NOTES

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

Introduction

   3    “break a horse, dance a minuet.” Sullivan, George. Mr. President: A Book of U.S. Presidents. New York: Scholastic, 1984. 28.

   3    charged up San Juan Hill. Sullivan 101.

   3    “Uncle Jumbo.” Sullivan 93.

   5    an attempt to steal his body. Craughwell, Thomas J. Stealing Lincoln’s Body. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. 195.

   5    Dwight D. Eisenhower System. Pfeiffer, David A. “Ike’s Interstates at 50: Anniversary of the Highway System Recalls Eisenhower’s Role as Catalyst.” Prologue 38.2 (Summer 2006). 26 Mar. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/summer/interstates.html>

   5    a tribute to “Old Kinderhook.” Richman, Irwin. Hudson River: From New York City to Albany. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2001. 7.

   5    named Woodrow Wilson Guthrie. Dicaire, David. The Early Years of Folk Music: Fifty Founders of the Tradition. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. 99.

   5    named for the first President Roosevelt. “The Story of the Teddy Bear.” Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site. 26 Mar. 2015. <http://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/storyofteddybear.htm>

   5    named for the second President Johnson. “JSC History.” Johnson Space Center. 26 Mar. 2015. <http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/jsc_history.htm>

   5    hidden away in the Smithsonian. “Landmark Object: George Washington Statue, 1841.” National Museum of American History. 1 Oct. 2012. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/press/fact-sheets/landmark-object-george-washington-statue-1841>

   6    James A. Garfield medicinal powders. Garfield Tea Company. “Label of Garfield Tea.” Brooklyn, NY.

   6    at twelve times normal size. “Carving the Mountain.” American Experience. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/rushmore-carving/>

   6    sticking his fingers in the gunshot wound. Millard, Candice. Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President. New York: Anchor Books, 2011. ePub file. Ch. 22.

   6    disinterred almost 150 years after his death. “Zachary Taylor’s Body Taken from Crypts for Arsenic Tests.” Los Angeles Times. 18 Jun. 1991. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-18/news/mn-1004_1_zachary-taylor-s-body>

   6    “there’s nothing left to do but get drunk.” Atkinson, David. “Franklin Pierce (1853–1857).” US Presidents and Foreign Policy. Ed. Carl Cavanagh Hodge. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. 117.

Chapter 1: Monument Man

   9    a relatively modest farmhouse. Howard, Hugh, and Roger Straus III. Houses of the Presidents: Childhood Homes, Family Dwellings, Private Escapes, and Grand Estates. New York: Little, Brown, 2012. 12.

   9    a peak of 8,000 acres. “Exploring Mount Vernon.” Smithsonian. 1 Nov. 2006. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/exploring-mount-vernon-138174820/?no-ist>

    10   nearly eighty million. Howard 16.

    11   “I now make it my earnest prayer.” Washington, George. “Circular Letter Addressed to the Governors of All the States on the Disbanding of the Army, June 14, 1783.” Writings of George Washington, ed. Jared Sparks (Boston, 1835), 8:452.

    12   he stated in his will. Washington, George. “George Washington’s 1799 Will and Testament.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. 9 Jul. 1799. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.mountvernon.org/educational-resources/primary-sources-2/article/george-washingtons-1799-will-and-testament/>

    12   voted to build “an equestrian statue.” Minta, Anna. “Planning a National Pantheon: Monuments in Washington, D.C. and the Creation of Symbolic Space.” Public Space and the Ideology of Place in American Culture. Ed. Miles Orvell and Jeffrey L. Meikle. New York: Rodopi, 2009. 25–27.

    12   a large equestrian statue of King George III. Chernow, Ron. Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin, 2010. ePub file. Ch. 20.

    12   renamed the “Federal City.” “Washington, D.C. History F.A.Q.” Historical Society of Washington, D.C. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.dchistory.org/publications/dc-history-faq/>

    12   continued to use the city’s old name. “To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 1 September 1796,” Founders Online, National Archives. 12 Mar. 2015.<http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-20-02-0199> Source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 20, January 1796–March 1797. Ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974. 311–314.

    13   succumbed to a throat infection. “The Death of George Washington.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/the-death-of-george-washington/>

    13   a massive public funeral at Mount Vernon. “Mourning George Washington.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/mourning-george-washington/>

    13   “three general discharges of infantry.” Jeffers, H. Paul. Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World’s Oldest Secret Society. New York: Citadel Press, 2005. 60–61.

    13   mourning clothes. “Mourning George Washington.”

    13   shortages of black cloth. Gragg, Rod. George Washington: An Interactive Biography. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 2012. 8.

    13   “mingle our tears with yours.” “Mourning George Washington.”

    14   struck coins to mark the occasion. Adams, Betty. “Montville Man Has Rare George Washington Funeral Medal.” CentralMaine.com. 15 Jul. 2012. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.centralmaine.com/2012/07/15/rare-washington-medalmontville-man-has-minted-funeral-coin-for-1st-president_2012-07-14/>

    14   “an exemplar of moral values.” Chernow ch. 19.

    14   angels welcome the general into heaven. “The Apotheosis of Washington.” LearnNC.org. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/6289>

    14   a book by Parson Weems. Uva, Katie. “Parson Weems.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/parson-weems/>

    14   Washington had left specific instructions. “George Washington’s 1799 Will and Testament.”

    15   “half inch fir board, now rotting away.” Faux, W. Memorable Days in America: Being a Journal of a Tour to the United States, Principally Undertaken to Ascertain, by Positive Evidence, the Condition and Probable Prospects of British Emigrants; Including Accounts of Mr. Birkbeck’s Settlement in the Illinois: and Intended to Shew Men and Things as They Are in America. W. Simkin & R. Marshall, 1823. 471.

    15   the Old Tomb was prone to flood damage. Craughwell, Thomas J. Stealing Lincoln’s Body. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. 77–78.

    16   spent the next thirty years right where it was. Wineberger, James Albert. The Tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon. Washington: T. McGill, 1857. 39–41.

    16   “mournful, filial pilgrimage.” Willard, Emma. History of the United States, or Republic of America: Exhibited in Connexion with Its Chronology and Progressive Geography by Means of a Series of Maps. New York: White, Gallaher & White, 1829. 300.

    16   a steady stream of visitors. Wilstach, Paul. Mount Vernon: Washington’s Home and the Nation’s Shrine. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1916. 234.

    16   the first presidential grave robbery. Craughwell 77–78.

    17   built a crypt under the Rotunda. Minta 25–27.

    17   a grieving Martha Washington’s approval. Wineberger 49.

    17   finally put a stop to the plan. “The Resolution to Bury President George Washington at the U.S. Capitol.” History, Art & Archives: United States House of Representatives. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/36506?ret=True>

    17   designed a new sarcophagus. Wineberger 44.

    17   which Harper’s New Monthly Magazine described. Strickland, William. Tomb of Washington, at Mount Vernon. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1840. 33-35.

    18   have gone up for auction. Associated Press. “George Washington’s Hair Sold for $17K.” USA Today. 26 Feb. 2008. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2008-02-26-washington-hair_N.htm?csp=34>

    19   went back to the Mount Vernon mansion. Strickland 36.

    19   “a small circular hole.” Wilstach 249.

    19   lawmakers commissioned a statue. Tuckerman, Henry T. A Memorial of Horatio Greenough, Consisting of a Memoir, Selections from His Writings, and Tributes to His Genius. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853. 55.

    19   used a famous statue of Zeus. Esteves, Maggie. “Washington on Display.” U.S. Capitol Historical Society—A Blog of History. 20 Jan. 2012. 1 Oct. 2012. <https://uschs.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/washington-on-display/>

    19   Washington is seated. Tuckerman 55.

    20   “It is a ridiculous affair.” Esteves.

    20   “entering or leaving a bath.” Callahan, North. Thanks, Mr. President: The Trail-Blazing Second Term of George Washington. Cranbury, NJ: Cornwall Books, 1991. 59.

    20   would buckle under the sculpture’s weight. Hughes, Will. “Horatio Greenough’s Near Naked Washington.” Boundary Stones: WETA’s Local History Blog. 22 May 2013. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2013/05/22/horatio-greenough%E2%80%99s-near-naked-washington>

    20   “This magnificent production of genius.” “Landmark Object: George Washington Statue, 1841.” National Museum of American History. 1 Oct. 2012. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/press/fact-sheets/landmark-object-geoge-washington-statue-1841>

    21   shirtless president was reaching for his clothes. “George Washington, Sculpture by Horatio Greenough, 1840.” Legacies: Collecting America’s History at the Smithsonian. 1 Oct. 2012. <http://www.smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription.cfm?ID=66>

    21   finally donated in 1908 to the Smithsonian. “Landmark Object: George Washington Statue, 1841.”

    21   out of sight until the bicentennial. Minta 25–27.

    21   the monument’s initial design. Hansen, Brett. “Orchestrating the Obelisk: The Washington Monument.” Civil Engineering 78.7 (July 2008). 38.

    21   “driven by Winged Victory.” Allen, Thomas B. The Washington Monument: It Stands for All. New York: Discovery Books, 2000.

    21   cornerstone wasn’t laid until Independence Day 1848. Hansen 39.

    22   guest of honor: President Zachary Taylor. Maples, William R., and Michael Browning. Dead Men Do Tell Tales. New York: Doubleday, 1994. 223–37.

    22   funding had completely dried up. Hansen 39.

    22   Mills died in 1855. Allen.

    23   anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic Know-Nothings. Hansen 39.

    23   a turning point around Independence Day 1876. Hansen 40.

    23   finished in 1885. Allen.

    23   “nobody outside Washington shows any interest in it.” “The Washington Monument, and Mr. Story’s Design.” Atlantic Monthly 43.258 (April 1879). 524.

    23   a marvel of engineering and design. Minta 26.

    24   a Senate commission studying the park system. “A Chronology of the Mall.” The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core. Ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. 181–82.

    24   more than a year’s worth of work. Hendrix, Steve. “Washington Monument Reopens After $15 Million Repair Project.” Washington Post. 12 May 2014. 13 Mar. 2015. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/washington-monument-attracts-line-of-eager-visitors-as-it-reopens-after-repairs/2014/05/12/1f71658e-d9d0-11e3-8009-71de85b9c527_story.html>

Chapter 2: Well-Timed Exits

    25   “Mausoleums, statues, monuments.” Adams, John. Letter to Benjamin Rush. 23 Mar. 1809.

    25   doubled its size. Howard, Hugh, and Roger Straus III. Houses of the Presidents: Childhood Homes, Family Dwellings, Private Escapes, and Grand Estates. New York: Little, Brown, 2012. 21–22.

    26   a farmer alter ego. Saltman, Helen Saltzberg. “John Adams’s Earliest Essays: The Humphrey Ploughjogger Letters.” William and Mary Quarterly 37.1 (Jan. 1980). 125.

    26   a serious agricultural agenda. Eagle, Corliss Knapp. “John Adams, Farmer and Gardener.” Arnoldia 61.4 (2002). 10–12.

    26   “raise enuff Hemp.” Papers of John Adams. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. 66.

    26   “do me good like a Medicine.” Eagle 12.

    26   Adams was also fond of manure. Eagle 10.

    26   Peacefield stayed in the family. Howard and Straus 27.

    27   asked for a toast. Grant, James D. John Adams: Party of One. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005. 450.

    27   slipped in and out of consciousness. McCullough, David. John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. 645.

    27   “Thomas Jefferson survives.” Grant 450.

    27   had, like Adams, seen his body fail. Crawford, Alan Pell. Twilight at Monticello: The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Random House, 2008. 241.

    28   noted in his diary. Adams, John Quincy. Diary 35, 25 Jan. 1823–31 Oct. 1826, 5 Nov. 1828, and 15 Aug. 1844, 331 [electronic edition]. The Diaries of John Quincy Adams: A Digital Collection. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2005. <http://www.masshist.org/jqadiaries>

    28   allowed themselves to pass on. Battin, Margaret Pabst. “July 4, 1826: Explaining the Same-Day Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.” Historically Speaking: The Bulletin of the Historical Society 6.6 (Jul./Aug. 2005). 27 Dec. 2013. <http://www.bu.edu/historic/battin.htm>

    28   “No, Doctor, nothing more.” Crawford 241.

    28   seem to hold off death. Battin.

    28   willed himself not to die on Christmas. DeFrank, Thomas M. Write It When I’m Gone: Remarkable Off-the-Record Conversations with Gerald R. Ford. New York: Penguin, 2007. 241.

    28   Their political rivalry. McCullough 488.

    28   “eaten to a honeycomb”; “vain, irritable.” McCullough 488–89.

    29   the friendship picked up. Crawford 85.

    29   “Help me, child.” McCullough 646.

    29   barely spoke to each other. Gibbs, Nancy, and Michael Duffy. The Presidents Club: Inside the World’s Most Exclusive Fraternity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. 155-7.

    29   repeated those words at Ford’s funeral. DeFrank 140.

    29   when one died, the other would speak. Gibbs 351.

    29   “lingered until this time.” Hone, Philip. The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828–1851. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1889. 214.

    30   offered Madison stimulants. Lamb, Brian. Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 17.

    30   “Nothing more than a change of mind.” Jennings, Paul. A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison. Brooklyn: G. C. Beadle, 1865. 20–21.

    30   long underwear made of chamois leather. Manners, William. TR and Will: A Friendship That Split the Republican Party. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969. 33.

    30   an intellectual lightweight. Kaufman, Bill. “He Died of the Presidency.” American Enterprise 17.3 (April 2006). 45.

    31   “tickled with the presidency.” Woodworth, Steven E. Manifest Destinies: America’s Westward Expansion and the Road to the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. 27–28.

    31   “the present imbecile chief.” “What Becomes an Ex-President Most.” Newsweek. 21 Mar. 1993. 19 Apr. 2014. <http://www.newsweek.com/what-becomes-ex-president-most-190936>

    31   “Granny.” Dacre, Henry. Granny Harrison Delivering the Country of the Executive Federalist. 1840. Lithograph on wove paper. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC.

    31   “if my life should be spared.” Collins, Herbert R., and David B. Weaver. Wills of the US Presidents. New York: Stravon Educational Press, 1976. 81.

    32   “killed seventeen Roman proconsuls.” Kaufman 45.

    33   “staggered upstairs to revive himself.” May, Gary. John Tyler: The American Presidents Series: The 10th President, 1841–1845. New York: Macmillan, 2008. 3.

    33   sank into delirium. “Death of the President.” American President: A Reference Resource. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://millercenter.org/president/harrison/essays/biography/6>

    33   to carry out the principles of government. Greene, Meg. William H. Harrison. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2007. 91.

    33   stored in Congressional Cemetery. Lamb 37.

    34   a restoration in 1879. “Harrison Tomb.” Ohio History Central. 20 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Harrison_Tomb>

    35   lowest point in 1912. “Youth Imprisoned for Four Hours in Burial Place.” Mountain Advocate. 22 Nov. 1912. 20 Nov. 2014. <http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71204293/>

    36   a year to live and about two hundred dollars. Rocca, Mo. “Ulysses S. Grant’s Last Battle.” CBS Sunday Morning. 17 Feb. 2013. 15 Jul. 2014. <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ulysses-s-grants-last-battle/>

    36   become a regular cigar smoker. Flood 111.

    37   the book was keeping him alive. Flood, Charles Bracelen. Grant’s Final Victory: Ulysses S. Grant’s Heroic Last Year. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2012. 164.

    37   “GRANT IS DYING.” Flood 131.

    38   “it might make the place a national shrine.” Howard and Straus 94.

    39   jabbed the cocaine water in. Olson, James Stuart, ed. The History of Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989. 91.

    39   “Every year the New York State Department of Parks and Recreation measures.” Rocca.

    39   declared his manuscript finished. King, Gilbert. “War and Peace of Mind for Ulysses S. Grant.” Smithsonian. 16 Jan. 2013. 15 Jul. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/war-and-peace-of-mind-for-ulysses-s-grant-1882227/>

    39   stopping the hands of the clock. Flood 228–29.

    39   the joke was on W. J. Arkell. Goldhurst, Richard. Many Are the Hearts: The Agony and the Triumph of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1975. 253.

    39   five thousand visitors each year. Post, Paul. “Saratoga Spa State Park Had Record 2.9 Million Visitors in 2013.” Saratogian, 26 Feb. 2014. 15 Jul. 2014. <http://www.saratogian.com/general-news/20140226/saratoga-spa-state-park-had-record-29-million-visitors-in-2013>

    40   “The prison is closing.” Yusko, Dennis. “Uncertainty over Grant Cottage.” Albany Times-Union. 28 Sept. 2013. 16 Jul. 2014. <http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Uncertainty-over-Grant-Cottage-4853274.php>

    40   Forty-three acres and a new private well. Yusko, Dennis. “Grant Cottage Reopens Amid a Changed Mountaintop.” Albany Times-Union. 22 May 2015. 14 Jul. 2015. <http://blog.timesunion.com/saratogaseen/grant-cottage-reopens-amid-a-changed-mountain/24027/>

    40   “mud, exhaustion, horrible suspense.” Richard, Paul. “The Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Memorial.” Washington Post. 19 Aug. 2001. 5 Mar. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/museums/the-gen.-ulysses-s.-grant-memorial,1064187.html>

    41   “public demonstration.” Flood 195.

    41   five miles long through Manhattan. Flood photo sec.

    41   More than a million people. Lamb 75–76.

    41   The pallbearers included. “Grant’s Funeral March.” American Experience. 12 Jul. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-funeral/>

    41   was 150 feet high. McShane, Larry. “Grant Won the Civil War, but His N.Y. Tomb Is Losing the Urban Wars.” Los Angeles Times, 19 Dec. 1993. 13 Jul. 2014. <http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-19/news/mn-3462_1_civil-war>

    41   largest mausoleum in North America. Lamb 75–76.

    41   opted for the uptown location. Flood 221.

    42   Grant’s reputation faltered. Waugh, Joan. U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. 303-4.

    42   graffiti and grime. McShane, Larry. “Grant’s Tomb: Graffiti, Budget Cuts Plague Once-Proud Site.” Seattle Times. 13 Dec. 1991. 13 Jul. 2014. <http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19911213&slug=1322741>

    42   turned the site over to the National Park Service. McShane, “Grant Won.”

    42   asked for no public bathrooms on-site. “Frequently Asked Questions.” General Grant National Memorial. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://www.nps.gov/gegr/faqs.htm>

    43   appeared in newspapers at least as early as 1930. Shapiro, Fred R., ed. The Yale Book of Quotations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. 497.

    43   walk away from the show empty-handed. Gehring, Wes D. The Marx Brothers: A Bio-bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. 90–91.

    43   offered to take Grant’s body. Kendall, Peter. “Move on to Put Grant’s Tomb in Happier State.” Chicago Tribune. 1 Apr. 1994. 12 Mar. 2015. <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-04-01/news/9404010278_1_frank-scaturro-ulysses-s-grant-volunteer-work>

    43   restored Grant’s Tomb. “Ulysses S. Grant’s Tomb Re-Opens After Restoration.” Stan Bernard, correspondent. NBC Nightly News. 27 Apr. 1997. On the Web: NBC Learn. 5 Sept. 2012. 13 Jul. 2014. <http://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/flatview?cuecard=524#>

    44   the great state of Franklin. Means, Howard B. The Avenger Takes His Place: Andrew Johnson and the 45 Days That Changed the Nation. Orlando: Harcourt, 2006. 42.

    44   “the dam spirits that infest Greeneville.” Means 49–50.

    44   sneered at him as a “mudsill.” Means 39–40.

    45   as military governor of Tennessee. Means 77.

    46   decided to go straight to the public. “The Campaign and Election of 1866.” American President: A Reference Resource. 20 Jul. 2014. <http://millercenter.org/president/johnson/essays/biography/3>

    46   made Johnson sound unhinged. Oder, Broeck N. “Andrew Johnson and the 1866 Illinois Election.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 73.3 (Autumn 1980). 190.

