Bold page numbers indicate main entries.
Absolute location, 70, 149, 192, 194, 195, 203
Acadia, 279
Acorn system, 120
Advanced Placement, 133
Advanced Placement human geography, 133
AdWords, 121
Aerial photography, xii, xiii, xviii, xxxv, 1–4, 70, 96, 124, 127, 240, 263, 281, 282, 352
Afghanistan, 11, 19, 179, 220, 221, 351
Africa, xvi, xxi, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 6, 10, 15, 22, 23, 66, 72, 94, 98, 104, 115, 156–158, 160, 165, 179–180, 190, 199–201, 209, 218–219, 222, 231, 234–235, 269–271, 285–286, 306–307, 325, 328, 330, 351, 356–358, 360–362
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe, xvii, xxxi, 144–147
Age of Exploration, 68, 71, 82, 208, 219
Agent Orange, 349
Agriculture, xii, xxix, xxxv, 4–7, 36, 40, 98–101, 136, 138, 163–164, 191, 198, 201, 209, 214–216, 244, 280, 283, 287, 289, 291–292, 312, 334–335, 344
agribusiness, 247
Al-Ashraf, 68
Alaska, 72, 145, 191, 196, 246
Al-Biruni, xvi, xvii, xxviii, 11–14
Alexandria, xxvii, 64, 104–105, 169, 178–179, 267, 269–270, 308
Al-Idrisi, xvii, xviii, xxviii, xxxvii, 14–17, 123
Al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad ibn Musa, 34
Al-Saud, Sultan bin Salman, 92
Al-Shammisiyyah Observatory, xxviii, 249
Althing, 110–111
Amazon (web retailer), 58
Amazon River, 118, 146, 254, 346
American Association of Geographers, xxxvii, 88–89, 129, 133
American Community Survey, 243, 354
American Geographical Society, xxxii, 86, 89, 129, 205
American Indians. See Native Americans
Amundsen, Roald, xvi, xxxiv, xxxvi, 26–27, 128
Anaximander, xvi, xxvii, 21–23, 68, 218
Animals, 5, 16, 18–20, 21, 48, 62, 97, 99, 101, 156, 174, 180, 184, 191, 192, 201, 209–211, 224–225, 254–255, 265, 287, 346, 362
Anning, Mary, 146
Antarctica, xvi, xviii, xxx, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxviii, 23–27, 28, 72, 74, 94, 102, 112, 128, 181–183, 212, 231, 357
Antarctic Treaty, 182–183
Anthropocene, 103
Anthropology, 99, 160, 162, 264, 322
Anthroposphere, 186
Anticipatory computing, 187
Antwerp, 130, 163–164, 183, 288
Appalachian Mountains, 53, 146, 245, 357
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), xxxix, 354, 355
Applied Geography, 7, 28–31, 120, 130, 297–298, 322, 337
Aquaria, 97
ArcGIS, 114, 125, 140, 230, 232, 301, 304, 354–356
ArcGIS Online, 230, 232, 354, 356
Archaeology, xii, 172, 283, 344
Archer, Frederick Scott, 261
Architecture, xxxix, 31, 34, 50–52, 67, 125, 166, 217, 262, 304, 337
Area Studies Tradition, 88
Aristarchus, 77
Aryabhata and Brahmagupta, xvii, xviii, xxviii, 32–35, 210, 313
Ashton, Kevin, 184
Asia, xiv, xxii, xxvi, xxix, 10, 12–13, 15, 22, 23, 65–66, 72, 94, 97, 107, 143, 160, 165, 179–180, 205, 207, 209, 218, 220–222, 231–232, 234–235, 257–259, 270–271, 285–286, 287, 306, 308, 310, 325–327, 328, 330, 334, 343, 362
Astrolabe, xviii, 13, 33, 67, 71, 73, 79–83, 117, 134, 149, 169, 197, 218–219, 246, 249, 313
Astronomy, 11–13, 19, 21, 33–35, 66, 71, 75–78, 96, 105, 128, 150, 167–168, 175, 197, 210, 227, 234, 249, 264, 268, 269, 298, 330, 357
star catalog, 168
Atlantic Ocean, xxxv, 8, 44, 54, 55, 63–67, 73, 103, 116, 156, 169, 200, 207–210, 222, 227–228, 232, 254, 290, 336, 356–358, 362
Atlas, xxxii, xxxvii, 74, 129, 164–165, 230–232, 258, 271, 286, 353
Atlas Mountains, 160
Atmosphere, xvii, xxxviii, 1, 9, 32, 36–39, 93, 97, 101, 112, 133, 169, 175, 186, 211, 228, 253, 281, 304, 337, 343
Atmospheric research, 36–39
Auden, W. H., 320
Australia, xxii, xxix, xxxii, 24, 26, 46–49, 71, 73, 165, 183, 190, 205, 213, 231, 234, 251, 319, 325, 357
Babylonia, xxvii, 21, 105, 123, 161, 167, 169, 193, 217–218, 242–244
Bachelard, Gaston, 320
