; real, 287; rules for that calculation of, 118–21
Chance, Love, and Logic: 35
chemistry: classificatory science, 109, 181; inspiration for logicians, 21; Peirce’s early exposure to, 5, 75
Cicero, Marcus Tullius: 218
Clausius, Rudolf: 49, 75, 183, 203, 234
clearness: of apprehension, 81, 83, 108; vs distinctness, 81, 83, 102; first grade, 80, 102, 274, 286; maxim of, 193; pragma(tis)tic, 26, 271, 285; second grade, 96, 102, 273–74, 286; sensuous vs logical, 102, 286; third grade, 85, 90; three grades of 10, 79, 101, 193, 273
Coast Survey. See U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor: 200
Collected Papers (Hartshorne & Weiss): 18–19; its rendition of Illustrations, 35, 42, 44
Collected Papers (of 1893): 15
Comte, Auguste: 105, 208–11, 215; positive philosophy, 187, 235
conceptualism: 219–20, 147. See also probability
concrete reasonableness: 166. See also frog, decapitated
Congreve, Richard: 235
connotation vs denotation: 267
consciousness: 17, 240–41, 251; stream of, 103
continuity: 109–11, 129, 259; of consciousness, 86; law of, 82, 221; Mill, 221; principle of, 90
contradiction, principle of: 273
contributory negligence, law of: 189
Cook, Catherine: 40
copyright: of Illustrations, 20, 26–28, 33, 35, 39–40
cosmic weather: 187
Cournot, Antoine Augustine: 202, 208, 211, 234
Couturat, Louis: his Logic, 28
criminals, punishment of: 190
critic, logical: 250, 252, 255, 266, 269
Curtis, Matoon Monroe: 18
Dalton, John: 282
Davidson, George: 14
De Morgan, Augustus: x, 153, 165; on probability, 133, 137, 147
de Waal, Cornelis: 36, 233, 288
de Waal, Kelly: viii
deduction: 11–12, 107, 146, 167, 170, 181, 279; Kant: 283; probable, 172; relation with analytic and synthetic reasoning, 138, 145–46, 169–73; typified by Barbara, 168. See also reasoning
demonstration: 56–57; vs belief, 225; mathematical, 138, 147
Denotation. See connotation
Descartes, René: 76, 97, 102, 150, 165; method of doubt, 62f, 81–83; a nominalist, 82; proofs of God’s existence, 63; reason, 74
Deschanel, A. Privat: 104
design argument: 149–50
desire: 197
despotism, method of: 61. See also authority, method of
determinants, theory of: 201
determinism: 277
dialectic, Hegel’s conception of: 64 dialectic, method of: 62, 64. See also a priori method
diamond, pragmatic definition of: 103. See also hardness
dicent: 289
disputation, medieval: 46, 56, 97, 218
distinct idea, defined: 81, 102
“Dmesis”: 232
Don Quixote: 72
doubt-belief theory: 8, 17, 52, 53–55, 85
doubt: 72–73, 117; Cartesian, 77; definite vs indefinite, 54; an emotion, 75; as (feigned) hesitancy, 73, 86; vs ignorance, 54, 75; living, 56; real, 77
Duns Scotus, John: 188, 203–4, 218; definition of reality, 104f, 206
Durandus of St. Pourçain: 218, 236
dynamics: instinctive understanding of, 213; Mach on, 21
Eck, Johann Maier von: 219, 236
economy of research: 249
Eliot, T.S.: 1
Ellesmere Island: 6
Ellis, Robert Leslie: 234
Emerson, Ralph Waldo: 268
energy: potential vs kinetic: 215
Everett, J.D.: 104
evolution, theory of: 48, 187; Lamarckian, 237; natural selection, 51; Spencerian, 231; Weismannian, 237
excluded middle, principle of: 220, 257, 273
exclusions, method of: 200
existence: 81, 91, 100–101, 113, 152, 236, 257–58; of a dream, 96; God’s, 63, 150, 155, 165; incognizable, 162; Napoleon’s, 180; struggle for, 49; vs reality, 45, 233, 257; truth, 115
