UNIT V REVIEW

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER

  1. consciousness, p. 224
  2. hypnosis, p. 225
  3. posthypnotic suggestion, p. 226
  4. dissociation, p. 227
  5. sleep, p. 231
  6. circadian [ser-KAY-dee-an] rhythm, p. 231
  7. REM sleep, p. 232
  8. alpha waves, p. 232
  9. NREM sleep, p. 233
  10. hallucinations, p. 233
  11. hypnagogic sensations, p. 233
  12. delta waves, p. 234
  13. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), p. 235
  14. insomnia, p. 244
  15. narcolepsy, p. 245
  16. sleep apnea, p. 245
  17. night terrors, p. 246
  18. dream, p. 247
  19. manifest content, p. 248
  20. latent content, p. 248
  21. REM rebound, p. 251
  22. psychoactive drug, p. 253
  23. substance use disorder, p. 253
  24. tolerance, p. 255
  25. withdrawal, p. 255
  26. depressants, p. 255
  27. alcohol use disorder, p. 255
  28. barbiturates, p. 257
  29. opiates, p. 257
  30. stimulants, p. 257
  31. nicotine, p. 258
  32. cocaine, p. 259
  33. amphetamines, p. 260
  34. methamphetamine, p. 260
  35. Ecstasy (MDMA), p. 261
  36. hallucinogens, p. 261
  37. near-death experience, p. 262
  38. LSD, p. 262
  39. THC, p. 262

KEY CONTRIBUTORS TO REMEMBER

William James, p. 224

Ernest Hilgard, p. 227

Sigmund Freud, p. 248

AP® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Multiple-Choice Questions

  1. While engaged in an argument with his brother, a man suddenly falls asleep. With which sleep disorder is he most likely to be diagnosed?
    1. Sleep apnea
    2. Insomnia
    3. Night terrors
    4. Sleepwalking
    5. Narcolepsy
  2. Which of the following are visible on the EEG of a person in NREM-3 sleep?
    1. Sleep spindles
    2. REM
    3. Alpha waves
    4. SCN
    5. Delta waves
  3. Hadley is complaining to her physician that she has great difficulty falling asleep, and that when she does fall asleep, she regularly wakens later during the night. She will most likely be diagnosed with
    1. insomnia.
    2. narcolepsy.
    3. sleep apnea.
    4. night terrors.
    5. sleepwalking.
  4. What is the pineal gland’s role in sleep?
    1. Activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus
    2. The production of melatonin
    3. The location of hypnagogic sensations
    4. Remembering dreams upon waking
    5. Emitting alpha waves
  5. As part of a sleep study, researchers notice bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity called _____ and determine that Jane is in NREM-2 sleep.
    1. hallucinations
    2. circadian rhythms
    3. alpha waves
    4. sleep spindles
    5. delta waves
  6. Increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as what?
    1. Circadian sleep
    2. Sleep shifting
    3. Narcolepsy
    4. Sleep apnea
    5. REM rebound
  7. Which of these drugs acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, causes dangerous dehydration in the short term, and causes serotonin disruption in the long term?
    1. LSD
    2. Ecstasy
    3. Alcohol
    4. Cocaine
    5. Caffeine
  8. Recent research most consistently supports the effectiveness of hypnosis in which of the following areas?
    1. Pain relief
    2. Recovery of lost memories
    3. Reduction of sleep deprivation
    4. Forcing people to act against their will
    5. Cessation of smoking
  9. Which drug is incorrectly matched with its category?
    1. Alcohol; stimulant
    2. LSD; hallucinogen
    3. Amphetamine; stimulant
    4. THC; hallucinogen
    5. Nicotine; stimulant
  10. Jarod’s muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. Which sleep stage is Jarod probably experiencing?
    1. NREM-1
    2. NREM-2
    3. NREM-3
    4. REM
    5. Alpha
  11. The effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which neurotransmitter?
    1. Serotonin
    2. Endorphins
    3. GABA
    4. Norepinephrine
    5. Acetylcholine
  12. Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of which drug?
    1. Nicotine
    2. Methamphetamine
    3. Caffeine
    4. Alcohol
    5. Ecstasy
  13. Ernest Hilgard used the term _____ to describe a split between different levels of consciousness.
    1. selective attention
    2. REM sleep
    3. delta waves
    4. spindles
    5. dissociation
  14. Carla has agreed to take part in a sleep study. The researchers are most likely using a(n) _____ to measure her brain waves as she sleeps.
    1. MRI
    2. CT scan
    3. PET scan
    4. EEG
    5. EKG
  15. Which term describes the brain’s adaptation to a drug’s chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect?
    1. Withdrawal
    2. Tolerance
    3. Addiction
    4. Substance use disorder
    5. Disinhibiting

Free-Response Questions

  1. After 10 years of smoking, Elaine is ready to quit. She pays a visit to a hypnotist in an effort to quit. How might the hypnotist use the following to help Elaine quit smoking?
    • Posthypnotic suggestion
    • Social influence theory of hypnosis

    Even though the hypnosis seems successful, Elaine is worried about the effects smoking had on her body and is interested in her health outlook now that she has quit. Provide one element of damage she has done to her body by smoking and one element of how her health will improve now that she has quit.

(4 points)

  1. Consciousness has been defined and studied differently throughout the history of psychology. In your own words, explain how modern psychologists define consciousness, and explain how the following means of “altering” one’s state of consciousness relate to your definition.
    • Hypnosis
    • Sleep stages
    • Dreams
    • Psychoactive drugs

(5 points)