    47   “intemperate, inflammatory, and scandalous harangues.” “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868), President of the United States.” United States Senate. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Impeachment_Johnson.htm>

    47   acquiesce to Congress’s wishes. “Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.” American President: A Reference Resource. 20 Jul. 2014. <http://millercenter.org/president/johnson/essays/biography/4>

    47   a group of White House mice. Farquhar, Michael. A Treasury of Great American Scandals. New York: Penguin, 2003.

    47   “Thank God for the vindication.” “Life After the Presidency.” American President: A Reference Resource. 20 Jul. 2014. <http://millercenter.org/president/johnson/essays/biography/6>

    47   a Senate desk covered in flowers. Hearn, Chester G. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000. 219.

    47   succumbed to a series of strokes. Lamb 71.

    47   “pillow my head on its Constitution.” Cox, Bob. “Former President Johnson Eulogized in Greeneville in 1909.” Johnson City Press. 14 Oct. 2013. 1 Jan. 2014. <http://www.johnsoncitypress.com/article/111710/former-president-andrew-johnson-eulogized-in-greeneville-in-1909#sthash.1vk1x0Hr.dpuf>

Chapter 3: The First Patient

    49   hired Dr. Basil Norris. Roos, Charles A. “Physicians to the Presidents, and Their Patients: A Biobibliography.” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 49.3 (Jul. 1961). 326–27.

    49   military physicians could be summoned at any time. Deppisch, Ludwig M. The White House Physician: A History from Washington to George W. Bush. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007. 31–33.

    49   Franklin Roosevelt’s doctors. Ferrell, Robert H. The Dying President: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944–1945. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998. 35–39.

    50   had merely eaten tainted crabmeat. Deppisch 83.

    50   The museum was founded in 1862. Ruane, Michael E. “Skulls, Bones and Bullets in Refurbished Military Medical Museum Opening Monday.” Washington Post. 20 May 2012. 18 Jun. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/skulls-bones-and-bullets-in-refurbished-military-medical-museum-opening-monday/2012/05/20/gIQAwT10dU_story.html>

    50   sent this museum the leg he lost. Carlson, Peter. “Rest in Pieces.” Washington Post. 24 Jan. 2006. 7 Jun. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/23/AR2006012301854_pf.html>

    50   several small pieces of Abraham Lincoln’s skull. “‘His Wound Is Mortal; It Is Impossible for Him to Recover’—The Final Hours of President Abraham Lincoln.” National Museum of Health and Medicine. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://www.medicalmuseum.mil/index.cfm?p=exhibits.current.collection_that_teaches.lincoln.page_03>

    50   Booth was put into storage. Carlson.

    51   “the backbone of an angleworm.” Flood, Charles Bracelen. Grant’s Final Victory: Ulysses S. Grant’s Heroic Last Year. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2012. 4.

    51   “the Heroic Sufferer.” “He Is Dead.” Chicago Daily Tribune. 20 Sep. 1881. 3 Jun. 2014. <https://garfieldnps.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/the-tragedy-and-triumph-of-president-james-a-garfield-and-alexander-graham-bell/>

    51   “Canal Boy.” Rutkow, Ira. James A. Garfield: The American Presidents Series: The 20th President, 1881. New York: Macmillan, 2006. 10.

    52   keep the patient comfortable. Millard, Candice. Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President. New York: Anchor Books, 2011. ePub file. Ch. 14.

    52   “he would have gone home in a matter of two or three days.” Schaffer, Amanda. “A President Felled by an Assassin and 1880s Medical Care.” New York Times. 25 Jul. 2006. 7 Jun. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/25/health/25garf.html?ex=1311480000&en=82dc6ab325dafec6&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&_r=0>

    52   his legal first name was “Doctor.” Millard ch. 12.

    52   the swarm of doctors. Millard ch. 14.

    53   landed in some fatty deposits near his pancreas. Schaffer.

    53   “just took charge of it.” Millard ch. 14.

    53   the president’s chronic digestive problems. Millard ch. 16.

    53   a concoction made of beef broth. Roach, Mary. Gulp: Adventures on the Alimentary Canal. New York: W. W. Norton, 2013. 270.

    53   “annoying and offensive flatus.” Bliss, Doctor Willard. Feeding per Rectum: As Illustrated in the Case of the Late President Garfield and Others. Washington, 1882. 10.

    53   “a plant of slow growth.” Bliss 2.

    54   Tortured for the Republic. Millard ch. 18.

    54   “the morbid century.” Michelson, Evan. Personal interview. 10 Jun. 2014.

    55   “no festive demonstrations.” Ogilvie, John Stuart. History of the Attempted Assassination of James A. Garfield. New York: J. S. Ogilvie, 1881. 170.

    55   “filled to overflowing with an anxious, surging crowd.” “At the Fifth-Avenue Hotel; Eagerly Awaiting the News—Discussions in the Anxious Throng.” New York Times. 3 Jul. 1881. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E6DC103CEE3ABC4B53DFB166838A699FDE>

    55   a large bronze star on the floor. Foote, Kenneth E. Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. 41.

    55   Thousands stood not far away. “A Terrible Death-Watch; Scenes in the President’s Chamber Saturday Night—His Anxiety About Mrs. Garfield and His Joy on Her Arrival—Touching Incidents.” New York Times. 4 Jul. 1881. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9903E4DC103CEE3ABC4C53DFB166838A699FDE>

    55   “She was much excited and unnerved.” “General Telegraph News; Victims of Suicide. Mrs. Pritchard’s Death at Asbury Park—Caused by the Attempted Assassination.” New York Times. 7 Jul. 1881. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940CEFDC103CEE3ABC4F53DFB166838A699FDE>

    55   “Can’t you stop this?” Rutkow 127.

    55   Garfield’s dehydrated, malnourished body. Millard ch. 22.

    56   “I just shot him.” Schaffer.

    56   Prosecutors produced the backbone. Millard, Epilogue.

    56   “The lock of hair was the most common.” Michelson.

    56   jabbering to reporters about his own medical prowess. Ackerman, Kenneth D. Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield. Falls Church, VA: Viral History Press, 2011. eBook file. Ch. 14.

    56   a $25,000 bill. Millard, Epilogue.

    56   made of Ohio sandstone. Sancetta, Amy. “Lawnfield Holds Treasures of Garfield’s Presidency.” Cincinnati Enquirer. 21 Mar. 1999. 25 Jul. 2014. <http://www2.cincinnati.com/travel/stories/032199_garfield.html>

    57   “Death is the impressive incident.” The Man and the Mausoleum: Dedication of the Garfield Memorial Structure in Cleveland, Ohio, May 13, 1890. Cleveland: Cleveland Printing and Publishing, 1890. 35.

    57   “colossal allegorical statues.” The Man and the Mausoleum 35–36.

    58   made off with several dozen memorial spoons. Philip, Abby. “Someone Broke into President Garfield’s Tomb and Stole His Commemorative Spoons.” Washington Post. 12 May 2014. 25 May 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/05/12/someone-broke-into-president-garfields-tomb-and-stole-his-commemorative-spoons/>

    58   cut its head off. Sangiacomo, Michael. “Two Arrested for Stealing Head of Garfield Statue at Hiram College.” Cleveland Plain Dealer. 29 Jan. 2010. 26 May 2014. <http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/01/two_arrested_for_stealing_head.html>

    58   quietly took down the large assassination markers. Foote 41.

    59   an estimate from DC engineers in 1936. “Witness Calls Garfield Death Badly Reported.” Washington Post. 7 Aug. 1936. 15 Mar. 2015. <http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/150768039.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+7%2C+1936&author=&desc=Witness+Calls+Garfield+Death+Badly+Reported>

    59   through Reagan’s left lung. Deppisch 141.

    59   missed his heart by only an inch or two. Binder, Leah. “One Surprising Legacy of the Reagan Assassination Attempt.” Forbes. 30 Mar. 2014. 6 Aug. 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/leahbinder/2014/03/30/one-surprising-legacy-of-the-reagan-assassination-attempt/2/>

    59   more than half of his blood volume. Abrams, Herbert L. The President Has Been Shot: Confusion, Disability, and the 25th Amendment. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. 64.

    59   “got the same care anyone else got.” Binder.

    59   “you won’t let anybody do foolish things to Ronnie.” Deppisch 139.

    59   “When a physician needs help.” Ruge, Daniel. “The President’s Physician.” Presidential Disability: Papers, Discussions, and Recommendations on the Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Issues of Inability and Disability Among Presidents of the United States. Ed. James F. Toole and Robert J. Joynt. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2001. 114.

    59   twelve days after the shooting. Altman, Lawrence K. “Daniel Ruge, 88, Dies; Cared for Reagan After Shooting.” New York Times. 6 Sept. 2005. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/06/politics/06ruge.html>

    60   “This is it.” Abrams 65.

    60   The White House Medical Unit. Altman, Lawrence K. “The Rigors of Treating the Patient in Chief.” New York Times. 15 Nov. 2010. 7 Aug. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/health/views/16docs.html>

    60   the president’s “kill zone.” Hedger, Brian. “White Coats in the White House: Former Presidential Physicians Reflect on Their Service.” American Medical News. 23 Mar. 2009. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://www.amednews.com/article/20090323/profession/303239973/4/>

    60   “you can’t treat the president.” Altman, “The Rigors.”

    60   “boring and not medically challenging.” Deppisch 140.

    60   doing crossword puzzles. Altman, “Daniel Ruge.”

    60   Dr. Joel Boone. Deppisch 75–81.

    61   Quaker country. “A Brief History of West Branch, Iowa.” West Branch Chamber of Commerce. 18 Aug. 2014. <http://showcase.netins.net/web/wbranchcc/history.html>

    61   “accounts of defeat and victory.” Hoover, Herbert. “I Am Proud to be an Iowan.” Annals of Iowa 38 (1967). 551. <http://ir.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/vol38/iss7/10>

    62   wanted to keep the president active. Deppisch 81.

    62   “getting daily exercise.” Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933. New York: Macmillan, 1952. 327.

    62   “snacking and reaching for nuts.” Thomas, Robert McG., Jr., and Barry Jacobs. “Sports World Specials; Hoover’s Legacy.” New York Times. 8 Aug. 1988. 19 Aug. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/08/sports/sports-world-specials-hoover-s-legacy.html>

    62   “bull-in-the-ring.” “History of Hoover-Ball.” 19 Aug. 2014. <http://www.hoover.archives.gov/education/hooverball.html>

    62   “start a medicine-ball game.” Hoover, “Memoirs” 327.

    62   elements of volleyball. “Herbert Hoover.” Echoes from the White House. 19 Aug. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/whitehouse/popups/hoover.html>

    63   “faster and more rigorous.” Hoover, “Memoirs” 327.

    64   dropped twenty-five pounds. Smith, Richard Norton, and Timothy Walch. Prologue Magazine 36.2 (Summer 2004). 19 Aug. 2014. <http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html>

    64   “They missed him.” Withers, Bob. The President Travels by Train: Politics and Pullmans. Lynchburg, VA: TLC Publishing, 1996. 126.

    64   “Did Hoover die?” Gibbs, Nancy, and Michael Duffy. The Presidents Club: Inside the World’s Most Exclusive Fraternity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. 21.

    64   “the wheel turns, the pendulum swings.” Walch, Timothy. “The Ordeal of a Biographer: Herbert Hoover Writes About Woodrow Wilson.” Prologue Magazine 40.3 (Fall 2008). <http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/fall/hoover-wilson.html>

    64   leading a team of six assistants. Phillips, McCandlish. “Herbert Hoover Is Dead; Ex-President, 90, Served Country in Various Fields.” New York Times. 21 Oct. 1964. 14 Oct. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0810.html>

    64   wrote numerous books. Walch.

    64   fifth-most-admired man in the country. Gibbs 51.

    64   “I outlived the bastards.” Smith.

    66   upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Phillips.

    66   a life expectancy several years longer. Jaslow, Ryan. “Do Presidents Age Faster? What New Study Shows.” CBS News. 7 Dec. 2011. 10 Jun. 2014. <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/do-presidents-age-faster-what-new-study-shows/>

    66   collapsed on the floor of the House of Representatives. Unger, Harlow Giles. John Quincy Adams. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2012. 308.

    66   six known heart attacks. Hoffman, Brian B. Adrenaline. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013. eBook file.

    66   Johnson had at least three. Nelson, Julie. American Presidents Year by Year. New York: Routledge, 2015. eBook file. “1973.”

    66   “I am a blubber of water.” Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845. New York: Harper & Row, 1984. 519.

    67   “cholera morbus.” Eisenhower, John. Zachary Taylor: The American Presidents Series: The 12th President, 1849–1850. New York: Macmillan, 2008. 132–34.

    67   iced cherries and cold milk. Montgomery, Henry. The Life of Major General Zachary Taylor, Twelfth President of the United States. Auburn, NY: Derby, Miller, 1850. 425–31.

    67   warned to avoid eating and drinking. Bauer, K. Jack. Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985. 314.

    67   a sewer and sewer system. Eisenhower 132–34.

    68   she met Bill Gist. Heard, Alex. “Exhumed Innocent.” New Republic 205.6 (5 Aug. 1991).

    68   Bill’s wife Betty. “Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor.” American Presidents. C-SPAN, Washington, DC. 31 May 1999.

    68   “green matter was thrown.” Montgomery 425–31.

    68   “ I brought the symptoms to Dr. Maples.” “Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor.”

    69   “I told Rising.” Maples, William R., and Michael Browning. Dead Men Do Tell Tales. New York: Doubleday, 1994. 223–37.

    69   “wrote to every address and name [she] could find.” “Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor.”

    69   “that it was my duty as coroner.” “Exhumation of Zachary Taylor.” American Presidents. C-SPAN, Washington, DC. 3 Jun. 1999.

    69   willing to pay the costs. Associated Press. “Zachary Taylor’s Body Taken from Crypts for Arsenic Tests.” Los Angeles Times. 18 Jun. 1991. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-18/news/mn-1004_1_zachary-taylor-s-body>

    69   “cavalier contempt for the dead.” “Turned Over in His Grave.” New York Times. 20 Jun. 1991. 5 May 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/20/opinion/turned-over-in-his-grave.html>

    70   “Suppose they find arsenic.” “A Tale of Arsenic and Old Zach.” Newsweek 118.1 (1 Jul. 1991). 64.

    70   The government objected. Maples 223–37.

    70   a small, quiet circus. Harrison, Eric. “Zachary Taylor Did Not Die of Arsenic Poisoning,” Los Angeles Times. 27 Jun. 1991. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-27/news/mn-2064_1_zachary-taylor>

    70   “the fire department at the front gate.” Maples 223–37.

    70   working under a green tarp. Marriott, Michel. “Zachary Taylor’s Remains Are Removed for Tests.” 18 Jun. 1991. 28 May 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/18/us/zachary-taylor-s-remains-are-removed-for-tests.html>

    70   “enclosed in a lead cocoon.” “Exhumation of Zachary Taylor.”

    70   brought a blowtorch. Maples 223–37.

    71   “take a Stryker saw.” “Exhumation of Zachary Taylor.”

    71   “She approached the casket.” Maples 223–37.

    71   went to Oak Ridge National Laboratory. “Scientists Conduct Tests in Reactor on Remains of Zachary Taylor.” Los Angeles Times. 23 Jun 1991. 27 May 2014. <http://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-23/news/mn-1984_1_president-zachary-taylor>

    71   High Flux Isotope Reactor. Munger, Frank. “ORNL Alum Robinson to Join Obama Administration.” Knoxville News Sentinel. 30 Jan. 2010. 28 May 2014. <http://blogs.knoxnews.com/munger/2010/01/ornl-alum-robinson-to-join-oba.html>

    71   “He had no more arsenic in him.” “Exhumation of Zachary Taylor.”

    72   “We have the truth.” Harrison.

    72   she appeared on C-SPAN. “Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor.”

    72   “one too many episodes of Murder, She Wrote.” Heard.

    72   “a lot of emotional and mental energy.” Evans, C. Wyatt. Personal interview. 29 May 2014.

    72   William Henry Harrison was supposedly poisoned. Summers, Mark Wahlgren. A Dangerous Stir: Fear, Paranoia, and the Making of Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. eBook file. Ch. 6.

    72   suggested Warren Harding was poisoned. Smith, Richard Norton. “Introduction.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. xi–xii.

    72   power struggle in the Republican Party. Millard ch. 15.

    72   an anarchist plot. “Great Anarchist Plot to Kill President.” New York Evening World, 11 Sept. 1901, Night Edition. 20 Mar. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/goldman.html>

    72   supposedly faked his own death. Klara, Robert. FDR’s Funeral Train: A Betrayed Widow, a Soviet Spy, and a Presidency in the Balance. New York: Macmillan, 2010. 102.

    72   actually was a conspiracy. Swanson, James. Bloody Crimes: The Funeral of Abraham Lincoln and the Chase for Jefferson Davis. New York: HarperCollins, 2010. 147.

    73   like the Confederate government. Hatch, Frederick. Protecting President Lincoln: The Security Effort, the Thwarted Plots and the Disaster at Ford’s Theatre. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. 66.

    73   “the Jesuits did him in.” Evans.

    73   Her novel notes the horrors. Rising, Clara. In the Season of the Wild Rose. New York: Villard Books, 1986. 444.

    74   “Please pass the broccoli.” Associated Press. “The Broccoli Did It, Bush Says of Taylor.” Los Angeles Times. 5 Jul. 1991. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-05/news/mn-1779_1_zachary-taylor>

Chapter 4: Farewell, Mr. President

    75   cobble a funeral plan together. “Public Announcement—Death of President Harrison.” 4 Apr. 1841. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. 3 Sept. 2014. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=67332>

    76   Since President Taft’s death. Hoover, Herbert. “Proclamation 1901—Announcing the Death of William Howard Taft.” 8 Mar. 1930. 20 Mar. 2015. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=22542>

    76   after Benjamin Harrison’s death in 1901. McKinley, William. “Proclamation 454—Announcing the Death of Benjamin Harrison.” 14 Mar. 1901. 1 Sept. 2014. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=69278>

    76   Grover Cleveland died seven years later. Roosevelt, Theodore. “Proclamation 813—Announcing the Death of Ex-President Grover Cleveland.” 24 Jun. 1908. 1 Sept. 2014. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=69625>

    76   the spectacle of a royal funeral. “Presidential Funerals.” White House Historical Association. 4 Sept. 2014. <http://www.whitehousehistory.org/presentations/presidential-funerals/>

    76   black cloth on top of the president’s official portrait. “Modern Mourning Observations at the White House.” White House Historical Association. 20 Mar. 2015. <http://www.whha.org/presentations/presidential-funerals/presidential-funerals-modern-observations.html>

    76   a Washington merchant called Alexander Hunter. Carroll, Rebecca. “Protocol Fills State Funerals.” Cincinnati Enquirer. 7 Jun. 2004. 29 Aug. 2014. <http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/06/07/loc_loc1arwrd.html>

    76   “amiable and benevolent.” Collins, Gail. William Henry Harrison: The American Presidents Series: The 9th President, 1841. New York: Macmillan, 2012. 124.

    76   “A kind and overruling providence.” Smith, Richard Norton. “William Henry Harrison.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 39.

    77   a massive funeral procession. Collins 124.

    77   a pallbearer for each of the country’s twenty-six states. Lamb 37.

    77   “struck the eye even from the greatest distance.” “President William Henry Harrison: The Funeral Ceremonies.” National Intelligencer. 28 Jun. 1841. 4 Sept. 2014. <http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/president-william-henry-harrison>

    77   too cold for interment. “Presidential Funerals.”

    77   The cemetery’s official name. Dick, Jason. “Dog Days at Congressional Cemetery.” Roll Call. 29 Feb. 2012. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_101/-212696-1.html?zkPrintable=true>

    77   Congress’s go-to burial site. Swiller, Josh. “A Walk Through Congressional Cemetery.” Washingtonian. 19 May 2011. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/a-walk-through-congressional-cemetery/>

    77   “adding new terrors to death.” Association for the Preservation of Historic Congressional Cemetery. Foreword to United States Senate, “History of the Congressional Cemetery.” 59th Cong., 2nd sess. Washington: 6 Dec. 1906. 21 Mar. 2015. <http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/sites/default/files/CemeteryHistory_Senate-1906.pdf>

    78   craft beer tasting. Dick, Jason. “Congressional Cemetery’s Day of the Dog: It Could Get Ruff.” Roll Call. 29 Aug. 2014. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://blogs.rollcall.com/after-dark/congressional-cemeterys-day-of-the-dog-it-could-get-ruff/>

    79   “we can rejuvenate the General.” Smith, Richard Norton. “George Washington.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 7.

