Abbott Coalition government 166
Aborigines
agriculture not of interest to 21–22
contributions to pastoralism 24–26, 68
European sexual relations with 13–14, 68
fragmented society of 14
kinship obligations 17
lack of treaties with 12–13, 15,194
Myall Creek massacre 44
of Cape York 6
omitted from Federalist vision 100
rights of in squatting leases 71
standard of living of 16–17
view of own social status 22
‘Advance Australia Fair’ 98–99, 146
agriculture
factors motivating use of 15–16, 18–20
failure to interest Aborigines in 5–26
global spread of 5
under Selection Acts 69, 75–77
American Revolution 46
Anzac Day celebrations 136, 150
ANZUS treaty 188
arbitration schemes 85–86, 158
Argentina, as contrast to Australia 70, 77
Arnhem Land 7
Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis 132–135
Asia see also White Australia
large-scale immigration from 165
assimilation policies 160
asylum seekers, Australian response to 165–166
Australia see also Commonwealth Government
absence of civic memory in 193
adopts Statute of Westminster 186
Britain requires assistance from 171–172
effect of convicts on national character 122–139
effect of immigration on 140–166
Federalist aspirations for 98–99
growth during gold rush 74
high levels of tolerance in 142, 144–145, 153–154
high standards of living 82
Japan seen as threat to 152–153, 179–180
native-born residents of 110–111
obedience to impersonal authority in 152
periods of economic growth 86–87
preparations for war 180
republican movement in 167–198
taboo on convict origins 129–130
unionism in 84
Australian Constitution
blocks bank nationalisation 119
democratic focus of 103–104, 106, 108
Australian Labor Party see Labor Party
Australian Legend, The 123
Australian Natives’ Association 91, 110–111
Australian Republican Movement 191–198
banking industry, nationalisation attempts 119
Barker, Graeme 18–19
‘Barmy Army’ 139
Barton, Edmund
Australian Natives’ Association and 111
belief in Divine mission 98
obscurity of 93
trade policies 115
Batman, John, Aboriginal ‘treaty’ with 13
Bean, C. E. W. 133
Bellwood, Peter 2
Biggest Estate on Earth, The 10
Bismarck, Otto von 169
Blacktown, cottages for Aboriginal farmers at 22
Bland, William 54
‘boat people’ see asylum seekers
charges squatters licence fee 71
orders enquiry into alleged maltreatment of convicts 40
religious policies 145
Brisbane, Thomas 38
Britain see United Kingdom
British government
Australian relations with 178–179, 189–190
claims Torres Strait Islands 11
emigration sponsored by 81
grants squatter leases 71
Imperial powers devolved by 167–168
Japan allies with 180
NSW colony financed by 59–60, 62–65
NSW granted common law by 31–32
‘penal colonies’ established by 28
prevents establishment of ruling class 45–46
relies on colonial support 170–171
repudiates purchase of Port Phillip ‘lease’ 13
sets property qualifications for NSW voters 55–56
sovereignty over NSW lands 11–12
Burke and Wills expedition 9
businesspeople, ex-convicts as 34
Butlin, Noel 65
Cairo, vandalism by Australian troops in 137–138
Cape York, agriculture in 6–7, 23
Catholic Church
in NSW, government support for 48–49, 53
links to Labor parties 149
opposition to conscription from 148
position of under British rule 143–144
school funding withdrawn from 147
Charters Towers 74
China
agriculture in 5
hawker from diagnosed with leprosy 114
immigration from restricted 114–115
merchants from in Australia 64, 114–115
settlers from grow rice in NT 7
Chisholm, Caroline 145
Church Act 145
Churchill, Winston 130–131, 186–188
civic memory, absence of 193
Clark, Manning 191
Collins, Jock 142–143, 150, 154
Colonial Office 51, 54–55, 72 see also British government
Colonial/Imperial Conferences 171–172, 185–186
‘colonials,’ perception of 109–110
Colony to Reluctant Kingdom 193
Commonwealth Day proposal 193
Commonwealth Government see also Australian Constitution; Federation
early trade policies 96
powers given to 109–110, 113–114
procedure for resolving deadlocks 106–108
proclamation of 92
significance of title 101–102
women included in franchise for 105–106
Commonwealth of Australia Bill 92
conscription debate 148–149, 180–182
Constitution see Australian Constitution
convicts and ex-convicts
