Abraham, 3–4, 17, 22, 43, 58, 72, 79, 83–87, 90, 92–98, 101–3, 110, 115, 122–27, 129–30, 143–44, 147
Achaia, 12
Amen, 35
“Among the nations,” 43
Amyntas, kingdom of, 13
Angel, 38, 85, 98, 99, 103, 118, 120
Ankyra, 14
Antioch, 8, 11, 45–46, 49, 50, 52–53, 61–63; Syria or Pisidia, 64–68, 70, 71, 77
Apocalyptic, Jewish, 18, 34, 69; Paul’s, 18
Apostle: Paul, to the Jews, 10; by the will of God, 31; identity of the one who called him, 31; source of life and work, 31; definition, 112
Apuleius, 112
Aristotle, 69, 70, 92, 140, 142, 151
Athenaeus, 14
Attalic and Bithynian kings, 14
Audience, 7–15
Authority, divine, 31
Bammel, E., 96
Bannus, 106
Barclay, J. M. G., 65, 142, 155
Barnabas, 9, 10, 11, 50, 52, 55, 58, 59, 63
Behm, J., 112
Beker, J. C., 16
Betz, H. D., 45, 78, 96, 103, 121, 132, 153
Black Sea, 13
Blessing of Abraham, 4, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101
Brown, R. E., 49
Bruce, F. F., 41, 45, 104, 132
Bultmann, R., 82
Burton, E., 100, 112, 115, 131–32, 134, 147
Büschel, F., 127
Call of God, 135
Callan, T., 103
Callimachus, 78
Carroll, J. T., 96
Cato, 155
Celts, 13–14
Charlesworth, J. H., 106
Child(ren), 108, 119–21, 125–26, 134, 145
Chrysostom, J., 134
Church: Jerusalem, 6, 44, 48–51, 54, 57, 61; Paul not taught by, 47; Paul’s relationship to, 47; division of, 7; authority of, 7; of Judea, 48
Cilicia, 48–49
Circumcision, 5–6, 10, 23, 54, 56, 62–64, 70, 79, 88, 89, 107, 115, 122–25, 130, 135–36, 138, 153, 157, 159; group, 66, 129; covenant of, 83; sign of, 129; advocates of, 140; as excision of passion, 143
Conversion: of Paul, 43, 44; of Galatians, 51, 68, 116, 129; social cost of, 81
Converts, faith of, 33, 36; self-perception of, 86; Paul’s relationship with, 120, 127, 135, 146–47
Cosgrove, C. H., 96
Council, Jerusalem, 8–12
Covenant: keeping, 84; nomism, 84; of circumcision, 84; human, 93; with Abraham, 94, 97, 122, 124; Greek and Roman, 96; Hagar and Sarah, 123; with Noah, 124; with Josiah, 124; with Nehemiah, 124; with David, 124; new, 124
Creation, new, 4, 18, 20–22, 107, 159–60
Cross: offense, 6, 79, 136, 158; God’s salvific dealing, 136; message of, 136; enemies of, 136; mystery of, 137; death on, 154
Crucifixion: of Christ, 1, 18, 19, 32, 73, 74, 78–79, 92, 138, 158; with Christ, 75, 79, 81; of sinful nature, 150
Cullmann, O., 65
Curse, 5, 38, 85, 88–92, 96, 126, 159
Dahl, N., 90
Date of Epistle to the Galatians, 7–15; use of Acts in determining, 7–12
David, 124
Death of Christ/Jesus, 5–6, 34, 73, 75–76, 91–93, 96, 120, 128, 130, 136, 150, 160; its role in righteousness by faith, 6
Donaldson, T. L., 138
Donfried, K. P., 49
Downey, G., 65
Draak, A. M., 115
Dunn, J. D. G., 45, 64, 82, 87, 103, 111
Egyptians, 5
Ehrman, B. D., 49
Elliot, N., 82
Ellis, E. E., 87
Epistle of Peter to James, 6
Eschatology, development of, 12
Evangelists, rival. See opponents, Paul’s.