    79   Washington stayed dead. Krepp, Tim. Capitol Hill Haunts. Charleston, SC: Haunted America, 2012. 13–15.

    79   due to neighborhood dog owners. Dick, “Dog Days.”

    79   stayed in this liveliest of cemeteries. Lamb 37.

    80   may have found a way to stick around. Krepp 20.

    80   the only Americans automatically afforded such honors. Army Pamphlet 1-1: State, Official, and Special Military Funerals. 30 Dec. 1965. 21 Mar. 2015. <http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/p1_1.pdf>

    80   sending presidential aircraft. Goto, Shihoko. “The Cost of Pomp for Reagan’s Funeral.” UPI. 16 Jun 2004. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2004/06/16/The-cost-of-pomp-for-Reagans-funeral/UPI-14211087417177/>

    80   up to four thousand. “Questions About Military and Joint Force Headquarters—National Capital Region Participation.” 15 Dec. 2013. <http://www.usstatefuneral.mdw.army.mil/docs/default-document-library/faq-sf-military-questions.pdf?sfvrsn=0>

    80   close for the day of the funeral. Goto.

    80   hundreds of millions of dollars. Dinan, Stephen. “Bush Holiday Extension to cost $450 Million.” Washington Times. 15 Dec. 2008. 30 Aug. 2014. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/dec/15/bushs-holiday-extension-leaves-450-million-bill/>

    81   directed at the ground level by army personnel. Army Pamphlet 1-1, 1.

    81   “police escort will move at 3 miles per hour.” Army Pamphlet 1-1, 27.

    81   “w/four-in-hand tie, service gloves.” Army Pamphlet 1-1, 57.

    81   “six paces beyond its nearest approach.” Army Pamphlet 1-1, 58.

    81   “carefully selected.” Army Pamphlet 1-1, 53.

    81   parts of Air Force One are removable. “Aboard Air Force One.” Fox News Sunday. Host Chris Wallace. Washington, DC. 24 Nov. 2008. 21 Mar. 2015. <http://video.foxnews.com/v/3918511/aboard-air-force-one/?pageid=23236#sp=show-clips>

    81   a day of private repose. Army Pamphlet 1-1, 2.

    81   hastily put together in 1865. “The Catafalque.” Architect of the Capitol. 7 Sept. 2014. <http://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/catafalque>

    81   “Temple of Death.” Craughwell, Thomas J. Stealing Lincoln’s Body. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. 9.

    81   storage in the US Capitol Crypt. Swanson, James. Bloody Crimes: The Funeral of Abraham Lincoln and the Chase for Jefferson Davis. New York: Harper-Collins, 2010. 210–11.

    81   nearly blew up in a gas explosion. “Lincoln’s Bier: An Interesting National Relic, to Be Seen at the World’s Fair.” San Francisco Call 71.35 (4 Jan. 1892). 7 Sept. 2014. <http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18920104.2.79>

    82   the catafalque was put to use. “The Catafalque.”

    83   Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. “Cathedral Facts.” Washington National Cathedral. 12 Sept. 2014. <http://www.cathedral.org/about/allFacts.shtml>

    83   L’Enfant designed the Federal City. Meisler, Stanley. “People Thought This Great Church Was Never to Be Finished.” Smithsonian 21.3 (Jun. 1990). 116.

    83   won a congressional charter to establish a cathedral. Meyer, Graham. “Mysteries of the Washington National Cathedral.” Washingtonian. 1 Sept. 2007. 8 Sept. 2014. <http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/arts-events/mysteries-of-the-washington-national-cathedral/>

    83   another eighty-three years. “Cathedral Figures.” Washington National Cathedral. 8 Sept. 2014. <http://www.cathedral.org/about/allFigures.shtml>

    83   10,650 pipes. Meyer.

    83   a devout Presbyterian. Cooper, John Milton, Jr. “Times Topics: Woodrow Wilson.” New York Times. 1 Oct. 2010. 11 Sept. 2014. <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/woodrow_wilson/index.html>

    84   asked them to be buried within the cathedral. Berg, A. Scott. Wilson. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013. ePub file. Ch. 17.

    84   there are 112 gargoyles and grotesques. “Cathedral Figures.”

    84   a sculpture competition for kids. “Grotesques: Darth Vader.” Washington National Cathedral. 21 Mar. 2015. <http://www.cathedral.org/about/darthVader.shtml>

    85   “desires as to type of funeral.” Army Pamphlet 1-1, 1.

    85   the military keeps copies of the arrangements. Orin, Deborah. “Bill Bury Quiet—Only Ex-Prez Who Won’t Plan A Funeral.” New York Post. 18 Jul. 2005. 31 Aug. 2014. <http://nypost.com/2005/07/18/bill-bury-quiet-only-ex-prez-who-wont-plan-a-funeral/>

    85   “dusk is the time to do this.” Bumiller, Elizabeth, and Elizabeth Becker. “The 40th President: The Plans; Down to the Last Detail, a Reagan-Style Funeral.” New York Times, 8 Jun. 2004. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/08/us/the-40th-president-the-plans-down-to-the-last-detail-a-reagan-style-funeral.html>

    85   brought out the Reagan “cast.” Associated Press. “Sun Sets As Reagan Laid To Rest In California.” NBC News. 12 Jun. 2004. 25 Aug. 2014. <http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5144264/ns/us_news-the_legacy_of_ronald_reagan/t/sun-sets-reagan-laid-rest-california/#.U_vSNGOgbfx>

    85   made public her political disagreements. “Road to a Reconciliation.” CBS Sunday Morning. 27 Mar. 2009. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/road-to-a-reconciliation/>

    85   his 587-page funeral plan. Willard, Greg. Interview. Gerald Ford Foundation. 14 Feb. 2011. 21 Mar. 2015. <http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/greg-willard/>

    86   hometown of Alexandria, Virginia. Smith, Richard Norton. “Gerald Ford.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 176-8.

    86   a somber version of the fight song. Kornblut, Anne E. “Ford Arranged His Funeral to Reflect Himself and Drew In a Former Adversary.” New York Times. 29 Dec. 2006. 10 Jul. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/washington/29funeral.html?_r=1&>

    86   a Cadillac. Gilmore, Gerry J. “Ford’s Body Arrives in Washington for Official Honors.” Armed Forces News Service. 30 Dec. 2006. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=2561>

    86   turned all of it down. Bumiller.

    86   two days of viewing in Washington. Bitman, Terry. “How Nixon Made His Funeral Plans Perfectly Clear.” Philadelphia Inquirer. 12 Aug. 1993. 13 Jul. 2014. <http://articles.philly.com/1993-08-12/living/25967509_1_con-artist-state-funeral-vanity-fair>

    86   “the head people after the 1972 campaign.” Kalogerakis, George. “California, Here I Succumb!” Vanity Fair 56.9 (Sept. 1993). 142, 144.

    87   “Official U.S. Government Scapegoat.” Brinkley, David. Everyone Is Entitled to My Opinion. New York: Random House, 1996. 100.

    87   “I let the American people down.” “I Have Impeached Myself.” Guardian. 7 Sept. 2007. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/sep/07/greatinterviews1>

    87   “always in the arena.” Nixon, Richard. “President Richard Nixon’s Final Remarks at the White House.” 9 Aug. 1974. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/gen/resources/watergate/nixon.farewell.html>

    87   “It is necessary to struggle.” Gibbs, Nancy, and Michael Duffy. The Presidents Club: Inside the World’s Most Exclusive Fraternity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. 366.

    87   “the best way to be considered a sage.” Drew, Elizabeth. “Project Wizard: Dick Nixon’s Brazen Plan for Post-Watergate Redemption.” Atlantic. 15 May 2014. 26 May 2014. <http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/05/project-wizard-richard-nixons-post-watergate-plan-for-redemption/370874/>

    87   “Watergate—that’s all anyone wants.” Greenberg, David. “Richard Nixed.” New Republic. 8 Jun. 2012. 31 Aug. 2014. <http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/103940/watergate-richard-nixon>

    88   amid hopes that Nixon might recover. Roberts, Sam. “Nixon’s Condition Worsens After Stroke, His Doctor Says.” New York Times. 20 Apr. 1994. 14 May 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/us/nixon-s-condition-worsens-after-stroke-his-doctor-says.html>

    88   “People left that outside the doors.” Anastasiadis, Olivia. Personal interview. 17 Jul. 2014.

    88   formal proclamation about the news. Clinton, Bill. “Proclamation 6677—Announcing the Death of Richard Milhous Nixon.” 22 Apr. 1994. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-1994-05-02/html/WCPD-1994-05-02-Pg897-2.htm>

    89   “pick up the phone and ask President Nixon.” Associated Press. “Richard Nixon’s Quiet Foreign Policy Advice to Bill Clinton Revealed in Newly Declassified Documents.” New York Daily News. 14 Feb. 2013. 31 Aug. 2014. <http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/nixon-foreign-policy-advice-bill-clinton-revealed-article-1.1264304>

    89   “Every generation needs somebody to hate.” “Allies, Enemies Mourn Nixon.” Milwaukee Sentinel. 28 Apr. 1994. 14 May 2014. <http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19940428&id=WasxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3590,7676032>

    89   “the kind of thing you expect under a person like Hitler.” Greenberg, David. Nixon’s Shadow: The History of an Image. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004. 99.

    89   “a more authentic, open, liberated person.” “Ever the Warrior.” People 41.17 (9 May 1994). 42.

    89   “Richard Nixon would be so proud.” Clark, Robin. “Leaders, Nation Say Their Last Farewells to Ex-president Nixon.” Philadelphia Inquirer. 28 Apr. 1994. 31 Aug. 2014. <http://articles.philly.com/1994-04-28/news/25862477_1_watergate-saga-37th-president-richard-milhous-nixon>

    90   “anything less than his entire life and career.” Associated Press, “Richard Nixon’s Quiet Foreign Policy Advice.”

    90   “astonished at this outpouring of affection.” “Richard M. Nixon, 1913–1994.” ABC News. Host: Ted Koppel; commentator: Stephen Ambrose. 27 Apr. 1994.

    91   “his casket would have been launched.” Thompson, Hunter S. “He Was a Crook.” Fear and Loathing at “Rolling Stone”: The Essential Writing of Hunter S. Thompson. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. 506–12.

    91   Thomas Brackett Reed. Rawson, Hugh, and Margaret Miner. The Oxford Dictionary of American Quotations. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 526.

    91   “Nixon was ahead of schedule.” Witcher, Russ. After Watergate: Nixon and the Newsweeklies. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2000. 53.

Chapter 5: Death Trips

    93   California limited interments. Platte, Mark. “Pat Nixon Burial at Library Required State Exemption.” Los Angeles Times. 2 Jul. 1993. 21 Mar. 2015. <http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-02/news/mn-9168_1_nixon-library>

    93   “the president’s wishes were fulfilled.” Anastasiadis, Olivia. Personal interview. 17 Jul. 2014.

    94   “No President who performs his duties.” McCormac, Eugene Irving. James K. Polk: A Political Biography. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1922. 328.

    94   “I have conducted the Government without their aid.” Seigenthaler, John. James K. Polk: The American Presidents Series: The 11th President, 1845–1849. New York: Times Books, 2003. 121.

    94   when mules would have been better. Seigenthaler 137–38.

    94   having to sit for a portrait artist. Polk, James Knox. The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849: Now First Printed from the Original Manuscript Owned by the Society, Volume 1. Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910. 211.

    94   everything on his presidential to-do list. Seigenthaler 102–3.

    95   a large home in Nashville. Nelson, Anson, and Fanny Nelson. Memorials of Sarah Childress Polk: Wife of the Eleventh President of the United States. New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1892. 141–44.

    95   a loop through the South. Borneman, Walter R. Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America. New York: Random House, 2008. 338-41.

    96   cholera was also in town. Seigenthaler 153.

    96   “My bowels were affected.” Smith, Richard Norton. “James Polk.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 47.

    96   The ex-president’s nephews. Borneman 342.

    96   told him he didn’t have cholera. Smith 47.

    96   holed up in a hotel for four days. Borneman 342.

    96   baptized in the Methodist Church. Smith 47.

    96   “I love you, Sarah, for all eternity, I love you.” Borneman 342.

    96   “sleeps with the great and good.” “Death of James K. Polk.” Daily Union. 18 Jun. 1849. 22 Mar. 2015. <http://www.thenashvillecitycemetery.org/newspapers-polk.htm>

    97   a Nashville city cemetery. Smith 47.

    97   until a permanent tomb was built. Seigenthaler 172.

    97   The designer was William Strickland. Hoobler, James A. “William F. Strickland.” The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. 1 Jan. 2010. 22 Mar. 2015. <http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1275>

    97   the long inscriptions on each side. Heiskell, Samuel Gordon. Andrew Jackson and Early Tennessee History. Nashville: Ambrose Printing, 1920. 200.

    97   A military band led the procession. Byrnes, Mark Eaton. James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. 52.

    97   Polk’s complicated will. Collins, Herbert R., and David B. Weaver. Wills of the US Presidents. New York: Stravon Educational Press, 1976. 95.

    97   tore down Polk Place. Collins 92.

    97   Polk’s remains moved again. Borneman 359.

    98   “neutral territory.” Borneman 359.

    98   “part of the rural cemetery movement.” Peters, John O. Personal interview. 12 Sept. 2014.

    99   put Presidents Circle first. Calos, Katherine, and Jeremy Slayton. “Volunteers Revamp Virginia Cemeteries.” USA Today. 5 Jan. 2010. 24 Sept. 2014. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2010-01-05-richmond-cemetery-repairs_N.htm>

    99   boisterous, unpredictable, and a little dangerous. “Henry A. Wise (1806–1876).” American Experience: John Brown’s Holy War. 1 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/brown/peopleevents/pande05.html>

    99   dueled with—and wounded—the man he defeated. Tarter, Brent. “Henry Alexander Wise (1806–1876).” Virginia Memory. 2010. 29 Sept. 2014. <http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/union_or_secession/people/henry_wise>

    99   served as second for a colleague. Tarter.

    99   convinced them to keep shooting. Zaeske, Susan. “‘A Nest of Rattlesnakes Let Loose Among Them’: Congressional Debates over Women’s Antislavery Petitions, 1835–1845.” In the Shadow of Freedom: The Politics of Slavery in the National Capital. Ed. Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011. 110.

    99   helped prevent more duels than he ever fought. Simpson, Craig M. A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. 38.

    100  his sarcastic rebuttal. Wise, Barton Hextall. The Life Of Henry A. Wise of Virginia, 1806–1876. New York: Macmillan, 1899. 48.

    100  more harm than good to his state. Simpson 7–8.

    100  “He guards Virginia.” Simpson 138.

    100  roads, economy, and school system. Tarter.

    100  “most unhappy, and undeservedly so, retirements.” Hart, Gary. James Monroe: The American Presidents Series: The 5th President, 1817–1825. New York: Macmillan, 2005. 144.

    100  Elizabeth Monroe died. Smith, Richard Norton. “James Monroe.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 23.

    100  Monroe had money problems. Hart 144–46.

    101  move in with his daughter’s family. Smith, “James Monroe” 23.

    101  “Virginians sort of felt left out.” Peters.

    101  to mark the centennial of Monroe’s birth. Kammen, Michael. Digging Up the Dead: A History of Notable American Reburials. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. 87.

    101   “appropriated two thousand dollars.” Peters.

    101  a simple, private transfer. Kammen 87.

    101  a public viewing of the casket. Hall, Larry. “New York, Virginia United to Rebury James Monroe.” Richmond Times-Dispatch. 4 Jul. 2007. 22 Mar. 2015. <http://www.richmond.com/news/article_305a6cc9-fd8b-576b-b148-05172daf54fb.html>

    101  “This handsome offer.” Kimball, Gregg D. American City, Southern Place: A Cultural History of Antebellum Richmond. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. 210.

    101  a journey south on the steamship Jamestown. Rouse, Parke. “Richmond Turned Out for Monroe Reburial.” Hampton Roads Daily Press. 4 Sept. 1994. 9 Feb. 2014. <http://articles.dailypress.com/1994-09-04/news/9409020413_1_james-monroe-monroe-home-anniversary-of-monroe-s-birth>

    102  so President James Buchanan could pay respects. Kammen 87.

    102  a procession that stretched two miles long. Rouse.

    102  “Who knows this day.” Kammen 88–90.

    102  dreamed of adding Monroe’s friends. Rouse.

    102  “Go ahead, Governor, you fetch ’em.” Morgan, George. The Life of James Monroe. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1921. 458.

    102  he did write to Monticello. Moore, Craig. “A New Star: Jefferson in Hollywood?” Out of the Box: Notes from the Archives @ the Library of Virginia. 7 Jul. 2010. 25 Dec. 2013. <http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2010/07/07/a-new-star-jefferson-in-hollywood/>

    102  a local architect, Albert Lybrock. Rouse.

    102  meant to evoke the detailed ironwork. Kammen 90.

    103  “People still occasionally call it the birdcage.” Peters.

    104  It was Henry Wise who met with Brown. Tarter.

    104  raid the same federal armory. “Henry A. Wise (1806–1876).”

    104  headed to Washington to lead a “peace conference.” Goodheart, Adam. “The Ashen Ruin.” New York Times Opinionator. 15 Feb. 2011. 12 Mar. 2014. <http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/the-ashen-ruin/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0>

    104  led Whig leaders to believe he was open to compromise. Crapol, Edward P. John Tyler, the Accidental President. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. 19.

    104  started vetoing his own party’s bills. Abbott, Philip. “Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 35.4 (Dec. 2005). 638.

    104  resigned in protest. Simpson 51.

    104  drummed the president out of its ranks. Crapol 20.

    105  The toast to Tyler. Crapol 116.

    105  renamed Tyler Street. Martin, William. “Chicago Streets.” Chicago Historical Society. 22 Mar. 2015. <http://www.chsmedia.org/househistory/nameChanges/start.pdf>

    105  “more cordially despised.” Goodheart.

    105  throw rocks at the commander in chief. May, Gary. John Tyler: The American Presidents Series: The 10th President, 1841–1845. New York: Macmillan, 2008. 71.

    105  the first presidential bodyguards. Fawcett, Bill. Oval Office Oddities: An Irreverent Collection of Presidential Facts, Follies, and Foibles. New York: Harper-Collins, 2008. 34.

    105  one of Tyler’s few political allies. Simpson 52–53.

    105  “literary executor.” Collins 90.

    105  hailed forever as a hero. Goodheart.

    106  “higher than the mountains.” “Death of Ex-President Tyler.” New York Times. 22 Jan. 1862. 5 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1862/01/22/news/death-of-ex-president-tyler.html>

    106  the high point of the conference. Goodheart.

    106  elected to serve in a foreign government. Lamb, Brian. Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 41.

    106  no proclamation announcing the news. Crapol 268.

    106  taken down and put into storage. Goodheart.

    107  “one of the architects of its ruin.” “Death of Ex-President Tyler.”

    107  gave Tyler a state funeral. Crapol 268.

    107  there was no gravestone. Townsend, Malcolm. Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1905. 384.

    107  funded the eagle-topped obelisk. Lamb 41.

    107  a Confederate military officer. Tarter.

    107  relieved from duty. Wise 303.

    107  wrote books, served on state commissions. Tarter.

    107  on his plantation outside Norfolk. “Henry Wise.” National Park Service. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://www.nps.gov/resources/person.htm?id=138>

    107  health had deteriorated. Wise 420–22.

    108  could no longer defend the Confederate capital. Swanson, James. Bloody Crimes: The Funeral of Abraham Lincoln and the Chase for Jefferson Davis. New York: HarperCollins, 2010. 6–8.

    108  mines and other obstructions. Harris, William C. Lincoln’s Last Months. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. 204.