Baghdad, xxviii, 12, 14, 19, 20, 34, 249
Bahamas, 65–66
Baird, Spencer, 153
Balboa, Vasco Núñez, 108, 156, 207, 222
Banks, Joseph, 74
Baseball, 9
Beagle, HMS (ship), 348
Bednarz, Sarah W., 137
Behaim, Martin, 138
Behavioral geography, 121, 187, 274–276
BeiDou GNSS system, 135
Belgian Geographical Society, 26
Bennett, Dorothy Agnes, 99
Bering Strait, 72
Berlin, xvii, xxxii, 128, 131–133, 144, 172, 284–286, 329, 347, 357
Berlin Geographical Society, xxxii, 128, 285
Bicycle maps, 165
Big data, 136, 184, 252, 298, 304, 330, 340
BIM (Building Information Modeling), 166, 187
Bing Maps, 355
Biogeography, xxxvi, 48, 89, 100, 144
Biome, xii, 4, 75, 96–100, 112, 181, 190, 191, 196
Bishop, Bill, 121
Bivariate regression analysis, 274
Black, James Wallace, xxxii, 1, 2
Black Death (Bubonic Plague), 215, 234
Black Sea, 22, 23, 160–162, 165, 169, 179, 307
Block groups (U.S. Census tabulation areas), 119, 120, 122, 243
Blue Marble (image), xxxvii, 93, 95
Bluetooth technology, 114, 185
Blum, Arlene Diane, xv, xxxvi, 196
Boeing 747, 10
Bonnett, Alastair, xiii
Booth, Charles, 119
Boston, xxxii, 1, 2, 51, 281, 298
Boundaries and borders, 15, 68, 70, 93, 98, 99, 100, 125, 140, 181, 194, 228, 239, 245–248, 279, 312–316, 319, 326, 327, 344, 351, 353
Brady, Matthew, 262
Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta (The Opening of the Universe) book, 34
Brahmagupta, xvii, xviii, xxviii, 32–35, 210, 313
Brazil, xxix, xxxvi, 102, 146, 153, 208, 209, 228, 289, 325–327, 328, 357
Bridges and tunnels, xxxi, 40–43, 56, 107, 123, 289, 322, 349
British Antarctic expedition, 26
British Columbia, 72
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 41, 43–46, 310, 313
Burnham, Daniel, xxxii, 45, 49–52, 66
Byrd, Richard E., 26
Cabral, Pedro Álvares, xxix, 209
Calendars. See Time
California, xxxvi, xxxix, 6, 36, 41, 59, 62, 86, 99, 102, 125, 139, 196, 198, 228, 231, 234, 260, 263, 281, 285, 292, 297, 302, 320, 335
California Institute of Technology, 86
Camera, xiii, xxxiv, 1–4, 95, 96, 113, 114, 260–264
Camera Obscura, 260
Canada, xvi, xxxvi, 54, 70, 73, 89, 102, 110, 120, 121, 123, 124, 129, 133, 139, 212, 232, 247, 279, 301
Canada Geographic Information System, 123
Canadian Association of Geographers, 129
Canadian Geographic Education, 89
Canals, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv, 5, 30, 44, 46, 50, 53–56, 102, 128, 164, 176, 217, 221, 225, 226, 261, 294–295, 313, 336
Cape of Good Hope, xxix, 55, 65, 71, 158, 208, 328, 362
Cape Town, 71
Cape Verde Islands, 158, 208, 324–326
Cardinal directions, 67–70, 245
Caribbean Sea, xxix, 66–67, 116
Cartesian coordinate system, 192
Carthage, 306
Cartography, xxviii, 12, 15, 19, 123, 130, 132, 141, 143, 144, 164, 165, 166, 182, 227, 230, 231, 234, 235, 239, 240, 246, 257–259, 270–272, 274, 330
Caspian Sea, 160, 169, 220, 307, 330
Cassini family, 238
Cassini Spacecraft, 96
Catholic Church, 64, 76, 78, 325
Census, xix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvii, 31, 119–121
Central America, 55, 66, 116, 190, 207, 228, 231
Central business district, 122, 311, 336
Central Place Theory, xxxv, 56–59
Cerro Toco Observatory, 251
Chain (measurement), 142, 246, 313
Challenge and Response Theory, 163
Channel Tunnel (Chunnel), xxxviii, 42
Charbonneau, Jean Baptiste, 198
Chi-squared methods, 274
Chicago, xv, xxxiv, xxxv, 9, 9–52, 66, 118, 131, 165, 335
“Chicago School” of Sociology, 121, 273, 322
China, xv, xvii, xxii, xxviii, 40, 82, 135, 179, 180, 181, 205, 218, 220–222, 237, 242, 257–259, 261, 271, 288, 310, 319, 335–336, 347, 360–362
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 28, 39, 102
Chrisman, Nick, 127
