Contents
Francesco Rovero and Fridolin Zimmermann
1.1A brief history of camera trapping
1.2Efficiency of camera trapping and advantages over other wildlife detection methods
2.Camera features related to specific ecological applications
Francesco Rovero and Fridolin Zimmermann
2.3Camera features to consider when choosing models
2.4Camera performance in relation to study designs
2.4.2Occupancy studies (species and community-level)
2.5Review of currently available camera trap models and comparative performance tests
2.6Limitations and future developments of camera technology
3.Field deployment of camera traps
Fridolin Zimmermann and Francesco Rovero
3.2Setting camera traps in the field
3.2.1Site selection and placement
3.2.3Checklist of actions to activate the camera trap
3.2.4Checking and retrieving camera traps
3.2.5Checklist of actions when checking and removing the camera trap
4.Camera trap data management and interoperability
Eric Fegraus and James MacCarthy
4.2.1Camera trap conceptual components
4.3Managing camera trap data: Wild.ID
4.3.1Setting up a camera trap project
4.3.2Processing camera trap data
4.3.3Retrofitting legacy camera trap data
4.3.4Additional camera trap data management tools
4.4Camera trap data interoperability
4.5Wildlife Insights – the camera trap data network
4.6The future: more repositories, better data management and analytical services
5.Presence/absence and species inventory
Francesco Rovero and Daniel Spitale
5.2Raw descriptors: naïve occupancy and detection rate as a relative abundance index
5.5.1Raw data format (.CSV file)
5.5.3Deriving sampling effort, events and species’ list
5.5.7Presentation and interpretation of results
6.Species-level occupancy analysis
Francesco Rovero and Daniel Spitale
6.2Theoretical framework and modelling approach
6.2.1Basic single-season model
6.2.2Covariate modeling and assessing model fit
6.2.3Multi-season occupancy models
6.4Survey effort and sampling completeness
6.4.1Deciding the best number of sites and sampling duration
6.4.2Post-hoc discretisation of sampling duration in sampling occasions
6.5.1Single-season occupancy analysis
6.5.2Multi-season occupancy analysis
7.Capture–recapture methods for density estimation
Fridolin Zimmermann and Danilo Foresti
7.2Equipment and field practices
7.2.2Focal species and other members of its guild
7.2.3Camera trap sites and camera trap placement
7.3.1Season, survey duration and demographic closure
7.3.2Spatial sampling and geographic closure
7.4Case study: the Eurasian lynx
7.4.1Analytical steps during field work
7.4.4Abundance and density estimation in conventional (i.e. non-spatial) capture–recapture models
Fridolin Zimmermann, Danilo Foresti and Francesco Rovero
8.2Advantages and disadvantages of camera trapping compared to other technologies used to study animal behaviour
8.3Application of camera trapping in behavioural studies
8.4The importance of choosing the site in relation to a variety of study aims
8.5Diel activity pattern and activity pattern overlap between species
8.5.1Definition and assumptions of the activity level measured by means of camera traps
8.5.2Overlap between pairs of activity patterns
8.6.1Marking behaviour studies in Eurasian lynx and brown bear
8.6.2Comparison of activity patterns
9.Community-level occupancy analysis
Simone Tenan
9.2Measuring biodiversity while accounting for imperfect detection
9.3Static (or single-season) multi-species occupancy models
9.4Dynamic (or multi-season) multi-species occupancy models
10.Camera trapping as a monitoring tool at national and global levels
Jorge A. Ahumada, Timothy G. O’Brien, Badru Mugerwa and Johanna Hurtado
10.2A national monitoring system for wildlife: from idea to a functioning system
10.2.1A global model for national monitoring: The TEAM Camera Trap Network
10.2.2Goals and targets of a national monitoring system for wildlife
10.2.3Design of a national monitoring system
10.3How a wildlife monitoring system can improve protected area effectiveness: examples from the TEAM Network
10.3.1African golden cats in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
10.3.2Effects of hunting at the Volcán Barva transect, Costa Rica
11.Camera traps and public engagement
Paul Meek and Fridolin Zimmermann
11.2Principles in citizen science
11.2.1Categories of public participation in scientific research
11.2.2General approaches to programme development
11.3Citizen science research process with a special focus on camera trapping studies
11.3.1Data collection and identification
11.3.2Data management and cyber-infrastructure
11.4Examples of camera trap citizen science projects
11.5What is the future of citizen science camera trapping?
11.5.3Motivation, engagement and retention in citizen science
11.5.4Cultural sensitivity and privacy