    108  partly being looted and partly being torched. Swanson 28–30.

    108  “I want to see Richmond.” Nichols, Clifton Melvin. Life of Abraham Lincoln: Being a Biography of His Life from His Birth to His Assassination; Also a Record of His Ancestors, and a Collection of Anecdotes Attributed to Lincoln. New York: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1896. 235.

    108  sitting down in Jefferson Davis’s chair. Swanson 47.

    108  Lincoln tourism in Richmond. Johnson, Randy. “Following the Film Lincoln Around Richmond: How One Surprising City Dominates the New Spielberg Blockbuster.” National Parks Traveler. 19 Nov. 2012. 21 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2012/11/following-film-lincoln-around-richmond-how-one-surprising-city-dominates-new-spielberg-blockbuster10864>

    108  “Lincoln is in Richmond again.” “Lincoln Statue Is Unveiled, and Protesters Come Out.” New York Times. 6 Apr. 2003. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/06/us/lincoln-statue-is-unveiled-and-protesters-come-out.html>

    108  filmed nearly all of his 2012 movie. Johnson.

    109  even special mixed drinks. “Specialty Lincoln Items.” Virginia.org. 21 Oct. 2014. <http://www.virginia.org/lincoln/specialties/>

    109  left no will. Collins 124.

    109  extremely long workdays. Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. 414.

    109  “I’ll dismiss you from the service!” Catton, Bruce. Glory Road. New York: Doubleday, 1952. 132.

    109  “Stanton is usually right.” Wilson, Rufus Rockwell. Intimate Memories of Lincoln. Elmira, NY: Primavera Press, 1945. 435.

    109  cleared the War Department’s decks. Goodwin, 414–15.

    110  love Lincoln the man. Thomas, Benjamin P., and Harold M. Hyman. Stanton: Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. 2.

    110  stayed up all night directing the manhunt. Swanson 110-1.

    110  “Now he belongs to the ages.” Wilson 435.

    110  a long train trip. Swanson 152–55.

    110  punish the secessionists. Means, Howard B. The Avenger Takes His Place: Andrew Johnson and the 45 Days That Changed the Nation. Orlando: Harcourt, 2006. 182.

    110  known as the Lincoln Special. “Abraham Lincoln’s Funeral Train.” History.com. 2009. 23 Oct. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/president-lincolns-funeral-train>

    110  pulled nine cars. Pruitt, Sarah. “Chemist Solves Lincoln Funeral Train Mystery.” History.com: History in the Headlines. 9 May 2013. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.history.com/news/chemist-solves-lincoln-funeral-train-mystery>

    110  “richly draped in mourning.” Coggeshall, William Turner. Lincoln Memorial: The Journeys of Abraham Lincoln: from Springfield to Washington, 1861, as President Elect; and from Washington to Springfield, 1865, as President Martyred; Comprising an Account of Public Ceremonies on the Entire Route, and Full Details of Both Journeys. Columbus: Ohio State Journal, 1865. 142.

    110  a funeral coach. Withers, Bob. The President Travels by Train: Politics and Pullmans. Lynchburg, VA: TLC Publishing, 1996. 326.

    110  Lincoln’s casket sat at one end. Coggeshall 142.

    110  too luxurious in wartime. Withers 327.

    112  “distinguished, sad and solemn.” Withers 328–29.

    112  wanted an open casket. Swanson 155.

    112  the president’s embalmer. Soniak, Matt. “Preserving the President: Abraham Lincoln, Grave Robbers, and an Excellent Embalmer.” Mental Floss. 10 Dec. 2012. 29 Aug. 2014. <http://mentalfloss.com/article/31845/preserving-president-abraham-lincoln-grave-robbers-and-excellent-embalmer>

    112  reapply white chalk and makeup. Craughwell, Thomas J. Stealing Lincoln’s Body. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. 19–20.

    112  surrounded by fragrant flowers. Swanson 222.

    112  flowers on the train tracks. Withers 329.

    112  “Half a million sorrow-stricken people.” Morris, Benjamin Franklin, ed. Memorial Record of the Nation’s Tribute to Abraham Lincoln. Washington, DC: W. H. & O. H. Morrison, 1865. 160.

    112  “kiss the placid lips of the corpse.” Swanson 229.

    112  “no talk of concession and conciliation.” Strong, George Templeton. “From the Diaries.” Writing New York: A Literary Anthology. Ed. Philip Lopate. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. 238.

    112  hailing his successor. Means 103–4.

    113  “wave the bloody shirt.” Fulton, Joe B. The Reconstruction of Mark Twain: How a Confederate Bushwhacker Became the Lincoln of Our Literature. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010. 98.

    113  a sort of grieving contest. Swanson 246.

    113  “the Goddess of Liberty in mourning.” Coggeshall 218.

    113  threatened to turn the train around. Craughwell 27.

    113  decorated virtually everything in town. Swanson 270–72.

    113  a full twenty-four hours. Swanson 280–81.

    114  pallbearers placed the remains. Craughwell 24–27.

    114  longest, strangest death trip. “Abraham Lincoln’s Final Journey Home.” USA Today. 17 Apr. 2010. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/lincoln-funeral-train.htm>

    114  “more to me than any other of our public men.” Beschloss, Michael. “When T.R. Saw Lincoln.” New York Times. 21 May 2014. 29 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/upshot/when-tr-saw-lincoln.html?_r=0&abt=0002&abg=1>

    114  “received such a gift.” Conradt, Stacy. “How Teddy Roosevelt Ended Up with Abe Lincoln’s Hair.” Mental Floss. 19 May 2011. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://mentalfloss.com/article/27777/how-teddy-roosevelt-ended-abe-lincoln%E2%80%99s-hair>

    114  represent Faith and Hope in “young America.” Perkins, Stephen J. “Essay on Hunt’s Lincoln Sculpture.” Bennington Museum. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.benningtonmuseum.org/lincoln.html>

    115  “Only in Illinois.” “Lincoln’s Living Legacy.” Enjoy Illinois. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.enjoyillinois.com/en-us/tripideas/lincoln>

    115  a tiny animated Lincoln who screams. Nudd, Tim. “Illinois Tourism Loses Its Mind with a Tiny, Screaming, Hilarious Abe Lincoln.” AdWeek. 3 Oct. 2013. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/ad-day-illinois-tourism-loses-its-mind-tiny-screaming-hilarious-abe-lincoln-152871>

    115  visitor inquiries jumped. Lazare, Lewis. “Illinois and Mini-Abe Prove a Great Match.” Chicago Business Journal. 27 Sept. 2013. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://www.bizjournals.com/chicago/news/2013/09/27/illinois-and-mini-abe-prove-a-great.html>

    115  second only to Arlington National Cemetery. Petry, Ashley. “Spend the Weekend in Abraham Lincoln’s Hometown.” Indianapolis Star. 6 Mar. 2015. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.indystar.com/story/life/2015/03/06/abraham-lincoln-springfield-illinois-weekend-getaway/24515537/>

    115  some 350,000 people each year. Reynolds, John. “Lincoln Tomb Repair Work Continuing, Reopening Set for April.” Springfield State Journal-Register. 27 Feb. 2014. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://www.sj-r.com/article/20140227/NEWS/140229293>

    115  “There are places to come in northwest Illinois.” Barichello, Derek. “Tourism Officials Bank on Lincoln.” Sterling (IL) Daily Gazette. 25 Jan. 2013. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://www.saukvalley.com/2013/01/24/tourism-officials-bank-on-lincoln/a90j8hu/>

    116  successfully defended a man accused of murder. “Cass County Courthouse—Beardstown.” Looking for Lincoln. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.lookingforlincoln.com/8thcircuit/tours/tour-courthouse.html>

    116  a set of three interlocking Lincoln portraits. Ostro, David Avi. “David Ostro’s Link: A Contemporary Monument of Abraham Lincoln.” Brooklyn Arts Council. 22 Nov. 2009. 14 Oct. 2013. <http://www.brooklynartscouncil.org/forum/876>

    116  named itself for Abraham Lincoln. McEvers, Kelly. “Dwindling Middle Class Has Repercussions for Small Towns.” NPR. 12 Nov. 2013. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://www.npr.org/2013/11/12/242999770/reinventing-the-dwindling-middle-class-may-take-a-revolution>

    116  “I have selected the juice of a melon.” “Looking for Lincoln: Lincoln’s Lincoln.” Historical marker, Lincoln, Illinois.

    117  presidential funerals have long attracted pickpockets. “Lying in State of the Late President.” New York Daily Tribune. 13 Jul. 1850. 25 Mar. 2015. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1850-07-13/ed-1/seq-1/print/image_681x718_from_0%2C2173_to_1490%2C3745/>

    117  built with coarse stone. Barker, Tim. “Thomas Jefferson Tombstone, Now at Mizzou, will Be Restored.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1 Jan. 2013. 2 Oct. 2013. <http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/thomas-jefferson-tombstone-now-at-mizzou-will-be-restored/article_c4e79fb0-9566-5312-8dad-f0bdd2c9bd20.html>

    117  asking people to stop stealing plants. Crawford, Alan Pell. Twilight at Monticello: The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Random House, 2008. 251.

    117  stole the lightning rod. Flood, Charles Bracelen. Grant’s Final Victory: Ulysses S. Grant’s Heroic Last Year. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2012. 236.

    117  “liberation of Ben. Boyd from Joliet penitentiary.” Power, John Carroll, ed. History of an Attempt to Steal the Body of Abraham Lincoln (Late President of the United States of America) Including a History of the Lincoln Guard of Honor, with Eight Years Lincoln Memorial Services. Springfield, IL: H. W. Rokker Printing and Publishing House, 1890. 45.

    117  “They really were knuckleheads.” Babwin, Don. “Book Details Plot to Steal Abe’s Body.” Washington Post. 7 May 2007. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/06/AR2007050601250.html>

    118  “steal old Lincoln’s bones.” Craughwell 80–83.

    118  “the boss body-snatcher of Chicago.” Craughwell 91–92.

    118  accidentally discharged his pistol. Hinton, Dave. “Conspirators Caught.” Kankakee (IL) Daily Journal. 6 Feb. 2004. 12 Apr. 2014. <http://www.daily-journal.com/news/local/conspirators-caught/article_407f32f7-02ef-5d69-81a8-8da47e748f4c.html>

    118  ended up in Joliet with Ben Boyd. Craughwell 153.

    118  served time as well. Craughwell 170–71.

    119  “We put it back there the second day.” Power 89.

    119  sat under some spare lumber. Fitz-Gerald, Charles E. “The Man Who Last Saw Abraham Lincoln.” Yankee Magazine. Apr. 1980. 20 Aug. 2014. <http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/history/man-who-last-saw-lincoln>

    119  joined by the body of his wife. Craughwell 165.

    119  “indisputably necessary to identify the body.” Craughwell 178.

    119  “easily discerned the features.” Craughwell 179–80.

    120  return to the main floor. Craughwell 182–83.

    120  close by for the first three presidential assassinations. Crotty, Rob. “The Curious Case of Robert Lincoln.” Prologue: Pieces of History. 27 Oct. 2010. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://blogs.archives.gov/prologue/?p=2239>

    120  sent his driver to fetch D. Willard Bliss. Millard, Candice. Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President. New York: Anchor Books, 2011. ePub file. Ch. 12.

    120  “a certain fatality about presidential functions.” Crotty.

    121  the same treatment for his parents. Craughwell 190–94.

    121  sent for his thirteen-year-old son, Fleetwood. Fitz-Gerald.

    121  “to hold one of the leather straps.” Craughwell 195.

    121  smashed it to bits. Craughwell 198.

Chapter 6: His Good Name

    123  establish the Wyoming Territory under a new name. “A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875.” Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2nd sess. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=081/llcg081.db&recNum=748>

    124  alternate name for North Dakota. Coolidge, Louis Arthur. An Old-Fashioned Senator: Orville H. Platt, of Connecticut: The Story of a Life Unselfishly Devoted to the Public Service. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910. 140.

    124  breaking Idaho up. Trinklein, Michael J. Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Philadelphia: Quirk Books, 2010. eBook file. Ch. 27.

    124  Lincoln tomato variety. Getsinger, Annie. “A Presidential Tomato.” Baraboo News-Republic. 10 Oct. 2013. 27 Mar. 2015. <http://www.wiscnews.com/baraboonewsrepublic/news/local/article_a3be36cf-a611-54d5-a771-1ab8f10421a2.html>

    124  asteroid called (3153) Lincoln. Schmadel, Lutz D. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Sixth Edition. New York: Springer, 2012. 245.

    124  capital city of Nebraska. “History of Nebraska’s Capitols.” Nebraska State Capitol. 27 Mar. 2015. <http://capitol.nebraska.gov/index.php/building/history/nebraska-capitols>

    124  the Lincoln Highway. Shelton, Kay. Interview. All Things Considered. NPR. Washington, DC. 31 Oct. 2013.

    124  rescued a three-week-old kitten. “Miracle Three-Week-Old Kitten Rescued After Being Stuck Inside Statue of Abe Lincoln for Three Days.” Daily Mail. 19 Nov. 2012. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2235080/Clermont-Kitten-rescued-stuck-inside-statue-President-Abe-Lincoln-days.html>

    124  have their own asteroids. Schmadel 79, 82, 108, 245.

    124  Grover Cleveland Alexander. Skipper, John C. Wicked Curve: The Life and Troubled Times of Grover Cleveland Alexander. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006. 10.

    124  blues great Howlin’ Wolf. Epting, Chris. Led Zeppelin Crashed Here: The Rock and Roll Landmarks of North America. Santa Monica, CA: Santa Monica Press, 2007. 231.

    124  carried 150 silver half dollars. Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845. New York: Harper & Row, 1984. 425.

    124  nearly out of half dollars. Fawcett, Bill. Oval Office Oddities: An Irreverent Collection of Presidential Facts, Follies, and Foibles. New York: HarperCollins, 2008. 74.

    125   “puree of wild ducks Van Buren.” Robbins, Katie. “Top Ten Dishes Named for Presidents.” Delish. 21 Feb. 2011. 27 Mar. 2015. <http://www.delish.com/food/news/a38484/top-ten-dishes-named-for-presidents/>

    125  an antidrinking movement. Baumohl, Jim. “Inebriate Institutions in North America, 1840–1920.” British Journal of Addiction 85.9 (Sept. 1990). 1188.

    125  “the Philippine archipelago.” Flood, Theodore L. “The McKinley Islands.” Chautauquan 34 (1902). 119.

    125  “educate the Filipinos.” Harris, Susan K. God’s Arbiters: Americans and the Philippines, 1898–1902. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 14.

    125  “first to raise his hand.” Flood 119.

    126  “a local character.” Flood 119.

    127  Denali, or “the high one.” Rosen, Yereth. “Century After Peak First Scaled, Alaska Mountain’s Name Still Disputed.” Reuters. 27 Apr. 2013. 16 Jan. 2015. <http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/27/usa-mountmckinley-idUSL2N0DC02820130427>

    127  a prospector named William Dickey. Loewen, James. Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong. New York: New Press, 1999. 52–53.

    127  already been found and named. Associated Press. “Senator Introduces Bill to Rename Mount McKinley to Mount Denali.” 29 Jun. 2012. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/06/29/senator-introduces-bill-to-rename-mount-mckinley-to-mount-denali/>

    127  wrote about what they saw. Dickey, William. “Discoveries in Alaska.” New York Sun. 24 Jan. 1897. 6.

    127  Native voices grew more influential. Associated Press, “Senator Introduces.”

    127  “uniform geographic name usage.” United States Board on Geographic Names. 13 Mar. 2015. 28 Mar. 2015. <http://geonames.usgs.gov/>

    127  “to standardize usage.” Yost, Louis. Personal interview. 25 Feb. 2014.

    128  voted to rename the peak. Rosen.

    128  “pending before Congress.” Yost.

    128  “We must retain.” Rosen.

    129  don’t need to become law. Loewen 52–53.

    129  “any that have gone on this long.” Associated Press, “Senator Introduces.”

    129  “The truth of McKinley.” Associated Press. “McKinley Legacy Remains Unsettled.” Vindicator. 28 Nov. 2005. 22 Sept. 2014. <http://www.vindy.com/news/2005/nov/28/mckinley-legacy-remains-unsettled/?print>

    129  launched a petition drive. Wear, Kimberly. “McKinley on the Mind: Arcata Split over New Push to Remove Statue.” Eureka Times-Standard. 20 Oct. 2005. 22 Sept. 2014. <http://www.times-standard.com/ci_3134628>

    129  “grant McKinley amnesty.” Wear, Kimberly. “Statue Spared.” Eureka Times-Standard. 21 Oct. 2005. 22 Sept. 2014. <http://www.times-standard.com/local/ci_3138720>

    129  “cheese stuffed in its ears.” Associated Press, “McKinley Legacy.”

    129  The thumb itself went missing. Arcata Union and Arcata Eye. On This Day in Arcata. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2008. 102.

    130  “one thing in each county.” Slevin, Peter. “On Roads, Schools—and Dimes?—Reagan Lives On.” Washington Post. 6 Jun. 2004. 23 Sept. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19169-2004Jun5.html>

    130  more than three thousand counties. Lochhead, Carolyn. “GOP Mission: Name 3,000 Things After Reagan.” San Francisco Chronicle. 13 May 2014. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/GOP-mission-Name-3-000-things-after-Reagan-5475466.php>

    130  its considerable influence. Stiles, Andrew. “Remember Grover Norquist?” National Review. 30 Oct. 2013. 13 Nov. 2013. <http://www.nationalreview.com/article/362556/remember-grover-norquist-andrew-stiles>

    130  from a Democratic president. Swidey, Neil. “Grover Norquist: Emperor of No.” Boston Globe Magazine. 16 Mar. 2012. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2012/03/16/read-grover-norquist-lips/HYhyPVdyay7oMNf3ETRyYI/story.html>

    130  called himself a “Darth Vader.” Swidey.

    131  “to contend for the future.” Borger, Gloria. “In Search of Mount Reagan.” U.S. News & World Report 123.23 (15 Dec. 1997). 35.

    131  “everything that wasn’t nailed down.” Baer, Susan. “Tributes to Reagan Are in the Running.” Baltimore Sun. 2 Dec. 1997. 16 Nov. 2014. <http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-12-02/news/1997336003_1_washington-national-airport-reagan-washington-norquist>

    131  ended up on a coin. Slevin.

    131  within the year after they died. Harper, Jennifer, and William Glanz. “Naming Efforts get Renewed Push.” Washington Times. 9 Jun. 2004. A10.

    131  Ronald Reagan Building. Slevin, Peter. “Republicans Pushing Adoration of Ronald Reagan Across Country.” San Francisco Chronicle. 17 Jun. 2001. 16 Nov. 2014. <http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Republicans-pushing-adoration-of-Ronald-Reagan-2909554.php>

    131  renamed the Ronald Reagan Institute of Emergency Medicine. D’Agostino, Joseph A. “Ronald Reagan Legacy Project.” Human Events 54.38 (9 Oct. 1998). 19.

    132  “‘Who was this man.’” Mechanic, Michael. “A Fitting Memorial.” Mother Jones 26.2 (Mar./Apr. 2001). 24.

    132  “These are easy dedications.” “What Can I Do?” Ronald Reagan Legacy Project. 16 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ronaldreaganlegacyproject.org/userfiles/012611ot-reaganwhatcanidohandout.pdf>

    132  “Norquist had learned the lessons.” Bunch, Will. “How Republicans Created the Myth of Ronald Reagan.” Salon. 2 Feb. 2009. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.salon.com/2009/02/02/ronald_reagan_2/>

    132  National Airport in Washington. Ota, Alan K. “Partisan Rancor Flares in Debate to Rename National Airport.” Congressional Quarterly. 7 Feb. 1998. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/02/13/cq/airport.html>

    132  The DC transit authority refused. Slevin, “Republicans.”

    132  “already named after a president.” Borger.

    132  “something un-Reaganesque.” Slevin, “On Roads.”

    133  passed the House and Senate. Ota.

    133  replace Alexander Hamilton on the $10 bill. Page, Susan. “Monetary Memorial? That’s the $10 Question.” USA Today. 8 Jun. 2004. 14a.