Christaller, Walter, xviii, xxxv, 56–59, 336
Chronology (Al–Biruni), 13
Circumference of the Earth, xxxvii, xxxviii, 33, 64, 65, 104–106, 219, 231, 267–268, 271
Circumnavigation of the Earth, xxx, xxxiii, 71, 207–210, 252, 325
Cirrus clouds, 36
Cities. See Urbanization
Citizen science, 60–63, 114, 127, 137, 187, 190, 240, 252, 255, 297, 299, 315, 345, 355
Citizen Science Alliance, 61
Citizen Science Association, 61
City Beautiful Movement, 50
Civil War (USA), 55, 85, 152, 155, 227–229, 247, 262, 351
Civilian Conservation Corps, 226
Claritas Corporation, 120
Clark, George Rogers. See Lewis and Clark
Climate, xii, 5, 7, 15, 20, 36–39, 48, 58, 73, 75, 80, 89, 92, 95 97, 98, 100, 117, 118, 125, 154, 159, 164, 167, 173, 174, 180, 196, 200, 210, 214, 219, 227, 240, 251, 252–255, 265, 267, 278–280, 282, 284, 305, 311, 321, 335, 340, 341, 344, 359
climate change, xxxviii, 28, 29, 99, 101, 127, 182, 337, 347, 351
Climate Inspector, 38
Climatology, 36, 89, 133, 249, 275
Clinton, DeWitt, 53
Clocks, xxx, 33, 79, 83, 134, 135, 149–151, 251, 313, 319, 325
Cloud-based GIS, 137, 185, 354
Cluster analysis, 122
Coal. See Industrial Revolution
Coca-Cola, 310
Cold War, 9, 181, 183, 205, 281
Colorado River, xvi, xxxiii, 152, 337
Columbus, Christopher, xvii, xviii, xix, xxix, 16, 27, 50, 63–67, 107, 108, 110, 156, 158, 206–208, 222, 268, 270–271, 292, 324, 328, 330, 340 349, 360, 362
Community gardens, 6
Comparative Geography (book), 285
Compass, xvi, xxvii, xxviii, 67–71, 80, 82, 113, 185, 197, 211–214, 230–231, 313, 361
Computer-aided drafting (CAD), 113, 166
Computers, xv, xxxvi, xxxvii, 8, 79, 111, 113, 123–125, 140, 166, 184, 213, 242–243, 262, 295, 305, 310, 331, 332, 337, 353
application programming interfaces, xxxix, 299, 354, 355
ConAgra, 310
Concorde, 9
Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), 37
Continental drift. See Plate tectonics
Cook, James, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxx, 24, 71–75, 115, 117, 252, 357
Cooper, Mercator, 24
Cooper Creek, Australia, 47
Copernicus, Nicolaus, xiii, xiv, xvii, xxix, 68, 75–78, 340
Corinth, 306
Corona Imaging Program, 281
Cosmographia, xviii, xxix, 233–236, 328
Cross-staffs, astrolabes, and other devices, xviii, 33, 67, 73, 79–83, 117, 134, 135, 149, 169, 197, 218, 219, 246, 249, 313
Crowdsourcing. See Citizen science
Crystal Palace, 262
Cuban Missile Crisis, 3
Cultural geography, xv, xxxi, 5, 7, 8, 10, 41, 42–45, 51, 53, 55, 66, 67, 71, 73, 83, 89, 101, 111, 112, 117–118, 122, 141, 145, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 163, 167, 187, 192, 204, 228, 243, 248, 255, 263, 275, 280, 287–289, 292, 296, 305, 311, 318, 333–335, 337, 340, 344, 351, 362
Cyberinfrastructure, 299
Da Ferrara, Domenico Maria Novara, 75
Da Gama, Vasco, xiv, 16, 108, 158, 208, 222
Daguerre, Louis, xxxii, 260, 263
Dams, 5, 40, 46, 138, 190, 247
Dangermond, Jack, xxxvi, 125, 337
Dartmouth University, 133
Darwin, Charles, 20, 85, 94, 117, 147, 175, 216, 296, 347, 348
Davis, John (Antarctic explorer), xxxii, 24
Davis, John (English explorer), xxix, 80
Davis, William Morris, xiv, xviii, xxxii, xxxiv, 84–87, 88, 274
De Barbari, Jacopo, xxix, 1, 164
De Bort, Teisserenc Léon, xiv, xvii, 37, 169
De la Blache, Paul Vidal, 277
De Lozier, Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet, 24
De Soto, Hernando (economist), 315
De Soto, Hernando (explorer), 108
Defining geography, 87–91
Deforestation, 102, 224, 225, 351
Demography. See Population geography
Denmark, xxxviii, 42, 110, 242, 249, 263
Descartes, René, 115, 339, 340
Deserts, xxxi, 5, 47, 48, 97, 99, 106, 157, 164, 179, 189, 220, 251, 281, 289, 291, 337, 349