allowed on jury panels after release 49–50
cases brought to court by 33
certificates of freedom for 45
employed as shepherds 68
further offences committed by 32
‘gentleman convicts’ 39
money made by 33
national character influenced by 122–139
‘own time’ system for 30
professional positions held by 31, 43
property owned by 32
records of 39
rights on expiry of sentence 44–45
treatment of in NSW colony 28–30
Western Australia asks for 66
Corowa federalist convention 89–91, 96
Country Party, protectionist policies 86
Crisp, Finlay 120
Daily Telegraph, opposes Federation 94
Darling, Ralph
attempts to control media 50–51
bans women from Norfolk Island 41–42
implements penal reform in NSW 38
told to disperse convicts from Sydney 43
Davison, Graeme 3
Deakin, Alfred
at Colonial Conference 171
belief in Divine mission 98
immigration policies 112–113, 117–118
on ‘Australian Britons’ 178
protectionist policies 86
role in Federation 92
democracy, establishment of in NSW 27–58
Dennis, C. J. 136–137
deregulation of the economy 86–87
Dickson, James 92
dietary restrictions, religious 17
dingo, arrival in Australia 20
Displaced Persons, as immigrants to Australia 155–156, 158–159
dogs in Aboriginal settlements 18
duck trapping by Aborigines 8
‘dummy’ settlers employed by squatters 75–76
egalitarianism in Australia 150–151
Eight Hours Day celebrations 82–83
Elizabeth II, Queen 189
Emergent Commonwealth, The 113
Empire Council proposals 175–176
England see also United Kingdom
rivalries with Scotland and Wales 143, 146
English classes for migrants 164
Eureka Stockade 73
European Community, UK seeks membership of 190
European settlers in Australia see also immigration policies
assert their freedom 125
encouragement given to 47
political aspirations of 45–46
relations with Aborigines 7–8, 13–14, 21
Evans, George Essex 102
ex-convicts see convicts and ex-convicts
Federal Convention of 1891: 89–90
Federal Leagues, formation of 91
Federation see also Commonwealth Government
low turnout for referendum 112
preparations interrupted by Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee 176–177
reasons for 89
Federation Drought 83
‘firestick farming’ 9
First World War see World War I
FitzRoy, Charles 72
‘Four Questions in Australian History’ lecture series 1–2
Fraser Coalition government, asylum seeker policies 165
French Revolution 46
Fysh, Philip 92
Gallipoli landing, proves Australian worth 132–135
Garibaldi, Guiseppe 97
Gillard Labor government, asylum seeker policies 165–166
Governor position 79–80 see also names of Governors
Governors of New South Wales 1788–2010: 80
Great War see World War I
Greek migrants in Australia 141, 159, 161–162
Grey, Earl (formerly Viscount Howick) 47, 71
Griffith, Samuel 107, 109, 172
gross domestic product 82
Guinea, as penal colony 36
Hancock, Keith 69
High Court
on date of Australian independence 192–193
Wik case 71
History of Australia (by Manning Clark) 191
Holmes, Susannah 33
House of Representatives 104, 108 see also Commonwealth Government
Howard Coalition government 159–160, 165–166, 195–196
Howick, Viscount (later Earl Grey) 47, 71
Hughes, William Morris
anger at British presumption 179
at Versailles Peace Conference 182–184
conscription referendum 148–149
Japanese approaches to 180–182
Hunter Valley, develops as free settlement 44
hunter-gatherers, Aborigines as 5–26
Hyde Park Barracks 30
immigration policies
central to national identity 194
military motives for 153
‘selling’ of by Calwell 156
Immigration Restriction Act 112–113
Imperial Federation League 171, 175
Imperial/Colonial Conferences 171–172, 185–186
imperialism, nationalism as alternative to 97
integration policies 160
inter-colonial conference, on federation 90
Ireland
effects of British rule on 48
immigrants from 143–146, 148–149
Italian migrants in Australia 141, 159, 161
Jamestown colony 59
Japan
enters World War II 186
immigration from restricted 114, 116
invades Pacific and South East Asia 152–153, 186–187
perceived as growing threat 179–180
supports racial equality declaration 183–184
Jones, Rhys 9
Jupp, James 142
jury trials, reforms to 49, 53
Kangaroo 151
Karskens, Grace 63
Keating, Paul 194
King, Philip Gidley 66
Kingston, Charles, role in Federation 92
Knights of the Southern Cross 147–148