    133  “it will pass very easily.” Slevin, “Republicans.”

    133  Nancy Reagan declared herself opposed. Page.

    133  a bill President Reagan signed in 1986. Slevin, “Republicans.”

    133  in which Reagan had lived as a preschooler. Cholke, Sam. “Ronald Reagan’s Boyhood Home Being Demolished by University of Chicago.” DNAinfo. 3 Apr. 2013. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20130403/hyde-park/ronald-reagans-boyhood-home-being-demolished-by-university-of-chicago>

    133  set the thing on fire. Juarez, Leticia. “Reagan Statue in Temecula Charred in Arson Fire.” Eyewitness News, ABC7 Los Angeles. 23 Sept. 2013. 27 May 2014. <http://abc7.com/archive/9259154/>

    134  on the hunt for a mountain peak. Ball, Molly. “How to Name a Mountain After Ronald Reagan.” Atlantic. 8 Feb. 2013. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/how-to-name-a-mountain-after-ronald-reagan/273000/>

    134  change the name of Mount Clay. Associated Press. “Insignificant N.H. Peak Getting Significant Name: Mount Reagan.” St. Petersburg Times. 15 Jun. 2003. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://www.sptimes.com/2003/06/15/Worldandnation/Insignificant_NH_peak.shtml>

    134  local resistance to the change. Jensen, Chris. “Mount Reagan Is Still Mount Clay—on US Maps.” New Hampshire Public Radio. 13 May 2010. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://info.nhpr.org/node/32445>

    134  a mountain range east of Las Vegas. Flock, Elizabeth, and Kenneth T. Walsh. “Honoring the Gipper.” U.S. News Digital Weekly 5.12 (22 Mar. 2013). 2.

    134  “Reagan was a marquee performer.” Ball.

    134  name that mountain after a Nevada lawmaker. Lochhead.

    134  hundreds of Reagan memorials. “Map & Directory.” Ronald Reagan Legacy Project. 28 Mar. 2015. <http://www.ronaldreaganlegacyproject.org/map>

    135  new names for the team. Kaczynski, Andrew. “Anti-Tax Crusader Grover Norquist Endorses Naming Redskins After Ronald Reagan.” Buzzfeed. 18 Jun. 2014. 25 Jun. 2014. <http://www.buzzfeed.com/andrewkaczynski/anti-tax-crusader-grover-norquist-endorses-renaming-redskins>

    135  Gallup Poll respondents. Gillespie, Mark. “JFK Ranked as Greatest U.S. President.” Gallup. 21 Feb. 2000. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://www.gallup.com/poll/3214/JFK-Ranked-Greatest-US-President.aspx>

    135  ranks near the top. Newport, Frank. “Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President.” Gallup. 18 Feb. 2011. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://www.gallup.com/poll/146183/Americans-Say-Reagan-Greatest-President.aspx>

    135  a hologram version of the Great Communicator. Pfeiffer, Eric. “Reagan Hologram Is Real, Was Planned for RNC Debut.” Yahoo! News. 30 Aug. 2012. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-ticket/reagan-hologram-real-planned-rnc-debut-203919642--election.html>

    136  played up Jefferson. Hamby, Alonzo L. For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004. 422.

    136  on the nickel in 1938. “Jefferson Nickel (Five-Cent Coin).” United States Mint. 23 Nov. 2014. <http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/circulatingcoins/?action=circnickel>

    136  “in the midst of a struggle.” Hamby 422.

    136  “The Jefferson statehood tale.” Laufer, Peter. “California’s Grumpy Secessionists of the Far North.” Los Angeles Times. 9 Jan. 2014. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-laufer-jefferson-california-secession-20140109-story.html>

    136  moved a portrait. Greenberg, David. “Hot for Coolidge.” Slate. 10 Nov. 2011. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://www.slate.com/articles/life/history_lesson/2011/11/calvin_coolidge_why_are_republicans_so_obsessed_with_him_.html>

    136  Great Refrainer. Shlaes, Amity. Coolidge. New York: HarperCollins, 2013. eBook file. Introduction.

    136  “You lose.” Greenberg, David. Calvin Coolidge: The American Presidents Series: The 30th President, 1923–1929. New York: Macmillan, 2007. 10.

    136  frugal with the federal budget. Shlaes, Introduction.

    137  “a great advantage to a president.” Smith, Richard Norton. “Introduction.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. X.

    137  a heart attack at home. Greenberg, Coolidge 154.

    137  “How can you tell?” Fawcett 25.

    137  twenty-three words long. Scriba, Jay. “Which President Wrote the Shortest Will?” Milwaukee Journal. 13 Apr. 1978. 10.

    137  a mere five minutes. Lamb 129.

    137  The will of Calvin Coolidge. Scriba 10.

    138  started the cheese operation in 1890. Kardashian, Kirk. “Uncommon Curds.” Seven Days. 25 Nov. 2009. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/uncommon-curds/Content?oid=2138850>

    138  revived it in the 1960s. Dornbusch, Jane. “Young Cheesemaker Takes Over 120-Year-Old Business.” Boston Globe. 21 Aug. 2012. 5 Sept. 2014. <http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2012/08/21/young-cheesemaker-vermont-takes-over-year-old-business/0Otvpy1ADUwfvp0mHQQJRI/story.html>

    138  captured his imagination. Kardashian.

    138  to earn an MBA. Dornbusch.

    138  Vermont Institute for Artisan Cheese. Gardner, Laura. “Reinventing the Wheel.” Brandeis Magazine. Summer 2011. 5 Sept. 2014. <http://www.brandeis.edu/magazine/2011/summer/featured-stories/sidebar-stories/wheel.html>

    139  “to re-create that early cheese.” Dornbusch.

    139  older, English-style techniques. Gardner.

    139  ages for at least ten months. Dornbusch.

    139  six or even seven days. Gardner.

    140  “taste and touch and smell it.” Dornbusch, Jane. “Calvin Coolidge and Plymouth Cheese.” Culture. 23 Sept. 2010. 18 Nov. 2014. <http://culturecheesemag.com/cheese-talk/calvin-coolidge-plymouth-cheese>

Chapter 7: Robots and Sphinxes

    141  “I come down here almost every evening.” “Johnson Family Cemetery.” Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park. 24 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/lyjo/planyourvisit/johnsoncemetery.htm>

    141  the LBJ Ranch—2,700 acres during his presidency. Vertuino, Jim. “Johnson Ranch to Become Public.” Washington Post. 13 Jul. 2007. 28 Mar. 2015. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/13/AR2007071300090.html>

    142  “This is my ranch.” Hannaford, Peter. Presidential Retreats: Where the Presidents Went and Why They Went There. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. 213.

    142  first to open with a university affiliation. Hufbauer, Benjamin. Presidential Temples: How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005. 74.

    143  “meant to be an addendum.” Updegrove, Mark. Personal interview. 20 Aug. 2014.

    143  giant talking mascot. Dunbar, Wells. “Photos: State Fair Mascot ‘Big Tex’ Catches Fire.” KUT News. 19 Oct. 2012. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://kut.org/post/photos-state-fair-mascot-big-tex-catches-fire-updated>

    143  gave him an upgrade. Silverman, Rachel Emma. “At Presidential Library, LBJ Gets a Makeover.” Wall Street Journal. 28 Dec. 2012. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324461604578191800874117348>

    144  since its opening in 1971. Smith, Dave. Disney Trivia from the Vault: Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered. Disney Electronic Content, 2012. eBook file. Ch. 7.

    144   “former presidents compare their libraries.” “When It Comes to Presidential Libraries, Size Matters.” NPR. 11 Apr. 2014. 27 May 2014. <http://www.npr.org/2014/04/11/301749061/when-it-comes-to-presidential-libraries-size-matters>

    144  “a virile man.” Hufbauer 83.

    144  Great Hall of Achievement. Hufbauer 86.

    144  “It looks like power.” Updegrove.

    144  the latest admission numbers. Hufbauer 176–77.

    144  tracking the number of postcards. Gibbs, Nancy, and Michael Duffy. The Presidents Club: Inside the World’s Most Exclusive Fraternity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. 266.

    145  hand out free doughnuts. Hufbauer 176–77.

    145  public bathrooms close by. Gibbs 266.

    145  to round up passersby. Hufbauer 176–77.

    145  “President Johnson is going to ask me.” Smith, Richard Norton. “Lyndon Johnson.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 165.

    146  “there was a sorting process.” Hufbauer, Benjamin. Personal interview. 22 Jul. 2014.

    146  “intense and ferocious.” “Rutherford B. Hayes: A Life in Brief.” American President: A Reference Resource. 28 Mar. 2015. <http://millercenter.org/president/hayes/essays/biography/1>

    146  around the trunk of a tree. “Speaking of Pictures: Here Are All U.S. Presidents’ Graves, Both Famous and Forgotten.” Life. 6 Jul. 1953. 3.

    146  “extensively mutilated.” Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 25–26.

    146  many of Andrew Jackson’s. O’Neill, James E. “Will Success Spoil the Presidential Libraries?” American Archivist 36.3 (July 1973). 343.

    146  William Henry Harrison’s papers burned. Fawcett, Bill. Oval Office Oddities: An Irreverent Collection of Presidential Facts, Follies, and Foibles. New York: HarperCollins, 2008. 177.

    146  ransacked the Louisiana home. Eisenhower, John. Zachary Taylor: The American Presidents Series: The 12th President, 1849–1850. New York: Macmillan, 2008. 138.

    146  stayed off-limits to researchers. O’Neill 344–45.

    147  building a fireproof structure. Collins, Herbert R., and David B. Weaver. Wills of the US Presidents. New York: Stravon Educational Press, 1976. 55.

    147  stone vault for his papers. Millard, Candice. Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President. New York: Anchor Books, 2011. ePub file. Epilogue.

    147  kept private for another fifty years. Collins 65.

    147  under lock and key until the 1940s. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 25–26.

    147  offer them for public viewing. “About the Museum.” Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center. 25 Jul. 2014. <http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/museum/>

    147  Paraguay was in ruins. D’Angelo, Guillermo Adrian. “The War That Changed South America forever.” Argentina Independent. 10 May 2012. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.argentinaindependent.com/top-story/the-war-that-changed-south-america-forever/>

    147  sticks painted to look like rifles. “The Never-Ending War.” Economist. 22 Dec. 2012. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568594-how-terrible-little-known-conflict-continues-shape-and-blight-nation>

    147  Two out of every three Paraguayans died. Drapkin, Jenny. “Rutherford B. Hayes: The National Hero of . . . Paraguay?” Mental Floss. 21 Sept. 2009. 28 Mar. 2015. <http://mentalfloss.com/article/22814/rutherford-b-hayes-national-hero-paraguay>

    147  everyone else was starving. “The Never-Ending War.”

    147  a southwestern area known as the Chaco. D’Angelo.

    147  turned to the United States for arbitration. Associated Press. “Paraguay Celebrates Rutherford B. Hayes.” NBC News. 13 Feb. 2009. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29186525/ns/world_news-americas/t/paraguay-celebrates-rutherford-b-hayes/#.VRdTl-Et5KU>

    148  his father’s White House secretary. Quinn, Sandra L. America’s Royalty: All the Presidents’ Children. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 112.

    148  cofounding Union Carbide. Bowie, Edward L. “Hayes, Webb C.” America’s Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 134–35.

    148  got restless in his forties. Wead, Doug. All the Presidents’ Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America’s First Families. New York: Atria Books, 2003. 185.

    148  he was wounded twice. Bowie 134–35.

    148  caught up in the Boxer Rebellion. Wead 190.

    148  snuck behind the lines of insurgents. Bowie 134–35.

    148  “a suitable fireproof building.” Keeler, Lucy Elliot, ed. Dedication of the Hayes Memorial Library and Museum in Honor of Rutherford Birchard Hayes at Spiegel Grove State Park, Fremont, Ohio, May 30, 1916. Columbus, OH: Press of the F. J. Heer Printing Company, 1916. 36.

    148  the old gates to the White House. Zurcher, Neil. Ohio Oddities: A Guide to the Curious Attractions of the Buckeye State. Cleveland: Gray, 2008. 46.

    149  a shady corner of Spiegel Grove. Keeler 36–37.

    149  a tall granite monument. Lamb 81–82.

    149  “caused the horses to plunge forward.” Keeler, Lucy Elliot. “Unveiling of the Soldiers’ Memorial Tablet on the Hayes Memorial Building at Spiegel Grove.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 29 (1920). Columbus, OH: Press of the F. J. Heer Printing Company, 1916. 327.

    149  vote fraud of every kind. King, Gilbert. “The Ugliest, Most Contentious Presidential Election Ever.” Smithsonian. 7 Sept. 2012. 28 Mar. 2015. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-ugliest-most-contentious-presidential-election-ever-28429530/>

    150  thinking of Hayes and his museum. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 25–26.

    150  “a great fan of saving things.” Bassanese, Lynn. Personal interview. 13 Aug. 2014.

    150  Roosevelt’s stamp collection. Collins 199.

    150  three hundred species of birds. Margaret, Amy. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2004. 8.

    150   “write the story of his presidency.” Bassanese.

    150  Spain’s civil war. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 30–31.

    150  “a shrine to my life.” Hufbauer, personal interview.

    150  sketched out the “shrine.” Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 23.

    150  “Only an egocentric megalomaniac.” Span, Paula. “Monumental Ambition.” Washington Post Magazine. 17 Feb. 2002. 4 Jul. 2014. W24. <http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/hsts507/doel/preslib.htm>

    150  “utterly un-American.” O’Neill 346.

    151  Congress approved the library bill. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 32.

    151  open in 1941. Hufbauer, Benjamin. “Archives of Spin.” New York Times. 20 Jan. 2007. 31 May 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/20/opinion/20hufbauer.html?_r=0>

    151  intended to help historians. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 33.

    151  Roosevelt’s eighteen-car funeral train. Klara, Robert. FDR’s Funeral Train: A Betrayed Widow, a Soviet Spy, and a Presidency in the Balance. New York: Macmillan, 2010. 47-51.

    152   “underneath the sundial.” Bassanese.

    153  built upon the Roosevelt model. O’Neill 340–41.

    153   “get up and walk into my office.” Lamb 145.

    153  around his boyhood home. Smith, Richard Norton. “Dwight Eisenhower.” In Brian Lamb, Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 153.

    153  ashes from the president’s cat. Blue, Victoria. “American Archives Month: Kim Coryat, Clinton Presidential Library.” Prologue: Pieces of History. 28 Oct. 2013. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://blogs.archives.gov/prologue/?p=12937>

    154  “curse as well as praise me.” Roosevelt, Franklin D. “Remarks at a Dinner of the Trustees of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Inc., Washington, D.C.” 4 Feb. 1939. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15708>

    154  favorite phrases to describe the libraries. Hufbauer, “Archives.”

    154  “extended campaign commercials in museum form.” Hufbauer, personal interview.

    154  a display about Japanese American internment. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 138.

    154  little about the Iran-Contra scandal. Nagourney, Adam. “What’s a Presidential Library to Do?” New York Times. 12 Sept. 2011. 25 Aug. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/us/13libraries.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>

    154  “wanted to make sure it was OK.” McKenna, Brendan. “Objectivity Key in Shaping Bush Library, Experts Say.” Dallas Morning News. 21 Apr. 2008.

    154  libraries have a life cycle. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 146.

    154  “the more controversial issues.” Bassanese.

    155  sometimes disagree with him. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 159–60.

    155  “my position has changed.” Hufbauer, personal interview.

    156  more like a victim. Nagourney, Adam. “Nixon Library Opens a Door Some Would Prefer Left Closed.” New York Times. 31 Mar. 2011. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/us/01nixon.html?_r=0>

    156  formally affiliated with the National Archives and Records Administration. Frank, Jeffrey. “Who Owns Richard Nixon?” New Yorker. 20 May 2014. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/who-owns-richard-nixon>

    156  a new take on Watergate. Gumbel, Andrew. “Nixon’s Presidential Library: The Last Battle of Watergate.” Pacific Standard. 8 Dec. 2011. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://www.psmag.com/navigation/politics-and-law/nixons-presidential-library-the-last-battle-of-watergate-38176/>

    156  “This is a conspiracy.” Nagourney, “Nixon Library.”

    156  legislation that came out of Watergate. Wiener, Jon. “At the New Watergate Gallery, the Truth Finally Wins Out.” Los Angeles Times. 5 Apr. 2011. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/05/opinion/la-oe-wiener-nixon-library-watergate-20110405>

    156  “an unapologetic attack.” Gumbel.

    156  “never claimed to be impartial.” Bostock, Bob. “The Facts About the Creation of the Watergate Exhibit at the Nixon Library.” Richard Nixon Foundation. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://nixonfoundation.org/news-details.php?id=41>

    156  quit in protest. Gumbel.

    157  worked out to cope with stress. Whiting, David. “Nixon Library Director Leaves Mixed Legacy.” Orange County Register. 17 Nov. 2011. 29 Jul. 2014. <http://www.ocregister.com/articles/naftali-327486-nixon-watergate.html>

    157  “gives it official sanction.” Hufbauer, personal interview.

    157  sorting through their documents. Hufbauer, Benjamin. “Imperial shrines.” Christian Century 125.11 (3 Jun. 2008). 12–13.

    157  an executive order. Hufbauer, “Archives.”

    157  a billion dollars of private investment. Hufbauer, Presidential Temples 193.

    157  “a prestige builder.” Epstein, Jennifer. “The Fight for Obama’s Presidential Library.” Politico. 11 Feb. 2014. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/president-obama-library-location-103341.html>

    158  lock himself in the bedroom and cry. Carroll, Maurice. “Chester Arthur Tour of Old New York.” New York Times. 18 Sept. 1981. 21 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/18/arts/chester-arthur-tour-of-old-new-york.html>

    158  “He’s the president.” Ackerman, Kenneth D. Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield. Falls Church, VA: Viral History Press, 2011. eBook file. Ch. 15.

    158  served with distinction in the Civil War. “Chester Alan Arthur.” American President: A Reference Resource. 28 Mar. 2015. <http://millercenter.org/president/arthur/essays/biography/print>

    158  As a young lawyer in Manhattan. Greider, Katharine. “The Schoolteacher on the Streetcar.” New York Times. 13 Nov. 2005. 21 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/nyregion/thecity/13jenn.html?pagewanted=all>

    158  “nobody’s damned business.” Harris, Bill, and Laura Ross. The First Ladies Fact Book—Revised and Updated: The Childhoods, Courtships, Marriages, Campaigns, Accomplishments, and Legacies of Every First Lady from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2013. 316.

    158  “burned three large garbage cans.” Index to the Chester A. Arthur Papers. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1959. v.

    159  somebody swiped them. O’Donnell, Michelle. “Neighborhood Report: Flatiron; Some Bronze Stars Shine Brighter than Others.” New York Times. 27 Oct. 2002. 21 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/27/nyregion/neighborhood-report-flatiron-some-bronze-stars-shine-brighter-than-others.html>

    159  “the people most obsessed with it.” Hufbauer, personal interview.

Chapter 8: Unintended Legacies

    161  “in a very cursory manner.” Updegrove, Mark. Personal interview. 20 Aug. 2014.

    161  remembered for launching the War on Poverty. Robert Caro, Lyndon Johnson’s acclaimed biographer, spoke at the University of New Hampshire on 27 Sept. 2013. After his presentation, he took questions, and I asked him what Johnson wanted his legacy to be. His answer was four words long: “The War on Poverty.”

    162  body mass index. Noah, Timothy. “Fat Presidents: A Survey.” New Republic. 27 Sept. 2011. 29 Mar. 2015. <http://www.newrepublic.com/blog/timothy-noah/95432/overweight-presidents-survey>

    162  add more heft to the likeness. Suess, Jeff. “President Statues Tell Our Story.” Cincinnati Enquirer. 25 Mar. 2013. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://cincinnati.com/blogs/ourhistory/2013/03/25/president-statues-tell-our-story/>

    162  “make the chair so large.” Harvey, Steve. “Riverside’s Mission Inn Big on Tradition and History.” Los Angeles Times. 29 Nov. 2009. 27 May 2014. <http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/29/local/la-me-then29-2009nov29>

    162  “the surrounding furniture shakes and rumbles.” Gould, Lewis L. The William Howard Taft Presidency. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009. 42.