Design, xxxi, xxxii, xxxvi, xxxix, 31, 43–46, 50–52, 95, 124, 125, 150, 151, 166, 224, 233, 234, 252, 255, 288, 300, 304, 337
Design with Nature (McHarg), xxxvi, 31
Dias, Bartolomeu, xiv, xxix, 24, 27, 65, 158
Die Erdkunde (book), xxxi, 286
Digital elevation models, 3, 124, 239, 283, 303, 332
Digital line graphs, 353
Digital orthophotoquads, 124, 353
Digital raster graphics, 239, 262, 303, 355
DigitalGlobe (company), xl, 62, 124, 283, 298, 332
Diseases, 6, 10, 67, 89, 156, 214, 253, 298, 302, 326, 351
Domesday Book, xxxviii, 242, 312
Dominica, 66
Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, 172
Douglas DC-3, 8
Downtowns (centeral business districts), 122, 311, 336
Drake, Francis, xiv, xxix, 24, 209
Drones. See Unmanned aerial vehicles
Du Hauron, Louis Ducos, 261
Duke of Bridgewater’s Canal, 53
Dust Bowl, xiii, xxxv, 5, 102, 263
Earhart, Amelia, 83
Earth in space, 92–96
Earth Science Tradition, 88
Earthquakes, 1, 13, 21, 42, 62, 107, 118, 126, 136, 140, 147, 153, 174, 185, 225, 239, 250, 266, 268, 299, 307, 317, 319, 342, 358, 359
Earth-sun relationships, 33–35, 36–37, 75, 101, 167, 169, 214, 217, 227, 268, 340
East Indies. See Indonesia
Easter Island, 74
Eastman, George, xxxiv, 261, 263, 289, 315, 355
Ecological land units, 98, 100, 280
Ecology, xv, xxxiii, 97, 99, 100, 101, 225, 273, 348
Economic geography, 40, 43, 54, 89, 132, 309, 310, 312
Ecoregions and biomes, xii, 7, 36, 96–100, 112, 167, 181, 196, 278
Ecuador, xxx, 115–118, 172, 346
Edison, Thomas, 250
Education of a Geographer, The (article), xxxv, 293
Egypt, xxvii, 105, 127, 159–162, 165, 169, 173, 178, 193, 242, 308, 312
Eide, Christian, 28
Elcano, Juan Sebastian, 206, 208, 209
Elements of Cartography, 230
Ellesmere Island, 212
Energy, xi, xiii, xv, 6, 8, 28, 30, 40, 67, 95, 99, 102, 125, 137, 181, 184, 186, 190, 195, 247, 254, 281, 282, 283, 288, 296, 310, 314, 333, 336, 337, 352, 358
Engineering, 40, 42, 44, 45, 74, 85, 96, 224, 289, 292, 313
Environmental activism, 39, 283
Environmental determinism, 132, 267, 291
Environmental geography, 100, 101
Environmental movement, xviii, 6, 9, 30, 39, 46, 49, 51, 56, 60, 95, 96, 98, 100–104, 133, 154, 166, 172, 182, 183, 190, 197, 198, 216, 223, 225, 247, 263, 290, 322, 337, 347, 351
Ephemeralization, 95
Equator, xxx, 37, 64, 65, 79, 81, 105, 106, 115, 116, 117, 168, 169, 193, 194, 231, 270, 271
Eratosthenes, xii, xviii, xxvii, 22, 30, 64, 68, 79, 102, 104–108, 115, 149, 167, 168, 193, 218, 267, 271, 306, 313
Eriksson, Leif, xvii, xxviii, 64, 108–111
Erosion, xiv, 4, 5, 36, 84–87, 281
Errors, xxxviii, 12, 13, 105, 136, 143, 205, 233, 235, 243, 258, 265, 267, 271, 282, 307
Esri (company), xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 30, 62, 100, 114, 122, 124, 125, 126, 229, 230, 232, 240, 280, 297, 300, 304, 355
Esri User Conference, xxxix
Europe, xxiv, xxviii, xxix, 9, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 40, 45, 54, 62, 63, 69, 72, 77, 86, 102, 108, 115, 130, 139, 145, 156, 160, 165, 180, 181, 188, 198, 199, 204, 208, 209, 218, 219, 220, 231, 233, 235, 249, 270, 279, 285, 288, 307, 310, 318, 324, 326, 328, 330, 334, 344, 346, 350, 351, 358
European Association of Geographers, 130
European Union, 42, 43, 135, 351
Evelyn, John, 188
Evolution, xxviii, xxxiv, 17–20, 57, 84, 86, 94, 98, 132, 134, 147, 150, 215, 216, 243, 274, 296, 311, 317, 348
of the human species, 17, 20, 85, 94, 147, 175, 216, 296, 347, 348
Exploration, 23–27, 28, 46–48, 63–66, 71–74, 108–11, 115–118, 152–154, 178–180, 183, 195–198, 199–202, 206–209, 220–222, 229, 345–348, 360–363
Explore Everything, 322
Externalities, 290