Evil age, 34, 156; symbol of, 135
Faith: in/of Christ, 21, 68–69, 75–76, 92, 100–102, 104–5, 109, 111, 127, 131–32, 143, 160; Jewish, 69, 91, 99; Abraham, 84, 94; lives by, 90; life of, 95; Christian, 107, 129; through which the law is fulfilled, 141; versus works of the law, 148; family of, 155. See also Pistis Christou.
Father: appellation for God, 32; traditions of, 43–44; Zeus, 32
Festival, Jewish, 115
Flesh, 3–5, 17, 70, 75, 84, 100, 104, 107, 117, 123, 142–44, 146–49, 157–59; works of, 148
“Foolish Galatians,” 15
Fossum, J., 45
Freedom, 2, 23, 34, 53–55, 106–9, 114, 122–24, 126, 128, 137, 139–43, 146, 151, 155–56
Friedrich, G., 96
Fuller, D. P., 82
Galatia, 13–15; southern hypothesis, 7–9, 120; northern hypothesis, 7–9, 120; testimony regarding the recipients of the Epistle to the Galatians, 6, 167
Gaston, L., 82
Gaventa, B., 121
Gentile: designation for non-Jews, 44; used by rival evangelists, 44; circumcision, 72; one community with Jews, 76; blessing, 87
“God-fearers,” 3
Gospel: another/alternate, 1–2, 4, 7, 36, 37; (different [heteron]), 37; (different [allo]), 135; came through revelation, 2, 4, 40; movement away from, 2; not logically coherent, 4; truth of, 4, 53, 118; evangelists’, 5; Torah-free, 10, 15, 147; to the Jews, 10; separate from Judaism, 18; born out of Judaism, 18; of Christ, 31, 38, 41; salvific, 38; Abraham is first recipient, 86
Grace: of Christ, 36; perverted, 37–39; of God, 76, 95; separation from the law, 84; fall from, 130
Green, J. B., 96
Guardian, 108
Hagar, 94, 103, 120, 122–23, 125–28
Hanson, A. T., 87
Hansen, G. W., 87
Harvest, 154
Herbert, A. G., 21
Hill, C. C., 60
Holmberg, B., 60
Horbury, W., 128
Hypocrisy, 61
“In Christ/Jesus”: participation, 23, 132, 135; churches, 48; circumcision, 57; Christ’s death, 74; conformity, 75, 119; promise, 94, 108; response of faith, 102, 105–7, 131; Gentiles and Jews, 63; 68, 76–77; ethics, 140, 142, 144; adequacy for justification, 158; a new beginning, 159
Inheritance, 4, 32, 86, 92, 95, 102, 105, 108–11, 115, 122, 124, 126, 147
Israel, 4, 7, 16–19, 82–84, 95–96, 99, 103, 110–11, 124, 159
Izates, circumcision of, 65
James: Epistle to, 6, 95; the apostle, 35, 47, 49, 56, 58–59; the Lord’s brother, 49, 59; the son of Zebedee, 49; the son of Alphaeus, 49; the son of Mary, 49; the father of Judas, 49; authority given, 58; leader of the faith, 59; men from, 52, 61–64, 117
Jeremias, J., 60
Jerusalem (that is above), 123–25, 128
Jervis, L. A., 72
Jewett, R., 120
Jews: loyal to one another, 2; ready to show compassion, 2; hate and enmity towards others, 2; revered by ancients, 3; Christian, 7
John: the disciple, 58–59, 62; the Baptist, 106
Josiah, 124
Joy, 118
Judaism, traditions of, 43–44
Judgment, translated “penalty,” 137
Juel, D., 103
Justification: through/by/in faith, 1, 5, 12, 20–22, 54, 68–69, 71–73, 75–76, 85–87, 97, 102, 131; and observing the law, 20–21, 54, 68–72, 90, 130, 136; and righteousness, 133; and Christ’s death, 150, 158
Kingdom of God, 69, 147–48, 153
Kuhn, K. G., 71
Laertius, D., 111