    163  “sitting on the lid.” Goodwin, Doris Kearns. The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013. xiii.

    163  “an ounce of charisma.” Gould, Lewis. Personal interview. 4 Sept. 2014.

    164  a golfer, not a Rough Rider. Spragens, William C., ed. Popular Images of American Presidents. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988. 234.

    164  tariff policy. Gould, Personal interview.

    164  “That isn’t my method.” Spragens 232–23.

    164  highly unsuccessful Taft toy. Reilly, Lucas. “Billy Possum: President Taft’s Answer to the Teddy Bear.” Mental Floss. 10 Jun. 2013. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://mentalfloss.com/article/51030/billy-possum-president-tafts-answer-teddy-bear>

    164  “the fattest of the fat cats.” Gould, personal interview.

    164  a case of sleep apnea. Eknoyan, Garabed. “A History of Obesity, or How What Was Good Became Ugly and Then Bad.” Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 13.4 (Oct. 2006). 421–27.

    164  clearing a backlog. Spragens 217.

    164  build a separate building. Hall, Timothy L. Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Facts on File, 2001. 277.

    165  lost seventy pounds. “Mr. Taft on Diet Loses 70 Pounds; Ex-President Weighs 270, as Against 340 on March 4 Last.” New York Times. 12 Dec. 1913. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E2D9103FE633A25751C1A9649D946296D6CF>

    165  listened in on radio. Lamb, Brian. Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 115–16.

    165  “three hundred pounds of solid charity.” Barber, James David. The Pulse of Politics: Electing Presidents in the Media Age. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1992. 223.

    165  outliving TR by more than a decade. Gould, William Howard Taft Presidency 36.

    165  society’s attitudes toward weight. Eknoyan.

    165  “gravitas and maturity.” Gould, personal interview.

    165  Big was no longer beautiful. Eknoyan.

    165  dished dirt on a number of presidents. “Fact or Fiction: Taft Got Stuck in a Tub?” Political Ticker. CNN. 6 Feb. 2013. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/06/fact-or-fiction-taft-got-stuck-in-a-tub/>

    166  “How is the horse?” Goodwin, Bully Pulpit 390.

    166  “a complete misrepresentation.” Spragens 217.

    166  Taft’s descendants. Wead, Doug. All the Presidents’ Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America’s First Families. New York: Atria Books, 2003. 204–13.

    166  ranked the presidents by body mass index. Kain, Erik. “A History of Fat Presidents.” Forbes. 28 Sept. 2011. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2011/09/28/a-history-of-fat-presidents/>

    166  grown more negative. Conlon, Kevin. “Bill Clinton and McDonald’s: Let’s Forgo the Fries and Fight the Fat.” CNN. 27 Sept. 2013. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/us/mcdonalds-value-meal/>

    166  only one president in the television age. White, Chris. “Question 22: Can the President Be Fat?” McSweeney’s. 5 Oct. 2009. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/question-22-can-the-president-be-fat>

    166  public attitudes about size. Choi, Candice. “Attitudes on Obesity Are Lightening Up, Poll Finds.” SeattlePI. 11 Jan. 2006. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/health/article/Attitudes-on-obesity-are-lightening-up-poll-finds-1192431.php>

    166  hectoring people about being overweight. Puhl, Rebecca, and Charles A. Heuer. “Obesity Stigma: Important Considerations for Public Health.” American Journal of Public Health 100.6 (Jun. 2010). 1019–28.

    167  painted to look like expensive marble. “The Hermitage Mansion Story.” Andrew Jackson’s Hermitage. 29 Mar. 2015. <http://thehermitage.com/learn/mansion-grounds/mansion/mansion-story/>

    167  highly profane eulogy. “Stranger than Fiction: Andrew Jackson’s Foul Mouthed Fowl.” Jefferson County Post. 8 Apr. 2013. 29 Mar. 2015. <http://jeffersoncountypost.com/?p=8084>

    168  “remarkably well preserved.” Mullin, Marsha. Personal interview. 20 Feb. 2014.

    168  born at the Hermitage. Dorris, Mary C. Currey. Preservation of the Hermitage, 1889–1915: Annals, History, and Stories. Nashville, TN: Smith and Lamar, 1915. 116–28.

    168  “unclear what his job was.” Mullin.

    168  rented twenty-four acres. “Alfred’s Cabin.” Information sign at Andrew Jackson’s Hermitage. 25 Nov. 2013.

    169  His wife, Gracie. Dorris 116–28.

    169   “the first tour guide.” Mullin.

    169  strong suit was his dates. Dorris 116–28.

    169  “traded the mirror back.” Mullin.

    170  the chance to honor him. Dorris 116–28.

    170  “southern ladies in the nineteenth century.” Mullin.

    170  “a haughty aristocrat.” Dorris 116–28.

    170  “they honored the deal.” Mullin.

    171  a centralized storehouse of information. “DAACS Project History.” 15 Dec. 2014. <http://www.daacs.org/aboutdaacs/project-history/>

    171  The colonization movement. “American Colonization Society.” Africans in America. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1521.html>

    171   left it two thousand dollars. Collins, Herbert R., and David B. Weaver. Wills of the US Presidents. New York: Stravon Educational Press, 1976. 45.

    171  twelve thousand emancipated people. “American Colonization Society.”

    171  named the capital city Monrovia. Hart, Gary. James Monroe: The American Presidents Series: The 5th President, 1817–1825. New York: Macmillan, 2005. 104.

    171  long-running tensions. Steinberg, Jonny. Little Liberia: An African Odyssey in New York City. New York: Vintage Books, 2012. 36–42.

    171  civil wars. Barry, Ellen. “From Staten Island Haven, Liberians Reveal War’s Scars.” New York Times. 18 Sept. 2007. 28 May 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18liberians.html?_r=0>

    171  worst Ebola outbreak on record. Tharoor, Ishaan. “This Is the Worst Ebola Outbreak in History. Here’s Why You Should Be Worried.” Washington Post. 28 Jul. 2014. 29 Mar. 2015. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/07/28/this-is-the-worst-ebola-outbreak-in-history-heres-why-you-should-be-worried/>

    172  a world-class university. Crawford, Alan Pell. Twilight at Monticello: The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Random House, 2008. 206.

    172  “not a word more.” Barker, Tim. “Thomas Jefferson Tombstone, now at Mizzou, Will Be Restored.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1 Jan. 2013. 2 Oct. 2013. <http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/thomas-jefferson-tombstone-now-at-mizzou-will-be-restored/article_c4e79fb0-9566-5312-8dad-f0bdd2c9bd20.html>

    172  one of his last public appearances. Crawford 206.

    173  “impossible to reconcile.” Franklin, John Hope. “John Hope Franklin, Historian.” Interview. PBS. 9 Mar. 2015. <http://www.pbs.org/jefferson/archives/interviews/Franklin.htm>

    173  held on to the graveyard. “1826 to Civil War.” Monticello Association. 31 Dec. 2014. <http://www.monticello-assoc.org/1826-to-civil-war.html>

    173  on hand at the University of Virginia. Gallagher, Edward J. “Cooley Stops the Show: An Overview.” The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy. 22 Jan. 2015. <http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/trial/jefferson//episodes/list/9_1>

    173  “Jeffersonian Legacies” conference. “The History of a Secret.” Frontline. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/cron/>

    173  “part of a special family.” Cooley, Robert H., III. Interview. Getting Word: African-American Families of Monticello. 6 Oct. 1995. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://slavery.monticello.org/getting-word/people/robert-h-cooley-iii>

    174  “I knew who Jefferson was.” Cooley, Robert H., III. “Robert Cooley, Hemings Descendant.” Interview. PBS. 22 Dec. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/jefferson/archives/interviews/Cooley.htm>

    174  “a family secret.” Cooley, Getting Word.

    174  two Bronze Stars. Hendricks, Melissa. “A Daughter’s Declaration.” Johns Hopkins Magazine. Sept. 1999. 16 Dec. 2014. <http://pages.jh.edu/~jhumag/0999web/roots.html>

    174  “a law school on the grounds.” Cooley, “Robert Cooley.”

    174  Thomas Woodson Family Association. Thomas, Robert McG., Jr. “Robert Cooley 3d, 58, Lawyer Who Sought Link to Jefferson.” New York Times. 3 Aug. 1998. 17 Dec. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/03/us/robert-cooley-3d-58-lawyer-who-sought-link-to-jefferson.html>

    174  Other oral traditions. Lanier, Shannon, and Jane Feldman. Jefferson’s Children: The Story of One American Family. New York: Random House, 2002. 30.

    174  his body started to “tingle.” Randolph, Laura B. “Thomas Jefferson’s Black and White Descendants Debate His Lineage and Legacy.” Ebony. Jul. 1993. 25–29.

    174  “There are hundreds of us.” Gallagher.

    174  James Callender went public. “James Callender.” American Experience: John and Abigail Adams. 26 Aug. 2005. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/adams/peopleevents/p_callender.html>

    175  “kept, as his concubine.” Callendar, James Thomson. “The President, Again.” Encyclopedia Virginia. 1 Sept. 1802. 16 Dec. 2014. <http://encyclopediavirginia.org/_The_President_Again_by_James_Thomson_Callender_September_1_1802>

    175  the usual character assassination. Singleton, Maura. “Anatomy of a Mystery.” UVA Magazine. Fall 2007. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://uvamagazine.org/articles/anatomy_of_a_mystery/>

    175  putting those children up for auction. Lepore, Jill. “President Tom’s Cabin.” New Yorker. 22 Sept. 2008. 86–91.

    175  Madison Hemings told an Ohio newspaper. Hemings, Madison. “Life Among the Lowly, No. 1.” Encyclopedia Virginia. 13 Mar. 1873. 28 May 2014. <http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/_Life_Among_the_Lowly_No_1_by_Madison_Hemings_March_13_1873>

    175  account was dismissed. Patton, Venetria K., and Ronald Jemal Stevens. “Narrating Competing Truths in the Thomas Jefferson–Sally Hemings Paternity Debate.” Black Scholar 29.4 (Winter 1999). 8–15.

    175  pointed to Peter Carr. Lepore.

    176  presented as oral history. Gordon-Reed, Annette. Interview. Frontline: Jefferson’s Blood. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/interviews/reed.html>

    176  “no involvement of labor.” “American Icons: Monticello.” Studio 360. 17 Feb. 2012. 24 Dec. 2014. <http://www.studio360.org/story/96253-american-icons-monticello/transcript/>

    176  Italian architect Andrea Palladio. Howard, Hugh, and Roger Straus III. Houses of the Presidents: Childhood Homes, Family Dwellings, Private Escapes, and Grand Estates. New York: Little, Brown, 2012. 31–34.

    176  “Contrive a building.” Wiencek, Henry. “The Dark Side of Thomas Jefferson.” Smithsonian. Oct. 2012. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-dark-side-of-thomas-jefferson-35976004/?all>

    176  delved into Jefferson’s inner life. Bringhurst, Newell G. Fawn McKay Brodie: A Biographer’s Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. 215–20.

    177  each time she conceived. Brodie, Fawn M. Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1974. 291–94.

    177  the biggest historical assumptions. Patton 8–15.

    177  popular fiction. “The History of a Secret.”

    177  television miniseries. Bringhurst 215–20.

    177  Woodson descendants reunion. Athans, Marego. “A Legacy of Reason.” Baltimore Sun. 29 May 1999. 23 Jun. 2014. <http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-05-29/features/9905290353_1_thomas-jefferson-hemings-cooley>

    177  “finest example of American architecture.” Cooley, “Robert Cooley.”

    177  he kept telling it. Athans.

    177  buried in Monticello’s graveyard. Lanier 44.

    178  unexpectedly died. Thomas.

    178  “not prepared to admit Hemings descendants.” Lanier 44.

    178  a private cemetery in Richmond. Thomas.

    178  “wondered if DNA might be used.” Foster, Eugene. Interview. Frontline: Jefferson’s Blood. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/interviews/foster.html>

    178  suggested Foster take another look. Smith, Dinitia, and Nicholas Wade. “DNA Test Finds Evidence of Jefferson Child by Slave.” New York Times. 1 Nov. 1998. 20 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/01/us/dna-test-finds-evidence-of-jefferson-child-by-slave.html>

    178  obtained DNA samples. Lepore.

    178  “the Jefferson family chromosome.” Foster.

    179  compared it to a series of samples. Smith.

    179  several longtime Virginia families. Thomas.

    179  sent everything he’d collected to geneticists. Smith.

    179  matched the “Jefferson chromosome.” Lepore.

    179  ruled out the Jefferson family’s story. Smith.

    179  “Daddy’s mission and his quest.” Lanier 47.

    179  “neither be definitely excluded nor solely implicated.” Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster. “Eugene Foster; Led Jefferson Paternity Study.” Washington Post. 25 Jul. 2008. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/24/AR2008072403726.html>

    179  “From the historical knowledge.” Patton 8–15.

    180  historians who had been skeptical. Smith.

    180  “open up the Monticello Association.” “American Icons: Monticello.”

    180  About thirty-five Hemings descendants. Smith, Leef. “Jeffersons Split over Hemings Descendants.” Washington Post. 17 May 1999. 8 Feb. 2014. B1. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/may99/reunion17.htm>

    180  dozens of reporters. Hendricks.

    180  “this little family association.” Lanier 122.

    180  explaining his DNA findings. Hendricks.

    180  formally applying for membership. Athans.

    180  “bulldoze their way.” “American Icons: Monticello.”

    180  members-only discussion and vote. Athans.

    180  “the start of a business meeting.” “American Icons: Monticello.”

    181  The motion failed. Athans.

    181  honorary members for the time being. Smith, L.

    181  “More evidence is coming forward.” Jankofsky, Michael. “Jefferson’s Kin Not Ready To Accept Tie to Slave.” New York Times. 16 May 1999. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/16/us/jefferson-s-kin-not-ready-to-accept-tie-to-slave.html>

    181  Jefferson birthday celebration. Singleton.

    181  “to stand always in opposition.” Weil, Francois. Family Trees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013. eBook file. Ch. 1.

    181  “almost certainly false.” Singleton.

    181  point to his brother Randolph. Hendricks.

    181  “assumed the worst.” Singleton.

    181  “dedicated deniers.” Associated Press. “Not All Are Welcome at Jefferson Family Reunion.” Los Angeles Times. 7 May 2000. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://articles.latimes.com/2000/may/07/news/mn-27481>

    181  “defending what America means.” Cogliano, Francis D. Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006. 183.

    182  “the reputation of a man who owned slaves.” Lanier 81–82.

    182  “maybe I’ll reconsider.” Associated Press. “Historian Wants Access to Kansas Grave in Probing Link Between Jefferson, Slave.” Topeka Capital-Journal. 4 Jan. 2000. 16 Dec. 2014. <http://cjonline.com/stories/010400/new_ksgrave.shtml#.VRinR-Et5KU>

    182  voted 67 to 5. “American Icons: Monticello.”

    182  “most likely the father of all six.” Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation. “Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings.” Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello. Jan. 2182. 22 Jan. 2015. <http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/report-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings>

    182  holding its own reunions. Associated Press. “Hemings Family Holds Own Reunion at Monticello.” USA Today. 13 Jul. 2003. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-07-13-hemings-family-reunion_x.htm>

    182  “with a single step.” Jankofsky.

Chapter 9: Eternal Flame

    183  “recall a list.” Roediger, Henry. Interview. Science Friday. 1 Dec. 2014. 1 Dec. 2014. <http://www.sciencefriday.com/segment/12/05/2014/how-long-does-a-president-s-legacy-last.html>

    183  for forty years. Ferdman, Roberto A. “The Presidents We Remember—and the Ones We’ve Almost Entirely Forgotten.” Washington Post. 1 Dec. 2014. 8 Dec. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/12/01/the-presidents-we-remember-and-the-ones-weve-almost-entirely-forgotten/>

    183  “plot for people.” Roediger.

    184  “an idea lives on.” Kennedy, John F. “Remarks Recorded for the Opening of a USIA Transmitter at Greenville, North Carolina.” 8 Feb. 1963. 29 Mar. 2015. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9551>

    184  custom-built wire basket. Poole, Robert M. On Hallowed Ground: The Story of Arlington National Cemetery. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009. 219.

    185  “a lighter in your pocket.” Reece, Kevin. “JFK’s ‘Eternal Flame’ Sits in a Houston Museum.” KHOU News. 22 Nov. 2013. 7 Jan. 2014. <http://www.khou.com/story/local/2015/05/11/12252942/>

    185  “I won’t tell if you won’t tell.” Poole 226.

    185  an electric spark mechanism. Reece.

    185  the end of its expected life-span. “Corps Begins Repairs JFK Eternal Flame.” U.S. Army. 30 Apr. 2013. 29 Mar. 2015. <http://www.army.mil/article/102215/Corps_begins_repairs_JFK_Eternal_Flame/>

    185  “some silly little Communist.” Manchester, William. The Death of a President. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. 407.

    185  “presented to the world.” Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy. New York: Hachette Books, 2011. xxvii.

    185  Arc de Triomphe. Poole 219.

    186  “see his flame beneath the mansion.” White, Theodore H. “For President Kennedy: An Epilogue.” Life. 6 Dec. 1963. 158–59.

    186  “go back to Boston.” Poole 210–13.

    186  a family plot. Zimmerman, Rachel. “Tale of the Pediatrician Snatched to Treat the Kennedy Baby.” WBUR. 6 Aug. 2013. 29 Mar. 2015. <http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2013/08/tale-of-the-pediatrician-snatched-to-treat-kennedy-baby>

    186  model JFK’s funeral. Carroll, Rebecca. “Protocol Fills State Funerals.” Cincinnati Enquirer. 7 Jun. 2004. 29 Aug. 2014. <http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/06/07/loc_loc1arwrd.html>

    186  “a little ostentatious.” Rubin, Gretchen. Forty Ways to Look at JFK. New York: Ballantine Books, 2005. 161–62.

    187  “missing man” formation. Poole 223–25.

    187  Mrs. Kennedy whispering. Rubin 160.

    187  the riderless horse. Gray, Jeremy. “Arthur, Black Jack and Kennedy: At Age 19, Mobile man Led Riderless Horse for Fallen President.” Alabama Media Group. 14 Nov. 2013. 29 Aug. 2014. <http://blog.al.com/live/2013/11/arthur_black_jack_and_kennedy.html>

    187  cracked the sixth note. Poole 223–25.

    187  the 175 million Americans watching. Rubin 293.

    187  “one thing they have always lacked—majesty.” Semple, Robert B., Jr., ed. Four Days in November: The Original Coverage of the John F. Kennedy Assassination. New York: Macmillan, 2003. 485-6.

    187  called Theodore White. Swanson, James. End of Days: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy. New York: HarperCollins, 2013. ePub file. Ch. 1.

    187  “before we’d go to sleep.” White.

    188  “never listened to ‘Camelot.’” Davies, Frank. “The House of Kennedy Revisited.” Chicago Tribune. 10 Aug. 1995. 10 Dec. 2014. <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-08-10/features/9508118896_1_joe-kennedy-kennedy-brothers-kennedy-lore>

    188  “it was usually classical.” White.

    188  “a story about infidelity.” Woodward, Richard. “Death of JFK Spawned an Industry That Thrived for Decades.” Daily Beast. 24 Nov. 2013. 10 Dec. 2014. <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/24/death-of-jfk-spawned-an-industry-that-thrived-for-decades.html>

    188  the first lady stood her ground. Piereson, James. “How Jackie Kennedy Invented The Camelot Legend After JFK’s Death.” Daily Beast. 12 Nov. 2013. 8 Jan. 2014. <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/12/how-jackie-kennedy-invented-the-camelot-legend-after-jfk-s-death.html>

    188  a hook upon which to hang its image. Hitchens, Christopher. “Widow of Opportunity.” Vanity Fair. Dec. 2011. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/12/hitchens-201112>

    188  “A magic moment in American history.” O’Brien, Michael. John F. Kennedy: A Biography. New York: Macmillan, 2006. xii.