La Trobe, Charles 72
abandons White Australia policy 157
anti-republicanism in 176
defence policies 188
early growth of 86
forms after salaries granted to MPs 104
gains in Federal parliament 118–119
isolationist policies 185
opposed to Federation 103, 106, 118–120
racial exclusion policies 115, 132
split over conscription 149
success in NSW 85
Land Acts 75
Lawrence, D. H. 151
Lawson, Henry 102, 136, 174–175
‘Lead Kindly Light’ 150
Legislative Assembly of NSW, creation of 56–58
Legislative Council of NSW 51, 53–55
Liberal Party of Australia, divided on republic issue 195–196
Lingiari, Vincent 18
Lord, Simeon 67
‘loyal toast’ 190
Lyne, William 177
Mabo case 11
Macarthur, James 72
Macassan traders 7
Macquarie, Lachlan
attempts to introduce farming to Aborigines 21
on convict labour 30
‘ticket of leave’ system 38
treats ex-convicts as equals 35
magistrates’ courts, convicts brought before 32
manufacturing industry 87–88, 159
Markus, Andrew 142
McDonald, Peter 142
McGrath, Ann 2–3
McLean, Ian 87
Meaney, Neville 180
Medibank 107
medical insurance schemes 111
Melbourne
commercial opposition to Federation in 93–96
Federal parliament meets in 92
growth during gold rush 70, 73–74
members of parliament, salaries provided for 104
Menzies Liberal government 157, 188
Middle East, asylum seekers from 165
migration to Australia see immigration policies
Moreton Bay, penal reform in 40–41
Mudie, James 40
Mulligan, Lotte 2
Murray, Les 139
Murray River, trapping ducks on 8
Muslim immigrants to Australia 162
Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines 44
Napoleonic Wars 66
nationalism
among immigrants to Australia 161, 164
civic element in weakened 177–178
Federation and 92
imperialism vs. 97
in The Bulletin 173
Nationalist Party 149
native police, used against Aborigines 14–15
native title, establishing 11–12
navvies in Britain 125
‘New Australians’ 154 see also immigration policies
New Caledonia, penal colony on 36
New Guinea
agriculture in 5
becomes Australian protectorate 180, 183
Queensland claims for British Empire 170
New Hebrides, planned French penal settlement in 170
New South Wales (colony)
early republican movement 173–174
Federal capital to be located in 92
Federation not supported by 90–91, 103, 169–170
gerrymander clauses in constitution 58
government store rorted in 65
Irish convicts and settlers 144
Labor Party successes in 85
penal reform in 38
railway construction in 79
rule of law imposed on 46
subsidy to reduced 66
trade policies 95
New South Wales (state), Catholicism linked to Labor party in 149–150
Norfolk Island, reopened as penal colony 41
Norris, Ron 113
Northern Territory, land rights in 26
‘Old Dead Tree and the Young Tree Green’ 191
Pacific, European colonies in 169
Pacific Islanders as indentured labourers 116–117
Parkes, Henry
Federation poetry by 99
linked with Garibaldi 97
on ‘colonials’ 110
on ‘crimson thread of kinship’ 178
on trade policy 96
pastoralism
effect of land prices on 47–48
effect of protectionism on 86
popular opposition to squatters’ rights 70–71, 74–75
Paterson, A. B. ‘Banjo’ 102, 136
Phillip, Arthur
authority granted to convicts by 29–31
concern for colony’s success 60
plans to import women from Pacific Islands 36
sends Hunter to purchase provisions 60–61
plural voting 104
politicians, salaries provided for 104
Poole, John 40
Port Arthur, as penal colony 42
Port Macquarie, penal reform in 40–41
Port Phillip 13 see also Melbourne
prison reform movement, effects on NSW 37–42
Privy Council 191
protectionism see trade policies
Protestantism, in Australia 147–148
‘purity’, nationalistic stress on 130–131
Queensland (colony)
Federation not supported by 91
immigration policies 81
railway construction in 79
refuses to fund British navy 172
Queensland (state), indentured labourers in 116–117
racial purity, priority given to 131–132
Rawson, Harry 80
referendums
Constitutional support for 107–108
for Federation 112
on accepting Constitution 107
to increase Commonwealth power 119
refugees, Australian response to 156, 165–166
religious beliefs
Australian character and 139
Australian tolerance for 144–145
combined Anzac Day service 150
government supports equality of 48–49
Muslim immigrants to Australia 162