existential graphs. See graphs
experience: 47; collateral, 289
experiential method of settling opinion: 96
fallibilism, 76
Faraday, Michael: 282
Fay, Melusina: 103. See also Melusina
Ferretti, Giovanni Mastai: 76. See also Pius Nonus
fiction: 96; its utility in science, 111. See also reality
Fizeau, method of: 98
flatus vocis: 205
force: 104, 160–61, 178–79; pragmatic maxim applied to: 92–95
Foucault, method of: 98
Franklin, Christine. See Ladd-Franklin, Christine
free will vs determinism: 92
freedom: method of, 59. See also tenacity, method of
frog, decapitated: 16–17
Galton, Sir Francis: 111, 129, 241, 269
Gases, theory of: 48, 75, 178–79, 183
Gauss, Karl: 129
Gefühl theory: in logic, 254
general(s): 91, 220; objective truth, 191; real, 215–17, 272
generality: 73–74; contrasted with vagueness, 236
geometry: non-Euclidean, 195
Gerbert d’Aurillac: 195, 206, 233
God: 90, 149–50, 163; existence of, 63, 150, 155, 165; manufactured by men, 221; His perfections, 18; Kant on, 63; reality of, 77, 165. See also design argument
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang: 22
grace: 47
grammar: speculative, 269; universal, 266, 269
Grand Logic, 37. See How to Reason
graphs: existential, 29, 30, 272, 274, 286
Greely expedition: 6
Green, Nicholas St. John: 76, 189–91, 232
guiding principle: 51–52, 113, 132
Haack, Susan: 183
habit: 87, 276; a would be, 125, 127–28, 216; relation to meaning, 88; virtual, 197–98. See also would be’s
Hamilton, William: 187
Hamiltonianism: Wright’s, 188
hardness: 220; example of, 91; nominalism, 10, 103–4. See also pragmatic maxim
Harman, Gilbert: 182
Harris, Stephanie: vii
Harris, William Torrey: 130, 279, 287
Hartley, David: 236
Hartshorne, Charles: 36
Harvard Lectures: of 1865, 287; of 1903, 18, 38, 287
Harvard Observatory: 6
Harvey, William: 47
heat: 49, 176, 215; Bacon’s discussion of, 203; mechanical theory of, 178–79
hedonism: 49
Hegel, Georg: 77, 130; and the a priori method, 64, 69
Hegeler, Edward Charles: 15, 19, 27
Heim, Karl: 258
Heinze, Max: 37
Herz, Heinrich: 215
Hodges, Wilfrid: 181
Hole, Charles: 165
Holmes, Oliver Wendell: 192, 232–33
Hoosac tunnel: 6
Houser, Nathan: vii
How to Reason: 2, 16–18, 36, 38, 41, 55, 77, 234
Huggins, Mary and William: 105, 235
Hulswit, Menno: 104
hypothesis: 12, 177, 240, 248; Comte on, 210; vs induction, 174, 176, 179–81, 279; an inference, 279–80, 287; instinct, 283; Riemann on, 226, 237; rules for, 175; synthetic, 170, 179; validity of, 282. See also abduction; plausibility; Retroduction
ideas: self-reality of, 100
ignorance: compared with doubt, 54, 75
Illustrations: series title, 12
Individualism: 217
induction: 146, 156; vs hypothesis, 174, 176, 179–81, 279; of characters, 173, 182; crude, 281; defined, 280; irreducible to Barbara, 169; justification of, 11, 157, 281; principle of, 145; quantitative, 280; synthetic, 169–70, 179; true, 245
inference: conceived semeiotically, 251, 259; defined, 248
inquiry: 10, 55, 72–73, 186, 245; communal aspect of, 15; defined, 55; laboratory, 75, sole end of, 55–56, 58. See also doubt
inquiry, four methods of. See a priori; authority; tenacity; science
instinct: vs reason, 53, 57, 83, 213–14
International Geodetic Association: 14