    188  “they are made to happen.” Rubin 271.

    188  “accessible to the press.” Zelizer, Barbie. Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media, and the Shaping of Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 26.

    189  to appear in newsreels. Rubin 76.

    189  “twenty-four hours a day.” Rubin 133.

    189  practiced one-liners. Fairlie, Henry. “JFK’s Television Presidency.” New Republic. 26 Dec. 1983. 21 Jan. 2014. <http://www.newrepublic.com/article/115247/john-f-kennedy-television-presidency>

    189  “props in a show.” O’Brien 815.

    189  “a television nation.” Rhule, Patty. Personal interview. 9 Oct. 2013.

    189  “surpass print for primacy.” Newseum, with Cathy Trost and Susan Bennett. President Kennedy Has Been Shot: Experience the Moment-to-moment Account of the Four Days That Changed America. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2003. xiv.

    189  within an hour of the shooting. Sneed, Tierney. “How John F. Kennedy’s Assassination Changed Television Forever.” U.S. News & World Report. 14 Nov. 2013. 10 Dec. 2014. <http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/11/14/how-john-f-kennedy-assassination-changed-television-forever?page=2>

    190  wall-to-wall coverage. Newseum xiii.

    190  “No one goes past that.” Rhule.

    190  had been beating Cronkite. Mickelson, Sig. The Decade That Shaped Television News: CBS in the 1950s. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. 212.

    190  No journalist in Dallas. Zelizer 37–38.

    190  “Our nearest camera.” Newseum 42.

    191  always a camera in the CBS newsroom. Sneed.

    191  overexposed and unusable. Zelizer 73.

    191  “Lee Harold Oswald.” Newseum 210.

    191  “an ongoing attentiveness.” Zelizer, Barbie. Interview. American Experience: Oswald’s Ghost. 11 Dec. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oswald/press/>

    191  presented as “four days of special coverage.” Zelizer, Covering the Body 38.

    191  “he was in Dallas on that day.” Zelizer, interview.

    192  defied his editors in Canada. “Covering Chaos: The Reporters.” Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza. <http://www.jfk.org/go/exhibits/chaos/reporters>

    192  may have run into Lee Harvey Oswald. Newseum 35.

    192  standing near Jack Ruby. “Covering Chaos: The Reporters.”

    192  CBS stalwart Bob Schieffer. Newseum 146–47.

    192  “not a taxi service.” “Covering Chaos: The Reporters.”

    192  nearly got to interview Lee Harvey Oswald. Newseum 146–47.

    192  “most ambitious exhibit.” Rhule.

    193  put out book after book. Woodward.

    193  highest ratings ever. Kissell, Rick. “‘Killing Kennedy’ Draws Record 3.4 Million for National Geographic Channel.” Variety. 11 Nov. 2013. 30 Mar. 2015. <http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/killing-kennedy-draws-record-3-4-million-for-nat-geo-channel-1200819532/>

    193  “Big Things Happen Here.” Dallas Convention and Visitors Bureau. “Dallas: Just the Facts.” 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.visitdallas.com/includes/content/docs/media/Dallas-Facts.pdf>

    193  JFK-themed Roller Derby league. “About Us.” Assassination City Roller Derby. 13 Dec. 2014. <http://www.acderby.com/?page_id=20>

    193  an event in 1993. Ray, Richard. “JFK Ceremony Will Go On Despite Bad Weather Threat.” 21 Nov. 2013. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www.myfoxdfw.com/story/24032074/workers-prep-for-jfk-50th-anniversary-event>

    194  “serious, respectful, understated.” Parks, Scott K. “Rawlings Names Committee to Plan Commemoration of JFK Tragedy in Dallas.” Dallas Morning News. 31 May 2012. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/dallas/headlines/20120530-rawlings-names-committee-to-plan-commemoration-of-jfk-tragedy-in-dallas.ece>

    194  five thousand tickets. Mezzofiore, Gianluca. “JFK Conspiracy Theorists Threaten Dealey Plaza Lockdown in 50th Anniversary Protest.” International Business Times. 15 Nov. 2013. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jfk-assassination-anniversary-conspiracy-dallas-dealey-plaza-522590>

    194  security trailers with surveillance cameras. Goldstein, Scott. “Dallas Police to Use Federally Funded Mobile Surveillance Cameras for JFK Assassination Anniversary Events.” Dallas Morning News. 11 Sept. 2013. 13 Dec. 2013. <http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2013/09/dallas-police-to-use-federally-funded-mobile-surveillance-cameras-for-jfk-assassination-anniversary-events.html/>

    195  “to level out the streets.” Nicholson, Eric. “The City of Dallas Removed the White ‘X’ from Dealey Plaza on Monday.” Dallas Observer. 19 Nov. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2013/11/dealey_plaza_x_removed.php>

    195  “gruesome little tourist magnets.” Jones, Rodger. “‘Allegedly’ Defaced on JFK Plaque Again.” Dallas Morning News. 14 Nov. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://dallasmorningviewsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/11/allegedly-defaced-on-jfk-plaque-again.html/>

    195  the City That Worked. Graham, Don. Personal interview. 7 February 2014.

    195  diversify beyond oil and land sales. Ennis, Michael. “Spun City.” Texas Monthly. Nov. 2013. 7 Feb. 2014. <http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/dallas-in-1963-was-more-than-the-city-of-hate>

    195  “Dallas doesn’t owe a damn thing.” McAuley, James. “The City with the Death Wish in Its Eye.” New York Times. 16 Nov. 2013. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/opinion/sunday/dallass-role-in-kennedys-murder.html>

    196  “LBJ Sold Out to Yankee Socialists.” Parks, Scott K. “Extremists in Dallas Created Volatile Atmosphere Before JFK’s 1963 Visit.” 12 Oct. 2013. 22 Nov. 2013. <http://www.dallasnews.com/news/jfk50/reflect/20131012-extremists-in-dallas-created-volatile-atmosphere-before-jfks-1963-visit.ece>

    196  screamed, shouted, and spat. Wright, Lawrence. “Why Do They Hate Us So Much?” Texas Monthly. Nov. 1983. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/why-do-they-hate-us-so-much?fullpage=1>

    196  in the gallant South. Minutaglio, Bill, and Steven L. Davis. Dallas 1963. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2013. 64.

    196  eccentric Texas oil baron. Fernandez, Manny. “50 Years Later, a Changed Dallas Grapples with Its Darkest Day.” New York Times. 19 Nov. 2013. 22 Nov. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/us/a-changed-dallas-grapples-with-its-darkest-day.html>

    196  its regional headquarters. Parks.

    196  his daughter Caroline’s tricycle. Wright.

    196  former army general Edwin Walker. Parks.

    196  “human beings or animals?” Minutaglio 248.

    196  told the president to reconsider. Wright.

    196  US senators. Swanson ch. 3.

    196  “control the ‘air.’” Onion, Rebecca. “In a Prophetic Letter, a Dallas Citizen Begged JFK Not to Visit.” Slate. 15 Nov. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2013/11/15/jfk_assassination_prophetic_letter_from_dallas_citizen_begged_the_president.html>

    197  “cancer on the body politic.” Minutaglio 255.

    197  run, and win, against Bruce Alger. Minutaglio 325.

    197  “a small group of extremists.” Minutaglio 251.

    197  the cameras would make him look sympathetic. Wright.

    197  blamed Alger. Minutaglio 66.

    197  campaign kickoff in Chicago. Minutaglio 140.

    197  sixth out of six. Parks.

    197  racial integration. Minutaglio 191.

    197  problem with organized crime. Minutaglio 149.

    197  any city in 1963. “50 Years Ago: The World in 1963.” Atlantic. 15 Feb. 2013. 29 Jan. 2014. <http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/02/50-years-ago-the-world-in-1963/100460/>

    198  Medgar Evers was murdered. Walsh, Kenneth T. “Turns Out 1963 Was Not So Dreamy a Year.” U.S. News & World Report. 29 Aug. 2013. 29 Jan. 2014. <www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2013/08/29/turns-out-1963-was-not-so-dreamy-a-year>

    198  brazen bombing. “50 Years Ago.”

    198  “it would be Miami.” Graham.

    198  “died in enemy territory.” Wright.

    198  “God Almighty ordered this event.” Semple 307.

    198  “into nut country.” McAuley.

    198  already high murder rate go up. Applebome, Peter. “25 Years After the Death of Kennedy, Dallas Looks at Its Changed Image.” New York Times. 21 Nov. 1988. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/21/us/25-years-after-the-death-of-kennedy-dallas-looks-at-its-changed-image.html>

    198   climbing anywhere else. Pennebaker, James W. “Interview with Professor Pennebaker About the Effects of the JFK Assassination on Dallas.” Entertainment Tonight. 1991. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=2013_04528>

    198  “killed our president.” Wright.

    199  “maniacs all over the world.” Semple 283.

    199  he was a Marxist. Fernandez.

    199  his (Russian-born) wife. Ennis.

    199  tried to kill General Edwin Walker. Parks.

    199  two hundred thousand strong. Jervis, Rick. “Dallas Landmarks Still Echo JFK Killing.” USA Today. 7 Aug. 2013. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/07/kennedy-assassination-oswald-dallas-50th-anniversary/2609763/>

    199  “cannot be explained in a few words.” Semple 348.

    199  magician Gene De Jean. Byrnes, Mark. “Dallas, 1963: ‘City of Hate’?” Citylab. 22 Nov. 2013. 30 Mar. 2015. <http://www.citylab.com/politics/2013/11/dallas-1963-city-hate/7244/>

    199  Dallas Cowboys. Goodwyn, Wade. “Marking Kennedy Assassination, Dallas Still on ‘Eggshells.’” All Things Considered. NPR. 21 Nov. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.npr.org/2013/11/21/246580954/marking-kennedy-assassination-dallas-still-on-egg-shells>

    199  modeled in part on H. R. Hunt. Hannaford, Alex. “Dallas: The Feuding Family That Inspired the TV Series.” Telegraph. 5 Sept. 2012. 29 Jan. 2014. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9446483/Dallas-the-feuding-family-that-inspired-the-TV-series.html>

    199  well beyond its Kennedy ties. Nicholson, Eric. “City Hall: One Unfortunate Afternoon Shouldn’t Overshadow Dealey Plaza’s Decades of Not Murdering Presidents.” Dallas Observer. 15 Jul. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2013/07/city_officials_one_infamous_mo.php>

    200  she was at the Trade Mart. Farwell, Scott. “With Ruth Altshuler at the Helm, Dallas’ Painful JFK Memorial Is in Experienced Hands.” Dallas Morning News. 2 Feb. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/dallas/headlines/20130202-dallas-painful-jfk-memorial-in-experienced-hands.ece>

    200  “many sleepless nights.” Goldstein, Scott. “Dallas Mayor Says He’s Worked on JFK Speech Since January.” Dallas Morning News. 11 Nov. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://www.dallasnews.com/news/jfk50/discuss/20131111-dallas-mayor-says-hes-worked-on-jfk-speech-since-january.ece>

    201  architect of post-assassination Dallas. Jervis.

    201  born on the day President McKinley was shot. Westerlin, Ann F. “Jonsson, John Erik.” Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 15 Jun. 2010. 13 Dec. 2014. <http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjowh>

    201  “the fellow on Pearl Harbor Day.” Fagin, Stephen. Assassination and Commemoration: JFK, Dallas, and the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. eBook file. Introduction.

    201  “the city should be represented.” Museum placard. “Dream No Small Dreams: How Erik Jonsson Led Dallas from Tragedy to Triumph in the 1960s.” Old Red Museum of Dallas County History and Culture, Dallas.

    201  put Dallas back to work. Jervis.

    202  “They’re still reacting to it.” Graham.

    202  back in place on Elm Street. Wilonsky, Robert. “In Dealey Plaza, the X That Marked the Spot on Elm Street Where Kennedy Was Killed Has Returned.” Dallas Morning News. 26 Nov. 2013. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2013/11/in-dealey-plaza-the-x-that-marked-the-spot-on-elm-street-where-kennedy-was-killed-has-returned.html/>

    202  asked Americans about conspiracies. Weigel, David. “Five Conspiracy Theories and the Americans Who Believe Them.” Slate. 2 Apr. 2013. 14 Dec. 2014. <http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2013/04/02/five_conspiracy_theories_and_the_americans_who_believe_them.html>

    203  went on to confront some police. MacCormack, John. “Dallas Puts Past to Rest in Moving Tribute to JFK.” Houston Chronicle. 22 Nov. 2013. 13 Dec. 2014. <http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/nation-world/nation/article/Dallas-puts-past-to-rest-in-moving-tribute-to-JFK-5004198.php>

Chapter 10: The Rest of the Set

    205  presidential PEZ dispensers. Garnick, Darren. “Is Pez Trying to Sugarcoat American History?” Atlantic. 3 Jul. 2012. <http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/07/is-pez-trying-to-sugarcoat-american-history/259222/>

    205  little presidential figurines. Knox, Olivier. “Sculptor in Chief: Futurama Writer Saves Line of Tiny Presidents.” Wired. 19 Oct. 2009. 30 Mar. 2015. <http://www.wired.com/2009/10/st_verrone_futurama/>

    205  his friend Dwight D. Eisenhower. Saxon, Wolfgang. “Louis Marx Sr. Is Dead at 85; Toy Maker and Philanthropist.” New York Times. 6 Feb. 1982. 30 Mar. 2015. <http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/06/obituaries/louis-marx-sr-is-dead-at-85-toy-maker-and-philanthropist.html>

    206  figures of some of the potential candidates. Knox.

    206  “uninspiring man.” Freidel, Frank, and Hugh Sidey. “Millard Fillmore.” The White House. 2006. 30 Mar. 2015. <https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/millardfillmore>

    207  “Peruvian guano.” Fillmore, Millard. “First Annual Message, December 2, 1850.” The Statesman’s Manual: The Addresses and Messages of the Presidents of the United States, Inaugural, Annual, and Special, from 1789 to 1854; with a Memoir of Each of the Presidents and a History of Their Administrations: Also, the Constitution of the United States, and a Selection of Important Documents and Statistical Information, vol. 4. Edwin Williams, ed. New York: Edward Walker, 1849. 1939.

    207  first chancellor of the University of Buffalo. Prior, Anna. “No Joke: Buffalo and Moravia Duke It Out over Millard Fillmore.” Wall Street Journal. 18 Feb. 2010. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703444804575071322401554694>

    208  “the nourishment is palatable.” Lamb, Brian. Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 53.

    209  Morrissey. “Founding Fathers Pub in the Press.” 30 Mar. 2015. <http://www.foundingfatherspub.com/our-press>

    210  snubbed by his own party. Rudin, Ken. “When Has a President Been Denied His Party’s Nomination?” NPR. 22 Jul. 2009. 30 Mar. 2015. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/07/a_president_denied_renominatio.html>

    210  dedicated a statue in his honor. Metcalf, Henry Harrison, ed. Dedication of a Statue of General Franklin Pierce, Fourteenth President of the United States, at the State House, Concord, November 25, 1914. Concord: State of New Hampshire, 1914. 8.

    212  “We Polked you in ’44.” Roberts, Robert North, Scott John Hammond, and Valerie A. Sulfaro. Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2012. 529.

    212  “ludicrous, ridiculous, and uninteresting.” “The Campaign and Election of 1852.” American President: A Reference Resource. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/biography/3>

    212  “rare elasticity.” Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Life of Franklin Pierce. Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields, 1852. 94.

    212  the turning point of the battle. Lundberg, James M. “Nathaniel Hawthorne, Party Hack.” Slate. 14 Sept. 2012. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2012/09/nathaniel_hawthorne_s_biography_of_franklin_pierce_why_d_he_write_it_.html>

    212  “driven from the field.” Hawthorne 102.

    213  Pierce’s Whig opponent. Eisenhower, John. Zachary Taylor: The American Presidents Series: The 12th President, 1849–1850. New York: Macmillan, 2008. 135.

    213  “greatest work of fiction.” Lundberg.

    213  the train’s axle broke. Quinn, Sandra L. America’s Royalty: All the Presidents’ Children. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 88.

    213  Bennie was crushed. Withers, Bob. The President Travels by Train: Politics and Pullmans. Lynchburg, VA: TLC Publishing, 1996. 6.

    213  clear Franklin’s worry list. Martin, Albro. Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection, and Rebirth of a Vital American Force. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. eBook file. Ch. 2.

    213  “God’s wrath.” Quinn 87.

    213  through letters. Hillinger, Charles. “The Charge of the Pierce Brigade: Group Strives to Rescue the Reputation of 14th President.” Los Angeles Times. 18 Nov. 1998. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://articles.latimes.com/1988-11-18/news/vw-643_1_president-pierce>

    213  séances. “Jane Pierce.” American President: A Reference Resource. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://millercenter.org/president/pierce/essays/firstlady>

    213  from memory. Hamilton, Neil. Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Facts on File, 2010. 432.

    213  caught a bad cold and fever. Deppisch, Ludwig M. The Health of the First Ladies: Medical Histories from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2015. 50.

    214  sick with tuberculosis. Purcell, L. Edward, ed. Vice Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Facts on File, 2010. 135.

    214  a pro-slavery Missourian. Egerton, Douglas R. Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010. 25.

    214  “nothing left to do but to get drunk.” Holzel, David. “Five Amazing Facts About Franklin Pierce (in Honor of His 203rd Birthday).” Mental Floss. 19 Nov. 2007. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://mentalfloss.com/article/17407/five-amazing-facts-about-franklin-pierce-honor-his-203rd-birthday>

    214  stomach inflammation. Lamb 56.

    214  “a well-fought bottle.” Cummins, Joseph. Anything for a Vote: Dirty Tricks, Cheap Shots, and October Surprises in U.S. Presidential Campaigns. Philadelphia: Quirk Books, 2007. 86.

    214  “his place will not be missed.” “Hon. Franklin Pierce; Death of the Ex-President at Concord, N. H.” New York Times. 9 Oct. 1869. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E4D8173BE63BBC4153DFB6678382679FDE>

    215  “preservation of the Union.” Wheeler, Everett Pepperell. Daniel Webster, the Expounder of the Constitution. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905. 164.

    215  a platform of ending slavery. Robinson, J. Dennis. “Whittier’s Anti-Slavery Ode to New Hampshire.” SeacoastNH.com. 1998. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://www.seacoastnh.com/blackhistory/whittier.html>

    215  “Northern man with Southern sympathies.” Faber, Richard B., and Elizabeth A. Bedford. Domestic Programs of the American Presidents: A Critical Evaluation. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008. 59.

    215  very publicly criticized. Holt, Michael F. Franklin Pierce: The American Presidents Series: The 14th President, 1853–1857. New York: Macmillan, 2010. 124–25.

    215  visited Confederate president Jefferson Davis. “To the Associated Press.” New York Times. 12 May 1867. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05E5D8123AEF34BC4A52DFB366838C679FDE>

    215  an angry mob. Wallner, Peter. Franklin Pierce: Martyr for the Union. Concord, NH: Plaidswede, 2007. 361.

    215  as late as 1913. “Exterior Statues and Memorials at the New Hampshire State House Complex.” New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/publications/esm/pierce.html>

    215  embracing old Rebels. Allen, Scott. “Gettysburg: The Great Reunion of 2013.” 3 Jul. 2013. 3 Mar. 2015. <http://mentalfloss.com/article/28128/gettysburg-great-reunion-1913>

    216  “with practical unanimity.” Metcalf 4.

    216  Artist Augustus Lukeman. Metcalf 20.

    216  “as he saw it.” Metcalf 19.

    216  “in the light of the conditions.” Metcalf 59.

    216  “guiding the destinies of the nation.” Metcalf 19.

    216  “a bust of Cromwell.” Metcalf 28.

    216  “able state papers.” Metcalf 27.

    217  “I like your sheets.” “One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish.” The Simpsons. Writ. Nell Scovell. Dir. Wes Archer. Fox, WFLD, Chicago. 24 Jan. 1991.

    217  “achieved the presidency.” Metcalf 28.

    217  “honors herself.” Metcalf 62.