Extinctions, 103, 146, 147, 225, 307
Exurban areas, 121
Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, 9
Fairchild, Sherman, xxxv, 2, 3
Farmer’s markets, 6
Farming. See Agriculture
Federal Aid Highway Act, xxxv, 290
Ferdinand II of Aragon, 65, 324
Field collection devices, 112–115
Fischer, Josef, 329
Fitz, Ellen Eliza, xv
5 Themes of Geography, 88, 89, 96
Flinders River, 47
Florence, 270
Food, xi, 4–7, 10, 17–20, 28, 48, 56, 57, 66, 101, 103, 108, 110, 163, 180, 200, 214–216, 221, 254, 55, 287, 289, 308–311, 327, 335, 340
Food and Agriculture Organization, 101, 254
Forth and Clyde Canal, 176
Fossils, 21, 146, 174, 176, 191, 294, 295, 296, 307, 356, 357
French Academy of Sciences, 116, 117, 128
French Geodesic Mission, xviii, xxx, 27, 115–118, 172, 313
Friedman, Thomas, 310
Frisius, Gemma, 138
Fuller, Buckminster, xxxvi, 95, 233
Full-motion video, 332
Gagarin, Yuri, xv
Galloping horse photographs, xxxiii, 261
Garmin, 114
Garreau, Joel, 280
Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich, xxxii, 26, 210, 211
Genocide, 67, 298, 349, 350, 351
Geocaching, 136
Geodemographics, xxxvii, xxxviii, 119–123, 312, 336
Geodesign, xxxix, 126, 166, 300, 337
Geodesy, xvi, 12, 13, 106, 117, 118, 135, 141, 143, 144, 166, 195, 313, 315, 357
Geographia (book), 234, 269–271, 330
Geographia Generalis, 339–341
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), xi, xvi, xviii, xix, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 7, 8, 30, 31, 37, 38, 59, 62, 88, 100, 101, 104, 113, 114, 122, 123–126, 127, 133, 136, 137, 139, 140, 166, 186, 187, 188, 220, 229, 230, 232, 238, 239, 243, 244, 257, 262, 275, 279, 282, 283, 297, 298, 301–304, 310, 313, 314, 332, 333, 337, 353–356
Geographica (book), xxxvii, 218, 305–308
Geographical Association, xxxiv, 89, 128, 129, 204
Geographical Pivot of History, 204
Geographical Societies, 127–131, 204
American Association of Geographers, xxxvii, 88, 89, 129, 228
Berlin Geographical Society, xxxii, 128, 285
Royal Geographical Society, xxxii, 25, 88, 128, 132, 165, 199, 204, 277, 285
Société de Géographie, xxxi, 128
Geography content standards, xiv, xix, xxxvii, 87–91, 129, 204, 220
Geography departments, xxxiii, xxxiv, 6, 39, 52, 87, 98, 100, 125, 128, 131–134, 203, 213, 253, 273–276, 284, 291, 296, 337, 345, 352
Geography themes, 87–91
Geography traditions, 87
Geometry, 12, 105, 218, 274, 312, 313, 330
Geomorphology, 84–86, 88–89, 132, 175, 203, 275, 283, 296, 307, 333, 340
Geostatistics, 303
Geotagging, 125, 136, 186, 260
Geotechnologies, xix, 7, 29, 39, 61, 79, 93, 123–126, 134–137, 167, 281–283
Germany, xxxiii, 77, 86, 129, 131, 132, 133, 146, 159, 166, 183, 205, 208, 210, 215, 234, 265, 329, 339, 351
Gibson, James, 320
GIS. See Geographic Information Systems
Glaciers, 26, 128, 144, 145, 146, 175, 261, 285, 317, 333, 357
Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) program, 38, 60
Global Positioning Systems (GPS), xi, xiii, xiv, xvi, xviii, xix, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 7, 8, 13, 28, 37, 60–62, 69, 70, 79, 82, 83, 113–115, 116, 117, 125, 134–137, 166, 185, 187, 195, 246, 262, 282, 299, 308, 314, 319, 332, 337, 352, 354, 358
Global studies, 133
Globes, xi, xv, xvi, xxix, xxx, xxxviii, 93, 131, 138–140, 194, 207, 209, 230, 232, 330, 340, 355
starfinder globe, 139
GLONASS system, 135
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), 82, 135
Golden, Colorado, 250
Golden Nature Guides, 99
Gondwanaland, 357
Google Earth, xxxviii, 140, 298, 354
Google Maps, xxxviii, 166, 230, 243, 299, 354, 355
Gotthard Base Tunnel, xl, 42, 43
Gousha maps, 165
GPS. See Global Positioning Systems