International Scientific Series: 12
interpretant: 262, 266–67, 288; dynamical, 285, 289; final, 285, 289; immediate, 289; initial, 285
introspection: knowledge by, 258
James, William: 20, 38, 40, 45, 274, 288; Metaphysical Club, 7, 8, 192, 233; on pragmatism, ix–x, 2, 18, 36–37, 79, 103, 193, 233; specious vs knife-edge present, 78
Jesus: a pragmatist: 90, 185, 235
Jevons, William Stanley: 221
Johns Hopkins University: 14, 36
Joshua: 166
Kant, Immanuel: 124, 221, 288; a priori method, 63–64; deduction, 283; first Critique, 188, 200, 211; Ich denke, 259; limits of human understanding, 288; logic, 253–54, 269–70; nebular hypothesis, 166; Peirce’s first reading of, 232; subsistenz, 215, 236; synthetic a priori, 144–45; things in themselves, 9; transcendental, 38; would be, 283
Kantism: Peirce’s, 188. See also Kant
Kehler, James H.: 286
Kelvin. See Thomson, William
Kent, Charles N.: 76
Kepler, Johannes: 64; foolish remark on, 74; orbit of Mars, 47–48, 282
Kinematics: 104
Kirchheiss, Johannes: xxiii
Klein, Felix: 195, 234, 280, 288
Koehn, Donald R.: 36
Ladd-Franklin, Christine: 7, 14, 36
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste: 237
Lambert, Johann Heinrich: 64
Laplace, Pierre-Simon: 34, 237; on God, 165; nebular hypothesis, 166; on probability, 108, 222, 274, 279
law: 109, 147, 183, 256; of contiguity, 236; of continuity, 82, 221; of Contributory Negligence, 189; of demand and supply, 65; of (the distribution of) error, 11, 129; of mechanics, 151, 162, 179; of motion, 69, 95; of nature, 103, 150, 152, 166, 177, 192, 203, 216–21; of perception, 67; psychological, 59; and reality, 67; statistical, 75; of sensibility, 136; subsist, 67; of three stages, 209; vs uniformity, 216–17. See also Boyle, Fechner
Lawrence Scientific School, 5
leading principle. See guiding principle
legisign: 289
Leibniz, Gottfried: 63, 82, 187, 221; adequate ideas 102–3; linear equations, 201
Lieb, Irwin: 289
Liebig, Justus: 5, 36; method of chemical analysis, 74
likelihood: 281. See verisimilitude
Lipton, Peter: 182
Lissajoux: curves of, 98
Liszka, James: 288
Lobatchewski, Nikolai: 195–96, 234
Locke, John, 78, 102; substratum, 8; probability, 112–13, 130
logarithm: 147
logic: algebra of, 22; art of reasoning, 44, 256; Boolean, 34; as semeiotic, 239, 268; division of, 266; indispensible requirements of, 117; mathematical, 17; non-psychologistic, 242; normative science, 186; quantitative, 17; of relatives, ix–x, 17, 128, 130; rooted in the social principle, 116–18, 122; scientific, 101; transcendental, 16, 38. See also critic; grammar; Methodeutic
logical extension and comprehension: doctrine of, 182
logical machines: 50
Lord Byron: 77
Lowell Lectures of 1866: 165, 179, 183
Lowell, Lawrence: 288
Lully, Raymond: 82
Mach, Ernst: 47; treatment of dynamics, 21
Madden, Edward H.: 231
Malthus, Thomas Robert: 48, 49
Marquand, Alan: 4
Martínez, Alberto A.: 104
mathematics: 53; a definition, 133, 146; a demonstrative science, 57; an experiential science, 194
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution: 183
Maxwell, James Clerk: 49, 75, 183
may be’s: 282
Mayorga, Rosa M.: 232
McKerrow, Raymie E.: 36
meaning: 79, 84; criticism of Berkeley, 8; relation to habit, 88; relation to sensible effects, 89; of a sign, 263; of thought, 87, 89. See also pragmatic maxim