Law, the: as protection, 2; as moral guidance, 2; observance of, 6, 57, 72, 79–80, 82, 84–86, 90, 95, 103, 111, 115, 117, 129–33, 158; of Moses, 10, 101, 141, 155; of Judaism, 16; abolished, 17; adoption of, 18, 39; following, 43, 45, 54, 146; freedom from, 61, 66; producing virtue, 69; works of, 69–70, 148; the gospel adding to, 73; being dead to, 73; role of, 76, 97, 100–102; fulfilling, 89, 90, 141–42, 150, 154–55; under, 17, 91, 109–10, 112, 122, 127, 144–45; the end of, 92; relationship to covenant of, 94, 96; giving of, 98; origin of, 99, 104; ethnic boundary of, 107; curse of, 5, 91, 126; as wisdom, 140; written on the heart, 141; proverbial status, 151; of Christ, 153–54
Letters in ancient times: self-identification, 31; addressees, 31, 121; wish for good health, 31; grace and peace, 31; Paul identifies co-senders, 32; address, 32; closing, 157
Life: salvific activity, 100; in Christ, 140; eternal, 154, 156
Lincoln, A. T., 127
Longenecker, R. N., 41, 45, 96, 128, 132, 137, 151
Lord, the: origination in Jewish Christian community, 33; appearance of, 35; Abraham pleases, 84, 94; day of, 121; confidence in, 135; Jesus Christ is, 136; assembly of, 137; Paul imitates, 139
Love: law fulfilled in, 13, 141, 144, 154–55; of God, 82, 95, 131–32, 139; as fruit of the Spirit, 149
Luther, M., 82
MacDonald, M., 113
Macedonia, 12
Malalas, 65
Martin, D., 144
Martin, T., 116
Mason, S., 17
Matthew, Gospel of, 71, 72, 95
Meals with Gentiles, 62–63
Mediterranean Sea, 13
Meeks, W. A., 113
Messiah: Jewish, 4, 7, 83; definition of, 20; crucified, 82
Mishnah, 86
Misson, Gentile, 11
Mitchell, S., 14–15
Mullins, T. Y., 121
Murphy-O’Connor, J., 120
Nabatean kingdom, 46
Negev, A., 46
Nehemiah, 124
Noah, 124
Obedience (obey), 6, 22, 52, 65, 81, 83, 85, 88–89, 91, 94, 95, 100, 129, 132, 134–35, 142, 155, 158
Odes of Solomon, 106
Oepke, A., 52
Opponents, Paul’s, 2, 35, 70, 83, 86, 90, 108, 118, 124, 134, 137, 147, 154, 158–59; agitators, 2, 7, 119–20, 125, 130, 137, 139, 146, 158; confusers, 2, 7, 135, 148; evangelists, rival, 3–4, 7, 15, 34, 39, 54, 58, 62, 63, 70, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 90, 95, 99, 102, 111, 115, 118–19, 122–23, 124, 126–27, 136–37, 140–41, 147, 157; troublemakers, 7, 37, 44, 48, 90, 93, 105, 115, 117–20, 123–26, 141, 153; believers in Christ, 6; Jews, 6; promoted Jewish lifestyle, 6–7; number of, 37
Participation in Christ, 20–21, 72, 74, 93, 101, 132, 150; in the Spirit, 151
Passions: of souls, 34, 140, 143; of sinful nature, 150, 151; dying to, 151
Paul: his relationship with Galatians, 1, 117, 118; an ethnic Jew, 15, 19; his Jewish mother, 15; his religious practice and belief, 15; his faith in Christ, 16–18; within Judaism, 16; revelation of God’s Son to, 16, 18; his connection to Judaism, 17; his mission to Gentiles, 19; his interpretation of Scripture, 19; his Gospel, 20–23, 57–58; his self-defense, 40; his authority, 40; his credibility, 40; as persecutor, 43, 45, 48; his call, 43, 58; as set apart from birth, 43
Pedagogue, 102
Persecution, 60, 81, 120, 122, 135–36, 158
Pessinus, 14
Peter: the disciple/apostle, 5, 8, 35, 47, 59, 71; his mission to circumcised, 10; his conversation with Paul, 11, 61, 67–68, 70–71, 77; followed Cephas, 48–49; 50; and the gospel for the Jews, 57–58; his hypocrisy, 61, 68, 72–73, 117; bishop of church at Antioch, 61; his agreement with Paul’s gospel, 62, 65; his change of behavior, 63–64
Pfitzner, V. C., 137
Pharisees, party of, 5, 15, 66
Pistis Christou, 21–23, 69, 71. See also Faith: in/of Christ.