Great Barrier Reef, 254
Great Chicago Fire of 1871, 49
Great Exhibition, 43
Great Plains, xxxi, xxxv, 5, 97, 154, 196, 222, 247, 278, 279, 289
Great Stink, The, 302
Great Trigonometric Survey of India, xix, xxxi, 117, 140–144, 237, 246, 313
Great Western Railway, 43–45
Greco-Persian Wars, 159
Greece, xv, 34, 40, 41, 161, 162, 169–172, 179, 208, 288, 306
Green Science Policy Institute, 196
Greenland, 28, 108–110, 185, 194, 232, 357
Gregory X (Pope), 220
Gregory XII (Pope), 270
Gregory XIII (Pope), 318
GRID computer mapping system, 124
Grids, 136, 164, 165, 167, 168, 195, 212, 257, 303, 304, 313
smart grid, 186
Grosvenor, Gilbert Melville, xxxvii, 129
Guadeloupe, 66
Guinness Book of World Records, 151
Gutenberg, Johannes, xxix, 261
Guyot, Arnold Henry, xvi, xxxi, 144–148, 204
Guyot and Agassiz, 144–148
Habitat, 4, 59, 61, 98, 201, 229, 239, 335
Hammudids, 16
Harriott, Thomas, 80
Harrison, John, xviii, xxx, 30, 73, 83, 149–152, 195, 231, 296, 297, 318, 319, 325
Hartshorne, Richard, 278
Harvard Graduate School of Design Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, xxxvi, 124
Harvard University, 84, 85, 125, 337
Havilland Comet airplane, xxxv, 8
Hawaii, xvi, xxx, 72, 73, 188, 246, 251, 359
Hawaiian Islands Land Trust, 188
Hayden, Ferdinand Vendeveer, xxxiii, 86, 152–155, 197, 238, 246, 313
Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler Surveys, 152–155
Health, xi, xiii, 4, 6, 28, 30, 40, 89, 99, 101, 125, 166, 184–186, 191, 196, 200, 201, 243, 253, 255, 263, 275, 282, 298, 322, 335, 337, 349–351
Hecataeus of Miletus, xv, 23, 218
Heliocentric model, xiv, xxix, 75–78
Henry the Navigator, 64, 155–158, 222
HERODOT Network for Geography in Higher Education, 130
Herodotus, xxxvii, 159–163, 269, 306, 307
High-resolution mapping, 163–167
Hillary, Sir Edmund, xv, xxxv, 183
Hipparchus, xxxvi, 19, 79, 101, 167–170, 193, 267, 306, 318
Historical geography, 89
Histories, The (Herodotus), 159–162
History, xi, xiv, xxvii, xxviii, xxxiv, 11–14, 19, 38, 58, 66, 73, 87, 89, 128, 131, 132, 146, 147, 159–163, 172, 174, 176, 195, 203–205, 215, 221, 224, 235, 246, 257, 258, 259, 264, 265, 268, 279, 284–286, 292, 296, 305, 306, 317, 322, 340, 346
HM Bark Endeavour (ship), 71
Holland. See Netherlands, The
Holland Tunnel, 41
Homer, xvii, xxxvii, 23, 170–173, 306
Hong Kong Geographical Association, 130
Hope Spots, 255
Horticulture, 264
Hospitals, 44, 45, 166, 187, 243, 322, 350
How to Lie with Maps (book), xxxviii, 220, 365
Hoyle, Sir Fred, 95
Hub-and-spoke, 10
Hubble space telescope, 61, 250
Huber, Thomas, 279
Hui, Liu, 312
Human Development Index, 311
Human-environment interaction, 36, 89, 96, 98, 100, 172, 253–255, 286, 309, 310, 312, 334, 343, 345, 351
Hurricane Katrina, 38
1900 Galveston hurricane, xxxiv, 38
Superstorm Sandy, 38
Hutton, James, xii, xviii, xxx, 84, 174–177, 181, 296, 306, 307, 317, 357
Hydrology, 31, 89, 97, 124, 196, 238, 239, 278, 293, 322
IBM (company), 353
Ibn Battuta, xvi, xviii, xxviii, 16, 101, 173, 178–181, 214, 234, 266, 277, 321
Ice caps. See Glaciers
Iceland, xxxii, 9, 103, 108, 110, 332
Ichthyosaur, 146
Ideographic approach, 273, 276
IkeGPS, 114
Illinois Museum of Natural History, 155
Imago Mundi, xxxvii, xxxiv, 64, 66, 216, 217
Immigration, 40, 51, 53, 54, 122, 196, 290
India, xix, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 32–35, 40, 72, 124, 135, 140–143, 188, 189, 205, 208, 209, 221, 222, 233, 237, 242, 249, 268, 283, 306, 313, 319, 350, 357, 360, 361
Indian Ocean, 19, 71, 72, 73, 169, 200, 270, 325, 361
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (GNSS System), 135
Indian Space Research Organization, 135