measurement: nature of, 102
mechanics: 163, 179; analytic, 95; Hertz’s, 236; Mach’s 39. See also law
Melusina: 84, 103. See also Fay, Melusina
Mendeléef’s Table: 75
Metaphysical Club: 2, 76, 186–92; Peirce’s paper written for, 7–9, 19, 192
metaphysics: 101; Mill’s, 202; under the spell of religion, 265
Methodeutic: 21, 252, 266, 269; a practical science, 256
Mill, James: 201, 203, 214, 218, 236
Mill, John Stuart: 1, 11, 37, 75, 211–21; Examination of Hamilton, 188; four methods, 175; induction, 34, 157–59, 165; influence on Chauncey Wright, 187; Kepler, 282; Logic, 201, 211, 222, 235–36, 274, 284, 165; probability, 108. See also nominalism
Milton, John: 197
Minute Logic: 37
Misak, Cheryl: 183
Musick, Thomas Hubbart: 104
Napoleon Bonaparte: 165, 171, 174–75, 179–80, 182
nature, uniformity of: 149; ground for hypothesis, 174; ground for induction, 157–59, 165. See also law
nebular hypothesis: 166
“Neglected Argument”: 165
Neopragmatists: 91
Newton, Isaac: 187, 237; law of universal gravitation, 165, 183, 257
nominalism: 10, 63, 75, 203, 217–21, 284; blind to the spiritual side of science, 210; extreme, 82; laws of nature, 192; Mill’s, 75, 188, 202–3, 204, 216, 273, 284; principal error in Illustrations, 26, 79, 105, 271–73; vs realism, 26, 97, 186, 203–5, 215–19, 224–25, 271–72. See also conceptualism; hardness; Ockham realism
Norton, Charles Elliot: 189, 232
Numa Pompilius: 60
number: 274, axiomatization of, 286; conception of, 109, 274; and continuity, 111; relative, 118–20, 139, 169
object: dynamical, 289; immediate, 284, 288; mediate, 289; Real, 284; of a sign 260–62, 266–67, 288
obstinacy, method of: 59, 175. See also tenacity, method of
Ockham, William of: 203–4, 215, 217–18, 237
Oleksy, Mateusz W.: 232
ontology: 101
Open Court (the magazine): 15
Open Court Collection: xii, 37
Open Court Publishing Company: 15; London office, 33
opinion: 100; vs fact, 53; destined or fated, 98, 101; public, 62, 66; and reality, 105, 113, 146, 220, 257; settlement of, 10, 55–71, 96–98; sole end of inquiry, 56, 58, 98
Ostwald, Wilhelm: 258
Pacio, Giulio: 287
papal infallibility: doctrine of, 76
Papini, Giovanni: 233
Pearson, Karl: 216; a nominalist, 221; Peirce’s review of his Grammar of Science, 21, 34, 39, 40, 286
Peirce, Benjamin: 4, 5; nebular hypothesis, 166
Peirce, Charles Henry: 5
Peirce, Charles Sanders: life, 4–6; obituary, 35, 41
Peirce, Herbert: 77
Peirce, James Mills: 10
Peirce, Sarah Mills: 10, 13, 37
Peirce, Zina. See Fay, Melusina
Pendulum research: 6
percept: 183
perception: 257–58; instinctive abduction, 183
perceptual judgment: 183
Pérès, Jean-Baptiste: 182
persecution, method of, 61. See also authority, method of
Photometric Researches: 6, 286
Pius Nonus: 60
Plato: 64
plausibility: 123–24, 275. See also probability
pleasure: 65
Poincaré, Henri: 221
Pope Sylvester II: 233
Pope, Alexander: 61
Popular Science Monthly: 3
Popular Science: 3
Port-Royal logicians: 80
positive evidence: 283
practical/practice: related to pragmatism, 3, 8–9, 51, 53, 69, 75–76, 89–90, 100, 203, 243, 250; certainty, 124–25; logic, 174; religion, 208; Retroduction, 182, 249; science, 200, 220, 256
practicalism, 9