Pleaser: of people, 39, 44; of God, 39
Posidonius, 14
Preaching, 39
Principles of the world, 108–9, 111
Prisoner, 101
Promise: to Abraham, 3, 79, 85, 94, 97, 100–103, 108, 123–26, 130, 144, 147; of God, 4, 43, 80, 98–99, 105, 122, 125, 141; to Israel, 7; of the Spirit, 93, 95, 101, 144
Redemption, 109–10
Reicke, B., 112
Repentance, 106
Resurrection: of Christ, 5, 32, 75, 76; of believers, 106
Reumann, J., 49
Revelation, 41; definition of, 50–51
Righteousness: Spirit’s aid in, 3; of God, 23, 69, 72, 75–76; means of, 70, 83, 91, 93, 102, 130, 132; possession of, 81, 131; Abraham’s, 84, 87; scriptural quotation, 89–90; law’s function, 100; of Christ, 106; same as justified, 133
Sadducees, 15
Saldarini, A., 71
Salvation, 112
Sanders, E. P., 16–17, 20, 65, 82, 84, 95, 146
Satan, 153
Schmithals, W., 71
Schniewind, J., 96
Schürer, E., 46
Schweitzer, A., 20
Schwemer, A. M., 45, 46, 49, 52
Segal, A., 16
Septuagint, 87, 105, 107, 124, 128
Sequence of Paul’s letters, 12
Sexual immorality, 11
Sin, 34, 69, 70, 74, 92, 97, 100–101, 153; nature, 142, 144, 146–50, 154, 158. See also Flesh.
Slavery, 53–54, 82, 92, 94, 106–12, 114, 122–24, 126–28, 137, 139–40, 141–44, 150
Son(s) of God, 20–21, 23, 45, 74–76, 81, 105, 107, 109–11
Spirit, the: aid to righteousness, 3; opposed to flesh, 70, 157, 159; reception of, 79, 106; character of Christian life, 80, 131; spiritual journey, 81; promise of, 93, 101, 147; giving of, 95; of his Son/Christ, 110; step/walk with, 112, 142, 152; baptism and, 113; power of, 125–26; hope through, 130; live by, 143, 146, 150–51, 153; in Christ, 143; work of, 144; led by, 144–45; fruit of, 146, 149–50, 153–54; versus works, 148; community, 155; versus spirit of the world, 160
Stendahl, K., 104
Strabo, 14
Stuhlmacher, P., 155
Suffer(ing): meaning of, 81; Paul’s, 160
Tacitus, 2
Temple, 43
Temptation, 153
Tertius, 157
Tomson, P. J., 132
Torah, 3, 10, 16, 18, 43, 45, 66, 71, 82, 111–12, 120, 141, 145, 154–55
Torrance, T., 21
Transgression, 97, 100–101, 153
Truth, 2, 4, 39, 40, 51–55, 63, 65, 67–68, 74, 78–79, 83, 89, 118, 129, 134–37, 140, 142, 151, 155
Turning away from God, 1
Vermes, G., 60
Westerholm, S., 82
White, J. L., 35
Wright, N. T., 103–4
Zerwick, M., 132