    217  a new tombstone. Lamb 57.

    217  complement of hometown honors. Matthews, Kathryn. “Martin Van Buren Slept Here.” New York Times. 24 Aug. 2007. 5 Dec. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/24/travel/escapes/24trip.html>

    218  big and imposing. Howard, Hugh, and Roger Straus III. Houses of the Presidents: Childhood Homes, Family Dwellings, Private Escapes, and Grand Estates. New York: Little, Brown, 2012. 63–64.

    218  French wallpaper. Hamm, Patricia, and James Hamm. “The Removal and Conservation Treatment of a Scenic Wallpaper, Paysage à Chasses, from the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 20.2 (1981). 116–25.

    218  portraits of Thomas Jefferson. “The Formal Parlor.” Martin Van Buren National Historic Site. 6 Dec. 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/features/mava/feat01/>

    218  still have bullets inside. Barnes, Tom. “Workers Find Civil War–Era bullets in Gettysburg Tree.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 9 Aug. 2011. 6 Dec. 2014. <http://www.post-gazette.com/home/2011/08/09/Workers-find-Civil-War-era-bullets-in-Gettysburg-tree/stories/201108090199>

    218  “What becomes of these trees?” Eil, Philip. Phoenix. 5 Sept. 2012. 30 May 2014. <http://thephoenix.com/boston/news/143725-risd-carves-up-historys-silent-witnesses/>

    218  “idealization, canonization, memorialization.” Broholm, Dale. Personal interview. 31 May 2014.

    219  “a pillar of strength.” Karppi, Dagmar Fors. “Witness Trees Exhibit Ends August 19.” Oyster Bay Enterprise Pilot. 10 Aug. 2012. 30 May 2014. <http://www.antonnews.com/oysterbayenterprisepilot/76-oysterbaynews/24376-witness-trees-exhibit-ends-august-19-.html>

    219  “back to the site for exhibition.” Broholm.

    220  acquiring the famous Gilbert Stuart portrait. Tederick, Lydia. “How Portraits of US Presidents and First Ladies Are Chosen.” The White House. 31 Mar. 2015. <https://www.whitehouse.gov/about/inside-white-house/art>

    220  refused to pay the bill. “James Buchanan (1791–1868).” National Portrait Gallery. 27 May 2014. <http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/travpres/buchs.htm>

    220  lobbied to live with Uncle James. Rasmussen, Frederick N. “Remembering the Benefactress of Johns Hopkins Children’s Center.” Baltimore Sun. 29 Nov. 2012. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-11-29/health/bs-md-harriet-lane-johnston-backstory30-20121129_1_sons-franklin-county-newspaper>

    220  well educated and cultured. “Harriet Lane.” American President: A Reference Resource. 1 Sept. 2014. <http://millercenter.org/president/buchanan/essays/firstlady>

    220  “dear Miss Lane.” Black, Allida. “Harriet Lane.” The White House. 2009. 1 Dec. 2014. <https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/first-ladies/harrietlane>

    220  seat them far apart. Roth, Mark. “The First First Lady: Buchanan’s Niece Enlivened Social Scene.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 5 Dec. 2006. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.post-gazette.com/life/lifestyle/2006/12/05/The-first-first-lady-Buchanan-s-niece-enlivened-social-scene/stories/200612050130>

    221  “Democratic Queen.” “Harriet Lane.”

    221  married a Baltimore banker. Rasmussen.

    221  died from rheumatic fever. Roth.

    221  “in retirement for some years.” Rasmussen.

    221  inherited a sizable estate. Roth.

    221  medical care for poor children. Rasmussen.

    221  successful treatments for rheumatic fever. “Our History.” Johns Hopkins Children’s Center. 2 Dec. 2014. <http://www.hopkinschildrens.org/tpl_rlinks.aspx?id=98>

    221  a guide to pediatric diagnosis and treatment. Engorn, Branden, and Jamie Flerlage, eds. The Harriet Lane Handbook. 20th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2015.

    221  rather touchy memoir. Abbott, Philip. Bad Presidents: Failure in the White House. New York: Macmillan, 2013. 81.

    221  left $100,000 for the pieces. Ferris, Gary W. Presidential Places: A Guide to the Historic Sites of U.S. Presidents. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 1999. 87.

    221  deadline of fifteen years. Roth.

    221  James Buchanan Monument Fund. “A Pennsylvania Recreational Guide for Buchanan’s Birthplace State Park.” 31 Mar. 2015. <www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029707.rtf>

    221  stone pyramid thirty-eight feet high. Fossett, Katelyn. “The Monuments Men.” Politico. Jul. 2014. 2 Dec. 2014. <http://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2014/07/the-monuments-men/001932-027515.html>

    222  “the shadow of disloyalty.” Roth.

    222  “Time does not preserve.” Updike, John. Buchanan Dying: A Play. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974. 134.

    222  “Any honest man has opponents.” Updike 96.

    222  “an excuse for a clambake.” Updike 167.

    222  “cautious and literal constitutionalism.” Kauffman, Bill. “For President Buchanan.” American Conservative. 31 May 2013. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/for-president-buchanan/>

    223  “the Siamese twins.” Loewen, James. “We Have Had a Gay President, Just Not Nixon.” History News Network. 22 Feb. 2012. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://hnn.us/blog/144754>

    223  “his wife.” Seigenthaler, John. James K. Polk: The American Presidents Series: The 11th President, 1845–1849. New York: Times Books, 2003. 109.

    223  “Aunt Nancy and Miss Fancy.” Loewen.

    223  “suit the delicate ear.” Seigenthaler 109–10.

    223  “easy to make quips about.” Birkner, Michael. Personal interview. 24 Feb. 2014.

    224  “married to some old maid.” Cwiek, Timothy. “James Buchanan: America’s First Gay President?” Washington Blade. 4 Oct. 2011. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.washingtonblade.com/2011/10/04/james-buchanan-america%E2%80%99s-first-gay-president/>

    224  destroyed some of their letters. Baker, Jean H. James Buchanan: The American Presidents Series: The 15th President, 1857–1861. New York: Macmillan, 2004. 25–26.

    224  African American ancestry. Payne, Philip. “Was Warren G. Harding America’s First Black President?” Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Nov. 2008. 3 Dec. 2014. <http://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/NEWS/jimcrow/question/nov08/index.htm>

    224  best-loved president. Payne, Phillip G. Dead Last: The Public Memory of Warren G. Harding’s Scandalous Legacy. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009. 53.

    224  As many as three million people. Withers 343.

    224  Harding Memorial Association. Payne 59.

    225  a best-selling memoir in 1927. Payne 65.

    225  “He Loved to Serve.” Payne 57–58.

    225  put off the formal dedication. Payne 65.

    225  “Not many people go there now.” “Harding Tomb Is a Lonely Ohio Shrine.” Life. 12 Jun. 1944. 88.

    225  a loving obituary. Sparkes, Boyden. “Warren: Is the Friendly Man from Marion Becoming Just Mr. President?” Collier’s 70.16 (14 Oct. 1922). 5–7.

    225  chair in the Cabinet Room. Rowan, Roy, and Brooke Janis. First Dogs: American Presidents and Their Best Friends. New York: Algonquin Books, 2009. 84.

    225  “spoiled by his environment.” “Laddie Boy ‘Writes’ of White House Life; ‘Tells’ Boston Stage Dog He Has No Political Aspirations After Experiences.” New York Times. 7 Feb. 1922. 3 Dec. 2014. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D07E2DE1E30EE3ABC4053DFB4668389639EDE>

    226  “in his dog sense way.” “Laddie Boy Cannot Understand Air of Sadness in White House.” St. Petersburg Times. 4 Aug. 1923. 6.

    226  a woman called Edna Bell Seward. Tedeschi, Diane. “The White House’s First Celebrity Dog.” Smithsonian. 22 Jan. 2009. 3 Dec. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-white-houses-first-celebrity-dog-48373830/>

    226  more than nineteen thousand pennies. “National Affairs: Again, Laddie Boy.” Time. 16 Aug. 1926. 3 Dec. 2014. <http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722297,00.html>

    226  in the Smithsonian’s collection. Lopata, Peg. “A Real Political Animal.” Faces 25.1 (Sept. 2008). 6–7.

    226  “get a dog.” Moser, Don. “All the Presidents’ Pooches.” Smithsonian. Jun. 1997. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/all-the-presidents-pooches-136909816/>

Chapter 11: Family Reunion

    228   Dwight Eisenhower’s wreath-laying ceremony. Associated Press. “Eisenhower Event Moved Because of Shutdown.” KSAL.com. 10 Oct. 2013. 18 Jul. 2015. <http://www.ksal.com/eisenhower-event-moved-because-of-shutdown/>

    229  asked for an epitaph. Grant, James D. John Adams: Party of One. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005. 383.

    229  Daughter Nabby. “The Adams Children.” American Experience: John and Abigail Adams. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/adams/peopleevents/p_adamskids.html>

    229  surgery without anesthesia. Mathiasen, Helle. “Mastectomy Without Anesthesia: The Cases of Abigail Adams Smith and Fanny Burney.” American Journal of Medicine blog. 2011 May 16. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://amjmed.org/mastectomy-without-anesthesia-the-cases-of-abigail-adams-smith-and-fanny-burney/>

    229  Son Charles. Wead, Doug. All the Presidents’ Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America’s First Families. New York: Atria Books, 2003. 34.

    229  disowned Charles. “The Adams Children.”

    230  warned John Quincy. Wead 14–15.

    230  “with indolent minds.” Wead 298.

    230  did go on to prominence. “Charles Francis Adams.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 14 Dec. 2014. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5100/Charles-Francis-Adams>

    230  John Adams II. Wead 8–9.

    230  falling—or jumping—off a steamboat. Wead 15–16.

    230  the gambling debts of his stepson. “John Payne Todd.” James Madison’s Montpelier. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://www.montpelier.org/research-and-collections/people/john-payne-todd>

    230  had to sell the plantation. Collins, Herbert R., and David B. Weaver. Wills of the US Presidents. New York: Stravon Educational Press, 1976. 49.

    230  unmarked for two decades. Townsend, Malcolm. Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students. Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, 1905. 376.

    230  lost sons to alcoholism. Wead 8–9.

    230  hounded John F. Kennedy Jr. “10 Years After Plane Crash, a Look Back at JFK Jr.” Boston.com. 16 Jul. 2009. 29 Nov. 2014. <http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/gallery/071609_jfkjr?pg=6>

    230  Webb Hayes (son of Rutherford). Bowie, Edward L. “Hayes, Webb C.” America’s Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 134–35.

    230  Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Wead 8–9.

    230  a pioneering lawyer. Quinn, Sandra L. America’s Royalty: All the Presidents’ Children. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 144.

    230  “There’s good and there’s bad.” Wead, Doug. Interview. Connie Chung Tonight. CNN. 26 Feb. 2003.

    231  “safe in my keeping.” Wead, All the Presidents’ Children, 56.

    231  “grandson of nobody.” Wead, All the Presidents’ Children, 300.

    231  saw six states come into the Union. “Benjamin Harrison.” American President: A Reference Resource. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://millercenter.org/president/bharrison/essays/biography/print>

    231  “the human iceberg.” Howard, Hugh, and Roger Straus III. Houses of the Presidents: Childhood Homes, Family Dwellings, Private Escapes, and Grand Estates. New York: Little, Brown, 2012. 100.

    231  were getting married. Howard and Straus 102.

    231  “Grandpa came home.” Howard and Straus 100.

    231  pneumonia struck the Harrisons again. Lamb, Brian. Who’s Buried in Grant’s Tomb? A Tour of Presidential Gravesites. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. 99.

    232  bringing him a pie. Wead 150.

    232  raced to see him. “Benjamin Harrison Dead; Ex-President’s Battle for Life Ended Yesterday Afternoon.” New York Times. 14 Mar. 1901. 31 Mar. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE1D91330E132A25757C1A9659C946097D6CF>

    232  Benjamin Harrison’s will. Fawcett, Bill. Oval Office Oddities: An Irreverent Collection of Presidential Facts, Follies, and Foibles. New York: HarperCollins, 2008. 52.

    233  supporter of Hawaiian independence. Goldman, Mary Kunz. “Grover Cleveland, a Gentle Giant and ‘a Buffalo Guy.’” Buffalo News. 9 Feb. 2014. <http://www.buffalonews.com/spotlight/grover-cleveland-a-genle-giant-and-a-buffalo-guy-20140209>

    233  “a feeble but friendly state.” Read, Philip. “First ‘Presidential Luau’ Is Held in Honor of President Grover Cleveland in Caldwell.” Star-Ledger. 30 Apr. 2010. 24 Aug. 2013. <http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/04/first-ever_presidential_luau_h.html>

    233  “hula on the front porch.” Schonfeld, Zach. “‘Beyond Americana’: An Interview with George Cleveland.” I Visit Presidential Birthplaces. 10 Jul. 2011. 29 Nov. 2014. <http://ivisitpresidentialbirthplaces.wordpress.com/2011/07/10/beyond-americana-an-interview-with-george-cleveland/>

    234  came to Marshfield in 1991. Associated Press. “The Broccoli Did It, Bush Says of Taylor.” Los Angeles Times, 5 Jul. 1991. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://articles.latimes.com/1991-07-05/news/mn-1779_1_zachary-taylor>

    234  Tomato Canning Festival. “General History.” Webster County Historical Society. 31 Mar. 2015. <https://webstercountyhistory.wordpress.com/general-history/>

    234  “we’ll have a history festival.” Inman, Nicholas. Personal interview. 28 Nov. 2014.

    235  after giving birth to baby Alice. Mallon, Thomas. “Washingtonienne.” New York Times. 18 Nov. 2007. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Mallon-t.html>

    235  placed bets with bookies. Collier, Peter. Roosevelts: An American Saga. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. 118.

    236  used a sword to cut the cake. Wead 236.

    236  “glad to see you leave.” Mallon.

    236  “hardly more than mildly sloping.” Felsenthal, Carol. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: Macmillan, 2003. 108.

    236  “just a slob.” Mallon.

    236  “But, of course, it’s electric.” Wead 46.

    236  “why I wear them.” Dotinga, Randy. “‘Alice’ Was Anything but Old Hat.” Christian Science Monitor. 16 Oct. 2007. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1016/p17s02-bogn.html>

    236  weaned on a pickle. Mallon.

    236  in the line of fire on D-day. Wead 8–9.

    237  “Theodore Roosevelt on Utah Beach.” Watson, Robert. “Hidden History: Roosevelt’s Son a Forgotten Hero.” Sun-Sentinel. 25 Jul. 2010. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-07-25/news/fl-rwcol-roosevelt-oped0725-20100725_1_teddy-roosevelt-franklin-roosevelt-hills>

    237  “handicaps a boy.” Wead 7.

    237  the White House Gang. Wead 210.

    237  a portrait of Andrew Jackson with spitballs. Fawcett 262.

    237  Quentin’s plane was shot down. Wead 98.

    237  “the great day of my life.” “T.R. the Rough Rider: Hero of the Spanish-American War.” Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/tr-rr-spanamwar.htm>

    237  six months after the tragedy. Wead 99.

    237  “Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping.” Bishop, Chip. The Lion and the Journalist: The Unlikely Friendship of Theodore Roosevelt and Joseph Bucklin Bishop. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2012. x.

    237  “has a pretty serious side for a father.” Wead 99.

    237  “the corpse at every funeral.” Felsenthal 105.

    238  “minister to all the dead presidents.” Inman.

Epilogue

    242  styled after military chapels. Hufbauer, Benjamin. Presidential Temples: How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005. 197.

    242  the last presidential funeral train. Withers, Bob. The President Travels by Train: Politics and Pullmans. Lynchburg, VA: TLC Publishing, 1996. 364.

    242  authorized a commission. Newton-Small, Jay. “Nobody Likes Ike’s: Why Congress Just Defunded the Eisenhower Memorial Commission.” Time, 24 Oct. 2013. 19 Mar. 2015. <http://swampland.time.com/2013/10/24/nobody-likes-ikes-why-congress-just-defunded-eisenhower-memorial-commission/>

    242  a four-acre site. Recio, Maria. “Eisenhower Memorial Design Passes One Hurdle, but Not at Finish Line Yet.” McClatchy DC. 24 Sept. 2014. 19 Mar. 2015. <http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/09/24/240957/eisenhower-memorial-design-passes.html>

    242  Gehry’s design was less popular. Newton-Small.

    242  process picked back up. Zongker, Brett. “Eisenhower Memorial Wins Key Design Approval in DC.” Washington Times. 2 Oct. 2014. 19 Mar. 2015. <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/oct/2/eisenhower-memorial-returns-to-dc-planning-panel/>

    243  led to a theory. Newton, Ken. “Man Examines a Sort-of Presidency.” St. Joseph News-Press. 27 Feb. 2014.

    243  “I slept most of that Sunday.” Kauffman, Bill. “President Atchison?” American Enterprise 16.1 (Jan./Feb. 2005). 47.

    243  shrine of democracy. “The Making of Mount Rushmore.” Smithsonian. 30 Oct. 2011. 9 Aug. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-making-of-mount-rushmore-121886182/>

    245  “untutored miners.” “Mount Rushmore.” American Experience. 9 Aug. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/rushmore-transcript/>

    245  “never had so many rows.” Bulow, William J. “My Days with Gutzon Borglum.” Saturday Evening Post, 11 Jan. 1947. 24–25, 105–8.

    245  carve giant Confederate figures. “The Making of Mount Rushmore.”

    245  “ungovernable temper.” “Mount Rushmore.”

    245  affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan. Heard, Alex. “Mount Rushmore: The Real Story.” New Republic. 15–22 Jul. 1991. 16–18.

    245  smashing the models. “Mount Rushmore.”

    245  authorities chased the sculptor. Heard 16–18.

    245  unexpected death in 1941. “The Making of Mount Rushmore.”

    247  “Six Grandfathers.” Gardella, Peter. American Civil Religion: What Americans Hold Sacred. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 232.

    247  discovered gold. “The Making of Mount Rushmore.”

    247  to work on the presidents. Doss, Erika. Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. 344.

    247  “the red men have great heroes also.” Bernstein, Adam. “Toiled to Turn a Mountain into a Monument.” Washington Post. 23 May 2014.

    247  over five hundred feet high. Gardella 243.

    247  arrested eleven Greenpeace activists. “Greenpeace Ruined It for Everyone.” Mitchell Daily Republic. 5 Jan. 2010.

    247  conducted 3-D scans. Gardella 244–45.

    248  carving Ronald Reagan. “Put Ronald Reagan on Mount Rushmore.” Human Events 55.15 (23 Apr. 1999). 4.

    248  Franklin Roosevelt. Jackson, Donald Dale. “Gutzon Borglum’s Odd and Awesome Portraits in Granite.” Smithsonian 23.5 (Aug. 1992). 64–75.

    248  John F. Kennedy into the mountain. Warner, Gary A. “Why These Four American Presidents Are on Mount Rushmore.” Orange County Register. 19 Jul. 1999.

    248  like Frederick Douglass. Price, Robert. “No Room Next to Abe, Even for Overlooked Giant.” Bakersfield Californian. 2 Mar. 2008.

    248  inadequate for further carving. Gardella 239–40.

    248  “chisel somebody’s face out.” Golliver, Ben. “Heat’s LeBron James: I Will Be on NBA’s Mount Rushmore of Greats ‘for Sure.’” Sports Illustrated. 11 Feb. 2014. 9 Aug. 2014. <http://www.si.com/nba/point-forward/2014/02/11/lebron-james-mount-rushmore-nba-greats>

    249  “calls for Chester A. Arthur coins.” Bull, Alister. “US Presidential Dollar Coins Victims of Budget Crunch.” Reuters. 13 Dec. 2011. 10 Aug. 2014. <http://af.reuters.com/article/metalsNews/idAFN1E7BC0GM20111213>

    249  room for eighty statues. Montgomery, David. “City of Presidents Project Unveils Statues.” Rapid City Journal. 9 Oct. 2010. 8 Dec. 2014. <http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/city-of-presidents-project-unveils-statues/article_64535ada-d408-11df-9ac0-001cc4c002e0.html>