Indians. See Native Americans
Indigenous people, xxxvi, 67, 72, 74, 153, 188, 191, 346
Indonesia, 62, 71, 102, 179, 326
Industrial Revolution, 5, 41, 43, 44, 45, 53, 70, 102, 152, 189, 215, 261, 288, 294, 296, 313, 318, 335
Inequalities, 335
In-fill, 51
Institut Géographique National, 238
Integrated geography, 101
Integrated Ocean Observing System, 255
International Cartographic Association, xxxvi, 130, 230
International Date Line, 194, 209
International Geographical Union, xxxv, 130, 183
International Geophysical Year, xviii, xxxv, xxxviii, 27, 28, 112, 181–184, 251
International Meridian Conference, xxxiii, 79, 194, 246
International Union for Conservation of Nature, 190
Internet of Things (IoT), xii, xvi, xviii, xix, xxxix, 7, 38, 61, 113, 125, 133, 135, 184–187, 195, 252, 255, 264, 297, 300, 304, 310, 315, 333, 337
Interstate highways, xxxv, 247, 290
Iran, 41, 178, 217, 249, 318, 361
Iraq, xxviii, xxxiv, 14, 17, 19, 164, 178, 217, 249, 349
Isabella I of Castile, 65, 324
Isles of Scilly, 149
Italy, xxvii, 63, 70, 75, 86, 161, 164, 179, 208, 220, 224, 233, 249, 267, 277, 306, 342
Jackson, William Henry, 154
Jamaica, 66
Japan, xxxvii, xxxix, 26, 42, 65, 107, 183, 205, 219, 222, 308, 309, 336, 339, 358
Jefferson, Thomas, 53, 165, 197, 245–248, 347
Jin Dynasty, 257–258
Johnston, David, 345
Johnston, Ron, 131
Jordan, David Starr, 147
Kant, Immanuel, 132
Keay, John, 141
Kenya, 178, 204, 209, 299, 361
Kerski, Joseph, 100, 290, 336, 356, 364, 365
Khwarezm, 11
Kiepert, Heinrich, 132
Kierkegaard, Søren, 263
King, Clarence, 154
King, Nicholas, 197
King George III of England, 151
King John (João) II of Portugal, 65, 138, 324
King Louis XIV of France, xxx, 128, 139, 238, 249
King Louis XVI of France, 127
King Roger II of Sicily, 14, 17
Kirsch, Russell A., 262
Kline, Benjamin, 104
Kraft (corporation), 310
Kraków, 75
Kublai Khan, 220–221
La Condamine, Charles–Marie, 115, 118
La Salle, 139
Lake Superior, 85
Lambert, David, xx
Lambton, William, 142
Land cover, 4, 100, 124, 280, 283, 293, 315, 346
Land protection, xviii, 98, 99, 102, 154, 166, 188–192, 247, 323, 347
Land use, xii, xxxiii, 4–7, 10, 37, 40, 41, 48, 58, 83, 98, 99, 101, 123, 124, 151, 160, 162, 172, 181, 189, 192, 213, 219, 224, 225, 247, 252, 275, 278, 281–283, 292, 296, 303, 305, 317, 321, 336, 341
Landforms. See Geomorphology
Landsat, xxxvii, xxxix, 124, 239, 281–283
Landscape, xiv, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, 11, 31, 43, 46, 51, 56, 58, 68, 73, 110, 125, 130, 141, 146, 166, 169, 176, 179, 189, 191, 197, 221, 225, 234, 239, 247, 260, 262, 280, 306, 307, 313, 323, 332, 346, 347
evolution, xxxiv, 84–86, 291–293, 317
Landscape Architecture, xxxix, 31, 125, 166, 304, 337
Langford, Nathaniel P., 154
Laser Rangefinder, xxxviiii, 113, 314
Latitude and longitude, xviii, xxvii, xxvii, 68, 79, 107, 135, 139, 143, 165, 167, 168, 192–195, 196, 218, 231, 246, 251, 270, 271, 313, 318, 319, 340
Law, 14, 20, 21, 75, 78, 101, 110, 165, 175, 176, 180, 188, 192, 215, 224, 247, 273, 275, 290, 321, 332, 333, 337, 341, 347
Le Rond d’Alembert, Jean, 115
Leica Geosystems, 114
Lewis, Meriwether. See Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark, xiv, xviii, xxxi, 133, 152, 155, 165, 195–199, 201, 245, 246, 313
Lhasa Plateau Ecological Research Station, 251
Libraries, xxvii, 20, 75, 104–106, 232, 269, 270, 308, 329
Lidar, xxxix, 166, 239, 281, 283, 314, 332
Lima, 118
Lindbergh, Anne Morrow, 93
Livingstone, David, xvi, xxxi, 48, 199–202
Location privacy, xix, 137, 186, 333
London, xxxii, 8, 9, 25, 43, 44, 119, 151, 165, 175, 195, 201, 204, 212, 249, 251, 262, 295, 302, 304
London Atlas, 165