Pragmatic maxim: 8–9, 78, 103, 166; applied to editing, 3; applied to the concept of hardness, 10, 78, 91; Peirce’s misunderstanding of, 193; third grade of clearness, 90. See also James, William
pragmaticism: 2, 18, 22, 74, 79; relation to pragmatism, 39, 103, 193
pragmatism: 192; habit of conduct, 288; nominalist interpretation of, 79; origin of the term, 9, 45, 193
prayer test (Tyndal’s): 166
Prezzolini, Guiseppe: 233
Principles of Philosophy: 38
probability: 131, calculus of, 222; vs chance, 134; conceptualistic view, 133, 136–42, 146; defined, 113, 122–23, 129, 277, 286; doctrine or theory of, 49, 111; inapplicable to a single case, 114–15, 122; indeterminacy of, 107; inverse, 147; meaning of, 112; mathematical, 207, 275; materialistic view, 35, 133; pragmatic maxim applied to, 92; relative number, 118, 122; subjective view, 35; theory of, 30. See also likelihood; plausibility; verisimilitude
Proclus: 106
public opinion, method of: 66. See also a priori method
Pyrrhonism: 204
qualisign: 289
quality: conception of, 52; of the sign, 289. See also hardness
Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe: 111, 129, 139, 147
real/reality: 45, 104, 115, 146, 233, 257–58; contrasted with fiction, 96, 113, 205, 257–58; etymology of, 104–5, 205; hypothesis of, 67–68; Law, 221; vs permanence, 215; pragmatic maxim applied to, 95–101. See also actual; existence; universals; would be’s
realism: 10, 26; Abbot’s, 192, 192; vs nominalism, 26, 186, 203, 205, 219–20, 272; scholastic, 188, 191, 232, 284, 288. See also conceptualism; nominalism
reason: first rule of, 182
reasonableness. See concrete reasonableness
reasoner vs reasonee: 277
reasoning: aim of, 186, 256; art of, 44, 194, 206, 252, 256; Berkeley’s 258; dialogic, 241; elementary kinds of, 12, 167, 279; genera of, 252; good vs bad, 50, 53, 69; instinct for, 213–14; mathematical, 226–27; necessary, 254, 279; through sampling, 243–45, 251; two sciences of, 240; self-control, 186; semeiotic, 266. See also deduction; hypothesis; induction; logic; security
Reid, Thomas: 216
relative numbers. See number
religion: 60, 150, 164, 166, 265, 284; Comte, 208–11, 235; decayed, 62; practical, 208; reconciliation with science, 15, 60, 166; and science, 150, 163; secular, 235; skepticism, 57. See also transubstantiation
Retroduction: 12, 180, 182, 240, 287; an inference, 279–80; practical vs scientific, 249–51. See also abduction; authority, method of; hypothesis; tenacity, method of
rheme: 289
rhetoric, speculative: 269
Riemann, Bernhard: 226
Riemann’s surfaces: 202
Roberts, Don: 286
Robin, Richard: his catalogue, 38
Robinson, Lydia: 40
Robson, John M.: 165
Roscellin of Compiègne: 205
Rosenthal, Sandra B.: 183
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: 49, 208
Rowell, George P.: 76
rule, case, result: 168–70
Russell, Bertrand: on pragmatism, ix
Russell, Francis C.: 18, 20–35, 38–42, 233, 235, 272; evaluation of the Illustrations, 34
Ryan, Frank X.: 231
Sacksteder, M.A.: 39
sampling, reasoning through. See reasoning
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm: 216
Schiller, F.C.S.: 2, 18, 79, 193, 233; his humanism, x
Schröder, Ernst: ix
Science: 3
science: classification of, 39, 181, 183–84, 269, (Comte’s, 208–9); defined, 200; history of, 4, 12, 76, 124; of logic, 9, 12 (see also logic); logic of, 48; method of, 65–69, 71, 98, 101; Peirce’s activities in, 4–6; treated quantitatively, 107–9; vs religion, 163–64. See also mathematics; religion