republicanism, failure of in Australia 167–198
Returned and Services League 150–151
rice, Aborigines exposed to cultivation of 7
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 187–188
Ross, Robert 31
Rudd Labor government, asylum seeker policies 165–166
Russell, John Lord 57
Salisbury, Lord 175
Scotland see also United Kingdom
rivalries with England and Wales 143–144, 146
sealing industry, economic impact of 66–67
Second World War see World War II
Senate
established by Constitution 108
Labor opposed to structure of 118–119
universal franchise for 106
Sentimental Bloke, The 136–137
shepherds, working conditions of 68
Shortest History of Europe, The 1
Singapore naval base 184, 186–187
slavery, penal colonies equated with 52
Snowy Mountains scheme 158–159
‘Some Religious Stuff I Know About Australia’ 139
South Africa, autonomy of recognised 184–185
South Australia (colony)
benefits of gold mining to 73
halts immigration 81
land prices in 48
railway construction in 79
self-government extended to 55
wheat growing in 77
women gain right to vote in 105–106
squatters see pastoralism
State Library of Victoria 94
Statute of Westminster 186, 192–193
sugar industry, indentured labourers in 116–117
Sydney
food shortages in 60–61
home of Australian Republican Movement 191–192
larrikins in 129
opposition to Federation 95–96
response to food robberies 30–31
Sydney Cricket Ground, pitch invasion 130
Tasmania (colony) see also Van Diemen’s Land
convict records in 39
proportion of convicts in 122–124
self-government extended to 55
transportation redirected to 52
tenant farmers in Argentina 77
Tennyson, Alfred Lord 97
‘ticket of leave’ system 33, 38–39
trade, ex-convicts engaged in 34
trade policies
customs union proposed 94
Federation and 92–93, 96–97, 109
inter-colony disagreements in 95
protectionism 86
trade unions see unionism
Treaty of Waitangi 193
trepang collection 7
Turnbull, Malcolm 195
Tyranny of Distance, The 67
Underwood, James 67
unionism
Eight Hours Day celebrations 82–83
immigration policies and 157–159
United Kingdom see also British government
character of residents in 126–127
growth in unionism 84
insufficient migrants from to fill Australian quota 155–156
navvies in 125
social changes in 124
tri-national makeup of 143–144, 146
United States
Australia looks to for defence 187–189
breaks from British Empire 169
growth in unionism 84
Irish immigrants to 144
isolation of settlers in 69
women gain right to vote in 105
University of the Third Age 1–2
upper houses in Colonial parliaments 51, 53–55, 104–106
Van Diemen’s Land see Tasmania (colony)
Versailles Peace Conference 182
Vesteys strike 18
Victoria (colony) see also Melbourne
halts immigration 81
protectionist policies 95
railway construction in 79
self-government extended to 55
support for Federation in 89
Victoria (state) see also Melbourne
Returned and Services League 150
Victoria, Queen 92, 173–174, 176–177
Vietnam, refugees from 165
voting qualifications 54, 103–104
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 47–48
Wales see also United Kingdom
rivalries with England and Scotland 143, 146
‘Waltzing Matilda’ 102
Ward, Russel 123–124, 128, 136
Wentworth, William
agitates for self-government in NSW 50–51
role in creating NSW constitution 56–57
West Africa, plans for convict settlement 11, 28–29
Western Australia (colony)
founded 66
gold mining in 74
lack of funding for 66
passes federation referendum 92
requests convicts 66
whaling industry, economic impact of 67
White Australia policy
abandonment of 142
Federation and 112
Japanese objections to 180–184
Labor supports 185
‘purity’ seen as goal of 131–132
union support for 158
Whitlam Labor government, joint sitting held by 107
Why Australia Prospered 87
Wik case 71
Wiradjuri tribe 24
women
right to vote won by 58, 104–105
wool industry see also pastoralism
co-existence with wheat 77
shearing strikes 85
Woomera rocket range, bomb tests at 189
working class
British immigrants from 126–128
in Australia, prosperity of 151–152
role in Australian culture 138
World War I
Australian soldiers in 132–138, 151
Japan an ally of Britain in 180–182
World War II
Australia’s ‘close call’ in 152–153
Japan enters on Axis side 186
York, Duke of, opens first federal parliament 90