Longitude. See Latitude and longitude
Longitude Act, 149
Louv, Richard, 323
Lumière, Louis and Auguste, 261
Lunar eclipse, 12, 66, 75, 167
Mackinder, Halford, xiv, xvii, xxxiii, xxxiv, 87, 88, 129, 132, 203–206, 277
Madras, 142
Magellan, Ferdinand, xiv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxix, 24, 48, 115, 156, 158, 196, 197, 206–210, 222, 235, 325, 362
Magnetic compass. See Compass
Magnetic field, xiv, 24, 36, 61, 68, 70, 79, 82, 210–214
magnetometer, xxxii, xxxix, 69, 70, 211, 212, 213
Magnetic poles, xxxii, 24, 26, 68, 70, 79, 82, 174, 211, 212, 233, 358
Mahodayapuram Observatory, 249
Malthus, Thomas Robert, xii, xxxi, 214–216
Man and Nature (book), xxxiii, 223–226
Man-Land Tradition, 88
Map projections, xi, xxvii, xxix, 12, 14, 194, 218, 219, 230–233, 271, 274, 303, 304, 314, 328
Mapillary, 354
Mapquest, xxxviii, 243, 354, 355
Maps, xv, xviii, xxvii, xxxv, xxxviii, 1, 4, 15, 31, 63, 68, 70, 82, 90, 114, 117, 122, 123, 126, 127, 137, 143, 146, 152, 156, 163, 165, 185, 196, 216–220, 222, 227, 230, 232, 234, 237, 257, 270, 283, 286, 295, 299, 313, 321, 329, 340, 347, 352, 353–356, 361
city, 163–167
projections. See Map projections
road, xxvii, xxviii, xxxiv, 164–167
topographic, xix, xxxviii, 3, 70, 124, 127, 153, 212, 238, 239, 282, 314, 315, 354
world, xxviii, xxix, 14, 15, 23, 71–75, 139, 157, 163, 168, 217, 219, 222, 230, 252, 270, 329, 344, 356
Marco Polo, xvii, xxviii, 66, 179, 219, 220–223, 287
Marine chronometer, 73
Mariner I spacecraft, 83
Mariner’s astrolabe. See Astrolabe
Marinus of Tyre, xxvii, 23, 218
Marsh, George Perkins, xxxiii, 56, 223–226
Material Theory, 163
Mathematics, xxviii, 11, 12, 19, 32–35, 74, 89, 96, 105, 115, 168, 210, 216, 234, 257, 268, 274, 339, 341
Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 251
Maury, Matthew, xiv, xxxii, 112, 227–230
McClure, Robert, xiv
McLean, Malcolm, 311
Medicine, 5, 11, 19, 57, 176, 216, 253
Mediterranean Sea, 23, 94, 157, 173, 217, 225, 268, 269, 343
Mercator, Gerardus, xiii, xvii, xviii, xxix, 138, 194, 219, 230–233, 330
Meteorology, 36, 85, 87, 88, 89, 133, 144, 182, 213, 227, 249, 268, 356
Mexican War, 224
Mexico, xxxi, 133, 165, 292, 326, 346
Michelin maps, 165
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 358
Middle Ages, 161, 164, 171, 222, 232, 235, 242, 268, 270, 288
Midwest, the (USA), 54, 58, 263, 279
Migration, xv, xxxii, 5, 6, 31, 40, 45, 51, 53, 54, 80, 89, 99, 103, 121, 122, 125, 137, 159, 191, 196, 231, 263, 275, 280, 290, 336, 350, 351
Mining, 36, 70, 85, 99, 164, 198, 264, 282, 288, 347
Minnesota, 28, 110, 125, 245, 300, 320
Models, xii, xxix, 36, 10, 21, 29, 31, 37, 38, 56–59, 61, 64, 75, 86, 99, 114, 120, 124, 125, 127, 138, 154, 166, 168, 187, 205, 239, 244, 273–275, 283, 302–305, 314, 321, 332, 336, 337
MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) imagery, xxxviii, 7, 37, 304
Molucca Islands, 207, 209, 325, 326
MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses), xxxix, 133, 299
Moon, xxxvi, 3, 21, 22, 33, 77, 82, 92–95, 147, 151, 168, 266, 268, 282, 318, 358
Moran, Thomas, 154
Morden, Robert, xi
Morocco, xxviii, 16, 157, 160, 178–180
Mount Chimborazo, 347
Mount Erebus, 26
Mount Everest, xxxv, 112, 142, 172, 183, 196
Mount Kenya, 204
Mountains, xvi, xxxiii, 23, 42, 53, 85, 123, 128, 141, 143, 145, 146, 160, 168, 173, 175, 179, 196, 198, 217, 231, 245, 246, 258, 271, 279, 285, 289, 357–359, 361
Mozambique, 209
Münster, Sebastian, xxix, 233–236
Murphy, Alexander, 131, 352, 365
Museums, 51, 99, 145, 146, 155, 172, 218, 232, 251, 296, 298
Mylar, 31
NASA, xxxviii, 3, 94–95, 124, 140, 181, 239, 281, 354
National Audubon Society, 60