Scientific Metaphysics: 38
Scientific Monthly: 3
scientific reasoning, rules of: 101. See also reasoning
Search for a Method: 16
security: 51, 57, 102; ideal of logic, 250; of reasoning, 254
Seguin, Léo: 14; French anarchist, 14
self-control: 57, 77, 198; required in good reasoning, 186
self, dialogic: 241–42; reality of, 101
semiotics. See semeiotic
sentimentalism: 49
Shakespeare, William: 288
signs: 236, 284; argument, 251, 259–60, 266–67; classification of, 284, 288–89; definition of, 266, 284–85, 288; doctrine of, 13, 16; grammar of, 266, 269; nature of, 73–74, 260–63
Sigwart, Christoph: 270; on logic, 254–57; a nominalist, 257
sinsign: 289
skepticism: 57, 81; absolute, 204
Small, Robert: 74
Smith, Irving Cranford: 35, 42
social epistemology: 43
Socrates: 96–97
Sonnenfeld, Albert: 182
space: 160
St. Paul: 118
statistical conception of laws: 75
Staubermann, Klaus: 36
Stewart, Dugald: 216
Stöckhardt, Julius Adolph: 5, 36
Story, William Edward: 129
stream of consciousness: 103
sufficient reason, principle of: 82
Swedenborg, Emanuel: 166
syllogism: 11, 34, 124, 168–72, 200, 211, 259; an argument, 289; in dispute, 46; forms (moods) of, 145, 167, 253, 269; and induction, 221. See also Barbara
Sylvester, James Joseph: 11
synechism: 168
synthetic: vs analytic, 138, 142, 170, 182; hypothesis, 170; induction, 169; a priori, 107, 131, 144, 146
tenacity, method of: 58–59, 61, 67, 68–70, 96. See also obstinacy, method of
terminology, ethics of: 104, 267
Theophrastus: 124
thirdness: operative in nature, 130
Thomson, William (1st Baron Kelvin): 203, 234
thought: dialogical, 259; distinguished from perception, 258; sensual vs habitual, 181; sole function of, 88
Tillotson, John: 151, 153, 165
Trivium, the: 46
truth: 51, 55, 71, 81, 115, 200, 240, 259, 264; of a conditional proposition, 194; end of inquiry, 67, 98; of generals, 191; meaning of, 98; pragmatic notion of, 249–50; public notion, 67; relation to belief, 43; religious side of, 210. See also science, method of
Tully. See Cicero
Turrisi, Patricia Ann: 38
Tyler, Samuel: 76f
Tyndall, John: 166
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey: 5, 6
Ulugh Beg: 6
uniformity of nature: 11, 149, 152; ground of induction, 157–8, 165; and hypothesis, 174; law of, 221
universals: 205; defined, 219–20; doctrine of, 202
Unterschiedsschwelle: 244, 269
Vacherot, Étienne: 150, 163–65
vagueness: 236
validity of reasoning: 50, 113; Sigwart on, 256
van ’t Hoff, Jacobus Henricus: 109, 129
Venn, John: 114, 130, 131, 147
verifiability: Comte on, 209
verisimilitude: 123–24, 275. See also probability
virtual: meaning of, 197
Watts, Isaac: 102
Weber, Ernst Heinrich: 269
Weierstrass, Karl: 247
weight: pragmatic maxim applied to, 92
Weiss, Paul, 36
Welby, Lady Victoria: 288–89
Whately, Richard: 5, 36, 130, 221
Whewell, William: 200–1, 208, 211, 234, 251
Whitehead, Alfred North: 36
will be’s: 273
would be’s: 125, 128, 268, 273, 280; and nominalism, 284
Wright, Chauncey: 37, 75, 187–89, 231
Writings of Charles S. Peirce: its rendition of Illustrations, 35
Wundt, Wilhelm: 103
Youmans, Edward L.: 3, 12, 21, 25–26; criticism of “Fixation,” 14, 106; Spencerianism, 21
Zeno of Elea: 126